Handshake Research Articles

Strategi Pembiasaan Akhlak Terpuji Melalui Mata Pelajaran Akidah Akhlak di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

This research aims to analyze the commendable morals that are taught through moral aqidah lessons, and the habituation strategies for students at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah. The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative research method. This research was carried out at MI Hajar Abyadl, North Sangatta. There were ten subjects consisting of school principals, teachers and students. The results of the research show that the commendable morals that are taught through moral aqidah subjects are; Shaking hands by kissing older people (polite), praying before and after studying, praying before and after eating (tawakkal), performing the Dluha prayer, performing the midday prayer in congregation, muroja'ah memorize the Al-Qur 'an and Hadith (diligent), cooperation (helping each other), apologizing when you make a mistake (humble), sharing food with friends (generous), doing assignments (responsible), not cheating on exams (honest), and not mocking friends (tolerance). The strategies for habituating commendable morals through the Moral Aqidah subject are: providing an example, giving advice, making habits, and giving punishment. This strategy then collaborates in moral learning, science, leadership, entrepreneurship, and school programs.

A Kingdom of Possibility

A Kingdom of Possibility

Integrative omic and transgenic analyses reveal methyl jasmonate- and abscisic acid-responsive regulator CwbHLH2 that positively regulates terpenoid biosynthesis in Curcuma wenyujin

Bioactive terpenoids from Curcuma wenyujin (CW), as specialized metabolites, have huge medicinal properties. Accumulating evidence suggested that Jasmonates (JAs) and abscisic acid (ABA) shake hands and coordinately control a wide range of plant growth and defense activities, including the production of specialized metabolites. However, knowledge of how JA and ABA signalings interact to regulate terpenoid biosynthesis (TBS) is limited. In this study, integrative transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed that exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and ABA activate the biosynthesis of terpenoids by upregulating the expressions of genes related to the TBS pathway, JA and ABA responses. Most of the differentially changed terpenoids and transcripts were commonly induced by MeJA and ABA. Interactive networks of “gene-gene/metabolite” indicated that CwbHLH2, a MeJA and ABA dual-responsive regulator, is tightly related to terpenoid production. Furthermore, transgenic experiments revealed that overexpression and RNA interference of CwbHLH2 upregulated and downregulated the contents of representative terpenoids in the MeJA- and ABA-treated transgenic hairy roots, respectively, with 1.52–3.06-fold increases and 29.6–68.7% reduction. Importantly, the genetic transformation of CwbHLH2 enhanced the expressions of multiple TBS pathway genes and bidirectionally enlarged the JA and ABA signalings caused by MeJA or ABA, demonstrating that CwbHLH2 plays a critical interrelational role in integrating MeJA- and ABA-induced TBS regulation. Altogether, our results not only advance a new view of the crosstalk between JA and ABA in modulating TBS but also provide a powerful strategy for improving the yield of bioactive terpenoids in CW.

Using an inexpensive RGB color sensor for field quantitative assessment of soil accessible Cu(Ⅱ)

Field rapid determination of soil accessible Cu(Ⅱ) was important for environmental safety and human health risk assessment. In this study, an inexpensive red, green, and blue (RGB) color sensor was used for quantitative color difference analysis of the colored solution for soil accessible Cu(Ⅱ) with bis-cyclohexanone oxalydihydrazone as color reagent to develop a new method for analyzing soil accessible under field conditions. First, the calibration curve for RGB color sensor method was established in the standard solutions of Cu(II). Then the “hand shaking + standing” field extraction method for accessible Cu(Ⅱ) was developed. Finally, the method was applied in contaminated soils in the laboratory and in the field, and set the values determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) as the standard ones. Results indicated that in the range of 0.1–5 mg L−1 Cu(II), the RGB Euclidean chromogenic difference values were directly linear correlated with the concentration of Cu(II) (R2 > 0.999). The interference of Fe(Ⅲ) and Mn(Ⅱ) could be eliminated by adding citric acid. The “hand shaking + standing” field extraction method could effectively extract the accessible Cu(Ⅱ) from soil with the high extraction rates. The concentrations of accessible Cu(II) in various polluted soils determined by RGB color sensor method were consistent with that determined by AAS, with the relative error within ±5%, the relative standard deviation ≤ 20%. The recovery of Cu(II) in RGB color sensor method was between 97% and 105%, which could meet the requirements of trace analysis of accessible Cu(Ⅱ) in the field. The high accuracy and precision of RGB color sensor method was reconfirmed in the rapid field quantitative assessment of soil accessible Cu(Ⅱ). Due to that the RGB color sensor was low cost, rechargeable, portable, mobile, ambient light resistant, the method would have a great potential for the determination of accessible Cu(Ⅱ) in contaminated soils.

