Shadow State Research Articles

States and Illegal Practices

States and illegal practices - an overview, Josiah McC. Heyman and Alan Smart brigandage, piracy, capitalism, and state-formation - transnational crime from a historical world-systems perspective, Thomas W. Gallant state and shadow state in Northern Peru circa 1900 - illegal political networks and the problem of state boundaries, David Nugent predatory rule and illegal economic practices, Alan Smart requiem for a drug lord - state and commodity in the career of Khun Sa, Alfred W. McCoy is transparency possible? - the political-economic and epistemological implications of Cold War conspiracies and subterfuge in Italy, Jane Schneider and Peter Schneider Russian protection rackets and the appropriation of law and order, Caroline Humphrey neoliberalism, environmentalism, and scientific knowledge - redefining use rights in the Gulf of California fisheries, Marcela Vasquez-Leon adolescent violence, state processes, and the local context of moral panic, Mercer L. Sullivan and Barbara Miller state escalation of force - a Vietnam/US-Mexico border analogy, Josiah McC. Heyman.

DECLINING SOCIAL CAPITAL AND NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS: CONSEQUENCES FOR SMALL TOWNS AFTER WELFARE REFORM

In 1997, welfare reform replaced the federal system of entitlement with a workfare system based on the values of self-sufficiency and personal responsibility. Proponents of reform argue that if social services are needed, local nonprofit organizations (NPOs) such as food banks can provide them. But claims that local NPOs can expand programs in the wake of welfare cuts merit closer scrutiny. This paper investigates two questions. First, why is the nonprofit sector being touted as a replacement for the welfare state? Second, is there sufficient social capital—the willingness of people to donate their time and money in a community—for NPOs to expand social services with less state funding? The answer to the first question explains how the crisis of Fordism led to welfare spending cuts. In its place arose a more flexible “shadow state” comprised of NPOs. The rise of the “shadow state” signals a conscious effort to reduce government spending. It also means providing less assistance to the poor because the voluntary sector cannot match the capacity of the welfare state. In order to answer the second question, a survey was conducted of 2,580 NPOs in small towns in Illinois. Results reveal that NPOs are concerned about a lack of volunteers, local funding, and community support for the poor and unemployed. Furthermore, the survey shows that the spatial and institutional fragmentation of the nonprofit welfare system compromises the ability of NPOs to deliver social assistance. [Key words: voluntary sector, welfare reform, nonprofit organizations, crisis of Fordism.]

Transnationalism, neo-liberalism, and the rise of the shadow state

This paper examines the processes through which a neo-liberal agenda is broadened and entrenched through time. The case study focuses on a federal immigration policy in Canada in the 1980s, which encouraged the rapid entry of wealthy entrepreneurs and investors from Hong Kong. One of the many impacts of the arrival of this Chinese business élite in British Columbia was the rapid growth of a key volunteer organization in Vancouver dedicated to social service provisioning for immigrants. With the donations and volunteerism of the new Chinese arrivals, this organization grew from a small, narrowly focused social service institution, to one of the largest and most extensive providers in the lower Mainland, supplying numerous goods and services formerly controlled primarily by the province and the federal government. As a result of the actions of this voluntary organization, a type of interstitial organization that some scholars have termed under the rubric, 'the shadow state', conservative politicians in the 1980s were able to roll back many welfare state programmes in British Columbia without a corresponding loss of legitimacy occurring from the immediate truncation of services. The Business Immigration Programme thus aided in the entrenchment of a neo-liberal agenda both through the increased circulation of capital and articulation with Asian networks, and also through the devolution of direct welfare-state governance. I argue that this immigration programme thus represents one good example of the multiple ways that seemingly simple policy shifts can have much broader effects, and can entrench neo-liberal policy socially,culturally and institutionally as well as economically.

Transnationalism, neo-liberalism, and the rise of the shadow state

This paper examines the processes through which a neo-liberal agenda is broadened and entrenched through time. The case study focuses on a federal immigration policy in Canada in the 1980s, which encouraged the rapid entry of wealthy entrepreneurs and investors from Hong Kong. One of the many impacts of the arrival of this Chinese business élite in British Columbia was the rapid growth of a key volunteer organization in Vancouver dedicated to social service provisioning for immigrants. With the donations and volunteerism of the new Chinese arrivals, this organization grew from a small, narrowly focused social service institution, to one of the largest and most extensive providers in the lower Mainland, supplying numerous goods and services formerly controlled primarily by the province and the federal government. As a result of the actions of this voluntary organization, a type of interstitial organization that some scholars have termed under the rubric, 'the shadow state', conservative politicians in the 1980s were able to roll back many welfare state programmes in British Columbia without a corresponding loss of legitimacy occurring from the immediate truncation of services. The Business Immigration Programme thus aided in the entrenchment of a neo-liberal agenda both through the increased circulation of capital and articulation with Asian networks, and also through the devolution of direct welfare-state governance. I argue that this immigration programme thus represents one good example of the multiple ways that seemingly simple policy shifts can have much broader effects, and can entrench neo-liberal policy socially,culturally and institutionally as well as economically.

‘Breaking out of the asylum’: developments in the geography of mental ill-health — the influence of the informal sector

This paper focuses on the changing role of the voluntary sector in the provision of care and support to community-based individuals with mental ill-health (MIH) in contemporary Scotland. In doing so, it reflects on the ways in which deinstitutionalisation is contributing to changing interrelationships between the formal and informal sector, the influence of the voluntary sector in the development of the locational geographies of individuals with MIH, and factors contributing to geographical variations in access and availability of voluntary sector supports. These developments are considered within the framework of the shadow state.

Shadow players: Ecotourism development, corruption and state politics in Belize

This article examines the way that developing societies have been increasingly incorporated into global networks, and the effect that this has had on the states themselves. The notion of a shadow state is used here to inform the ways that the state has been modified by the global networks represented by ecotourism development on the one hand and drug trafficking (and associated offshore banking sectors) on the other. Belize provides an excellent example of the way that these North-South linkages, in the form of global networks, undermine the ability of states to enforce regulations in offshore banking, drug trafficking and environmental protection that are demanded of the South by the North.

Controversial Facility Siting in the Urban Environment

Conflict over facility siting has become increasingly common across facility types and neighborhoods throughout the United States. This article posits that the conflict about facility siting stems from the distinct roles played by the state (with a central role played by planners), the shadow state (consisting of voluntary and nonprofit organizations), and interest groups (primarily community residents). This article explores the similarities and differences in perception toward controversial facilities for two of these three actors: the state (represented by planning directors) and interest groups (in this case, community residents). To investigate the similarities and differences between resident and planner perceptions, this article analyzes the first national survey of resident attitudes, which included both environmental and human service facilities, and a recent national survey of planning directors. Implications of this analysis for understanding facility siting, community opposition, and planning responses are discussed.

Pathways of dependence: the impact of health and social care restructuring—the voluntary experience

The current emphasis on community over institutionally based modes of health and social care delivery in the UK, together with legislative change, has placed a renewed emphasis on the role of the informal sector in service provision. Simultaneously, there has been an attempt to modify the provider-role of the