Comparative analysis of outcomes of two (popular) techniques of haptic exteriorization in scleral fixation intra-ocular lens surgery - A retrospective study.

To compare the visual outcomes and complication rates between the extra-ocular needle-guided haptic insertion technique (XNIT) and the conventional handshake (HS) technique of scleral fixation intra-ocular lens (SFIOL). In this retrospective study, we retrieved data of those patients who had undergone SFIOL surgery from January 2018 to May 2022 at our institute for aphakia following either a complicated cataract surgery or an ocular trauma and had a minimum follow-up of 3 months. Of the 156 eyes, the HS technique was done in 80 eyes and the remaining 76 eyes with XNIT. At 3 months follow-up visit, there was no significant difference in the median best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ( P = 0.988) and uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) ( P = 0.765) between the two techniques. There was no statistically significant difference between pre-operative median BCVA and post-operative UCVA in XNIT ( P = 0.961) and the HS technique ( P = 0.831) at 3 months follow-up visit. The complication rates between the two techniques were minimal and comparable. The most common post-operative complication was corneal edema. The incidence of cystoid macular edema was slightly more in the XNIT group but not statistically significant ( P = 0.05). Two patients in the HS group developed retinal detachment, which settled after repeat surgery. The newer XNIT technique was found to be as safe and effective as compared to the conventional HS technique.

Eyes meet, hands greet: The art of timing in social interactions.

Shaking hands is a fundamental form of social interaction. The current study used high-definition cameras during a university graduation ceremony to examine the temporal sequencing of eye contact and shaking hands. Analyses revealed that mutual gaze always preceded shaking hands. A follow up investigation manipulated gaze when shaking hands, and found that participants take significantly longer to accept a handshake when an outstretched hand precedes eye contact. These findings demonstrate that the timing between a person's gaze and their offer to shake hands is critical to how their action is interpreted.

TELEVİZYON BELGESELCİLİĞİNDE YENİ NESİL YAKLAŞIMLAR: KİMLİK TEMSİLLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

The art of cinema also has a history similar to the history of documentary cinema. With the emergence of the art of cinema, the most critical task of moving images has been to convey a message or meaning. Within the framework of the thesis content, while discussing the historical process of documentary cinema, the development of this type of cinema and its serving different purposes in different cultures are discussed. Within the scope of the thesis, it explains how documentary cinema changed after the Second World War when it shook hands with television and when consumer culture was more palpable with the influence of modernism, accompanied by different ideologies. The main problem of the thesis is that the culture of consumption affects every aspect of human life. Reality shows deformed this genre with the transition of documentary cinema to television, and hybrid genres emerged to serve the culture of consumption. For documentary cinema to survive, its agreement with television has led to the emergence of hybrid genres. In this study, "Tight Transformation," broadcast on TLC, a sub-channel of the Discovery Channel, is analyzed using Norman Fairclough's critical discourse analysis method. Discourse has been used in scientific articles and works that emerged in social sciences in the West after 1960. This method aims to reveal the ideological messages conveyed in the program through dialogues and body language in the context of consumer culture.

Dietary diversity, hygiene, and lifestyle practices among adult residents during COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study from Bangladesh

BackgroundCOVID-19 is an international emergency public health concern that poses significant challenges. Intake of adequate immune-boosting nutrients from natural sources, proper hygiene practices, and ideal lifestyle practices must be adhered to during this condition, along with the discovery of protective vaccines. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the dietary, hygiene, and lifestyle practices among adult residents during the COVID-19 pandemic situation in the Jashore district, Bangladesh. MethodologyThis cross-sectional study was conducted through face-to-face interviews with 500 adult respondents of both genders (age ≥ 18 years). A structured and validated questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic information, dietary diversity, hygiene, and lifestyle practices. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to evaluate and predict factors that influence the study variables. ResultsThe study found that about 44.60% had medium, 27% had low, and 28.40% had high dietary diversity. Regarding the dietary practices, age (p = 0.001), education (p = 0.005), occupation (p = 0.015), and COVID-19 experience (p = 0.001) of respondents were significantly associated with both residential. Hygiene practices such as using a face mask, hand sanitizer use, covering the face during coughing, and hand shaking were significantly associated (p < 0.05) with respondents in both residential areas. In logistic regression analysis, factors associated with poor hygiene practices were being male, illiterate, > 40 years of age, smokers, malnourished respondents in rural areas, obese, > 40 years of age, and having income < 10000 BDT in urban areas. About 40.4% of urban and 45.6% of rural respondents were found to be engaged in physical activity. ConclusionThe study found that the respondents mostly had access to medium dietary diversity, and rural residents maintained a better lifestyle while urban respondents practiced better hygiene. Based on the findings, the study suggests increasing public awareness regarding dietary diversity, hygiene, and lifestyle practices in both rural and urban areas to mitigate the consequences of COVID-19.

India Someday: weaving glorious memories amidst hurdles

Expected learning outcomes This case study aims to stimulate the students’ thoughts about the introduction of sustainability and its importance in the travel and tourism industry and introduce the concept of resilience and building of dynamic capability of a venture from the perspective of an entrepreneur. Case overview/synopsis Established in 2009, India Someday was a fledgling travel company based in Mumbai, India. The team comprised passionate travellers who provided planning assistance for those willing to explore India independently. The company offered customised, personalised and tailor-made trips to create a memorable travel experience for travellers with differing budgets and age groups. Upon the launch of Asia Someday, an extension of the travel venture India Someday, Mr Asif Munshi shared a moment of relief as he shook hands with his co-founder, Mr Harsh Shirodkar. The pandemic significantly impacted the tourism industry, yet it fortified their entrepreneurial spirit and inspired them to bounce back with a dynamic and vigorous comeback and further strengthened the foundation of the endeavour. The expansion of their entrepreneurial venture marked the initiation of the second innings of their enterprise. Although the company had managed to stay afloat because of savings, it was soon depleted. But the withdrawal of the no-fly list and the gradual opening of borders brought a ray of hope for India Someday. Munshi was preoccupied with his thoughts about the future steps of his dream venture. With emails from his previous clients regarding travel plans to India, he could see that the prior impact of India Someday had not gone in vain. Although relieved with the commencement of people travelling, the future was uncertain and the founders knew that they had to be prepared to successfully operate their venture. Subject area Tourism and hospitality courses/entrepreneur courses Study level/applicability Beginner Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 12: Tourism and hospitality.

Strategi Pondok Pesantren Attaqwa Bekasi dalam Membentuk Santri yang Berakhlak

The purpose of this study is to find out how the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of Attaqwa Putra Islamic Boarding School is to achieve its goals. The method used is descriptive with qualitative approach so that the author can find out information by describing and describing strategic management at the Attaqwa Putra Islamic Boarding School. Data collection techniques used are observation, interviews and documentation. The results showed the Attaqwa Putra Islamic Boarding School modern Islamic boarding school implements strategic management system in which there strategy formulation process, the formulation carried out by observing from the external and internal environment to determine the program from the vision, mission, goals and set targets. In the implementation process, Attaqwa Putra Islamic Boarding School applies in daily life 24 hours when students run into teachers, classmates, and peers, they must greet, reprimand, and shake hands. And the evaluation applied by the Attaqwa Putra Islamic Boarding School to monitor the activities of the students directly or through the administrators of the Attaqwa Islamic Boarding School.

Is there a processing advantage for verb-noun collocations in Chinese reading? Evidence from eye movements during reading.

A growing number of studies show a processing advantage for collocations, which are commonly-used juxtapositions of words, such as "joint effort" or "shake hands," suggesting that skilled readers are keenly perceptive to the occurrence of two words in phrases. With the current research, we report two experiments that used eye movement measures during sentence reading to explore the processing of four-character verb-noun collocations in Chinese, such as ("revise the article"). Experiment 1 compared the processing of these collocations relative to similar four-character expressions that are not collocations (e.g., , "revise the ending") in neutral contexts and contexts in which the collocation was predictable from the preceding sentence context. Experiment 2 further examined the processing of these four-character collocations, by comparing eye movements for commonly-used "strong" collocations, such as ("protect the environment"), as compared to less commonly-used "weak" collocations, such as ("protect nature"), again in neutral contexts and contexts in which the collocations were highly predictable. The results reveal a processing advantage for both collocations relative to novel expressions, and for "strong" collocations relative to "weak" collocations, which was independent of effects of contextual predictability. We interpret these findings as providing further evidence that readers are highly sensitive to the frequency that words co-occur as a phrase in written language, and that a processing advantage for collocations occurs independently of contextual expectations.

Assessing socioeconomic vulnerability and COVID-19 infection risk among NCD patients in rural Sierra Leone: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundIn Sierra Leone, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are an increasingly important source of mortality and morbidity. However, Sierra Leonean NCD patients’ experience of direct exposure to COVID-19-related risks and indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on socioeconomic determinants of health has not been described.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional telephone survey among adult (≥ 18 years) hypertensive, diabetic, and heart failure patients receiving treatment at the NCD clinic at Koidu Government Hospital (KGH) in rural Sierra Leone. We described patient demographics, COVID-19 related knowledge, and practice of infection prevention measures. Patients were categorized into nationally representative wealth quintiles using an asset-based wealth index and measures of social vulnerability were reported by clinical program and wealth category.ResultOf the 400 respondents, 80.5% were between 40 and 69 years old and 46.1% were male. The majority of patients (> 90%) knew utilizing masks, social distancing, isolation from positive cases, and avoiding hand shaking were effective COVID-19 prevention measures. However, only 27.3% of the population had access to adequate handwashing facilities, 25.5% had attended crowded events in the past two weeks, and only 5.8% always used face masks. Compared with the national distribution of wealth, 33.0% of our population belonged in the richest quintile, 34.8% in the second-richest quintile, and 32.2% in the bottom 3 poorest-middle quintiles. Socioeconomic vulnerability was high overall with significant disparities between wealth categories. In the 30 days before the interview, almost 60% of the poorest-middle categories experienced one barrier to essential health services, 87.4% used at least one emergency coping mechanism to cover food, housing, or health care, and 98.4% were worried about having food. In the richest category, the proportion of patients experiencing these challenges was 32.3%, 39.5% and 81.6%, respectively.ConclusionOur patients had good knowledge of COVID-19 prevention measures; however, we found substantial discrepancies between patients’ self-reported knowledge and practices. Although our population was wealthier than the national average, the NCD patients were still exposed to unacceptable levels of socioeconomic vulnerability, reflecting a high absolute poverty in Sierra Leone. Furthermore, wealth-based disparities in access to essential resources persist among NCD patients.

Penerapan Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat di Desa Parakanjaya

Health protocol is a public health effort that refers to some actions that need to be taken in the context of health promotion and disease prevention. During the current pandemic, people are required to apply the Health Protocol in their daily life to break the chain of the spread of disease, such as the importance of wearing masks, washing hands with soap, and running water, carrying hand sanitizers, maintaining distance, eating nutritious food, diligently exercising. at home, don't shake hands first, use electronic money and when you get home, take a shower. The purpose of community service is to increase knowledge and awareness of the community, especially children and mothers regarding the importance of implementing new habits with the discipline of health protocols and increasing knowledge of PHBS. The method of community service activities in Salabenda Village, RT 03/03 in Parakanjaya Village, Kemang District, which is carried out is educating about increasing PHBS knowledge during the current pandemic. The results of this community service activity are that the Salabenda Village children can practice PHBS such as how to wash their hands properly and correctly and comply with Health protocols when there are activities.

First Report of Fusarium nygamai Causing Crown Rot of Wheat in China.

Fusarium crown rot (FCR) is an important disease on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) all over the world. Fusarium pseudograminearum is reported the main causal agent of FCR in China (Deng et al. 2020). In 2020, FCR occurred in wheat in Langfang, Hebei Province (116.31°E, 38.82°N) with observed incidence of 37.2% (48 out of 129 plants in total). The diseased wheat showed brown lesions at the crown and then stem necrosis. Samples with diseased symptom were collected from fields in late May 2020 (at the premature stage, 36 weeks after planting) (e-Xtra 1A). To perform fungal isolation, 0.3 cm2 samples excised at the symptomatic crown were surface disinfested with 75% ethanol for 10 s, and 0.1% HgCl2 for 40 s, then washed three times with sterile ddH2O. When cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA), the colonies of two isolates out of Langfang (11.8% frequency) initially arewhite becoming violet with age, with violet pigments produced on PDA (e-Xtra 1B). Single-spored isolates were acquired, macroconidia were slender, thin walled, with 3- to 5-septate, measurements of 15.7-31.4 µm × 2.7-6.3 µm (n=50) (e-Xtra 1C). The pure culture were named as HWA94 and HWA97, respectively. DNA was extracted from the single-spored mycelium of HWA97 using the CTAB method (Leslie and Summerell, 2006). Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, partial sequences of actin (ACT), translation elongation factor 1-α (EF-1α) gene, 28S ribosomal RNA (LSU), and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II largest subunit rpb1 (RPB1) were amplified using primers ITS1/ITS4, EF-1F/EF-1R, ACT512F/ACT728R, LR/LROR and RPB1B-F/ RPB1B-R and sequenced. The ITS, EF-1α, ACT, LSU, and RPB1 sequences were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers OM459813 to OM459817. These sequences showed 99.64%, 100%, 100%, 100%, and 100% similarity with the reference strain F. nygamai CBS749.97, respectively, resulting in HWA97 being identified as F. nygamai. To confirm the pathogenicity, inoculum was prepared by inoculating fully colonized F. nygamai (HWA97) PDA plugs on sterile wheat grain medium, cultured 7 days at 25℃ till massive mycelium formed, and hand shaken every two days to mix the wheat grains and the F. nygamai mycelium completely. Ten wheat seeds (cv. Jimai22, susceptible to FCR) for each 10-cm pot were inoculated with 10 g of inoculum when planting, then covered with soil. Mock inoculated wheat seeds with sterile grain without inoculum were used as control. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse, and repeated three times. Symptoms (brown necrosis at the crown) appeared 35 days after inoculation (dai) (e-Xtra 1D), with 91.5% incidence and 49.5±2.6 disease index. Mock-inoculated plants remained symptomless (e-Xtra 1E). Fusarium nygamai was re-isolated from the symptomatic stem and identified by morphological and molecular analysis, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Fusarium nygamai has been previously reported and recovered from wheat root and stalk (Fard et al. 2017) and causes root rot on wheat in Iraq (Minati, 2020), rice in Sardinia (Balmas et al. 2000), sugar beet in China (Cao et al. 2018), as well as lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) in Pakistan (Rauf et al. 2016). To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. nygamai causing FCR of wheat in China. This study contributes useful information for epidemiologic studies for FCR. Additional studies will be needed to determine the distribution, aggressiveness, and impact on yield of F. nygamai compared with the dominant causal agent F. pseudograminearum.

Pulse Oximetry Based on Quadrature Multiplexing of the Amplitude Modulated Photoplethysmographic Signals

In this research, a pulse oximeter based on quadrature multiplexing of AM-PPG signals is proposed. The oximeter is operated by a microcontroller and employs a simple amplitude modulation technique to mitigate noise interference during SpO2 measurement. The two AM-PPG signals (RED and IR) are quadrature multiplexed using carrier signals with equal frequencies but a 90-degree phase difference. The study focused on noise interference caused by light intensity and hand movement. The experiment was conducted under three different levels of light intensity: 200 Lux, 950 Lux, and 2200 Lux. For each light intensity level, the SpO2 level was measured under three scenarios: hand still, shadow movement over the hand, and hand shaking. A comparison between the proposed technique and the conventional method reveals that the proposed technique offers a superior performance. The relative error of the measured SpO2 level using the proposed technique was less than 3.1% overall. Based on the study, the proposed technique is less affected by noise interference caused by light intensity and hand movement compared to the conventional method. In addition, the proposed technique has an advantage over contemporary methods in terms of computational complexity. Consequently, the proposed technique can be applied to wearable devices that include SpO2 measurement functionality.

SLR: Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kepatuhan Protokol Kesehatan COVID-19

Compliance with the Covid-19 health protocol will determine the success of handling COVID-19. In fact it is not easy to build compliance with health protocols in the community in handling COVID-19 in various countries, including Indonesia. Searches related to compliance with health protocols in this study were carried out using the PRISMA method to obtain 8 literature from 1558 articles obtained from Pubmed and Scopus. The analysis shows that adherence to health protocols carried out, both in efforts to wash hands, use masks, not shake hands and avoid crowds, is greatly influenced by the knowledge and motivation a person has.&#x0D;

“Remember: Neither Russians Nor Belarusians Do Not Shaking Hands”: The Stories of Occupation of Yurivka Village, Chernihiv Region (record and publication by O. Vorobiei)

“Remember: Neither Russians Nor Belarusians Do Not Shaking Hands”: The Stories of Occupation of Yurivka Village, Chernihiv Region (record and publication by O. Vorobiei)

Focal tonic seizures with asymmetrical posturing could allow voluntary movements: a lesson to not be misled for a non-epileptic event.

This report documents the clinical features of supplementary motor area seizures with voluntary movements in two patients. The first case describes a 13-year-old boy with a 2-year history of nocturnal seizures, characterized by an asymmetrical brief tonic posture followed by bilateral rapid hand shaking, but without impaired awareness. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed no abnormalities. Video electroencephalogram indicated interictal focal spikes and ictal activity 2 s before clinical onset in the frontal midline area. The patient stated that he purposely shook his hands to lessen the seizure-induced upper limb stiffness. The second case describes a 43-year-old man with a 33-year history of nocturnal seizures, characterized by an asymmetric brief tonic posture, with the right hand grabbing to hold this posture, but without impaired awareness. Video electroencephalogram indicated that he voluntarily moved his right hand during the latter part of the seizures; however, no clear ictal electroencephalogram change was noted. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a mass lesion in the right medial superior frontal gyrus. Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography and ictal single-photon emission computed tomography indicated ictal focus in the mesial frontal area, as confirmed by invasive electroencephalogram and seizure freedom after surgery. Both patients had typical supplementary motor area seizures, except they could perform voluntary movements in the body parts. The co-occurrence of supplementary motor area seizures and voluntary movements is clinically useful, as it may help avoid the inaccurate and misleading diagnosis of non-epileptic events such as psychogenic non-epileptic seizures.

Refraining from interaction can decrease fear of physical closeness during COVID-19

Perception of peripersonal space (PPS) and interpersonal distance (IPD) has been shown to be modified by external factors such as perceived danger, the use of tools, and social factors. Especially in times of social distancing in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is vital to study factors that modify PPS and IPD. The present work addresses the question of whether wearing a face mask as a protection tool and social interaction impact the perception of IPD. We tested estimated IPD in pictures at three distances: 50 cm, 90 cm, and 150 cm in both social interaction (shaking hands) and without interaction and when the two people in the pictures wore a face mask or not. Data from 60 subjects were analyzed in a linear mixed model (on both difference in distance estimation to the depicted distance and in absolute distance estimation) and in a 3 (distance: 50, 90, 150) × 2 (interaction: no interaction, shake hands), × 2 face mask (no mask, mask) rmANOVA on distance estimation difference. All analyses showed that at a distance of 50 and 90 cm, participants generally underestimated the IPD while at an IPD of 150 cm, participants overestimated the distance. This could be grounded in perceived danger and avoidance behavior at closer distances, while the wider distance between persons was not perceived as dangerous. Our findings at an IPD of 90 cm show that social interaction has the largest effect at the border of our PPS, while the face mask did not affect social interaction at either distance. In addition, the ANOVA results indicate that when no social interaction was displayed, participants felt less unsafe when depicted persons wore a face mask at distances of 90 and 150 cm. This shows that participants are on the one hand aware of the given safety measures and internalized them; on the other hand, that refraining from physical social interaction helps to get close to other persons.

COVID-19 Prevention Behaviours and Vaccine Acceptability, and Their Association with a Behaviour Change Campaign in Somalia: Analysis of a Longitudinal Cohort.

Somalia experienced its first wave of COVID-19 infections in March 2020 and has experienced fluctuating infection levels since. Longitudinal data on suspected cases of COVID-19, attitudes, and behaviours were collected by telephone interviews of cash-transfer programme beneficiaries from June 2020-April 2021. A multi-media Social and Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC) campaign was designed and implemented from February 2021 to May 2021. Between the end of the first wave and the onset of the second the perceived threat from COVID-19 increased, with the proportion of respondents viewing it as a major threat increasing from 46% to 70% (p = 0.021). Use of face coverings increased by 24% (p < 0.001) and hand shaking and hugging for social greeting decreased, with 17% and 23% more people abstaining from these practices (p = 0.001). A combined preventative behaviour score (PB-Score) increased by 1.3 points (p < 0.0001) with a higher score in female respondents (p < 0.0001). During wave 2, vaccine acceptance was reported by 69.9% (95% CI 64.9, 74.5), overall. Acceptance decreased with increasing age (p = 0.009) and was higher in males (75.5%) than females (67.0%) (p = 0.015). Awareness of the SBCC campaign was widespread with each of the 3 key campaign slogans having been heard by at least 67% of respondents. Awareness of 2 specific campaign slogans was independently associated with an increased use of face coverings (aOR 2.31; p < 0.0001) and vaccine acceptance (aOR 2.36; p < 0.0001). Respondents reported receiving information on the pandemic from a wide range of sources with mobile phones and radio the most common. Trust in different sources ranged widely.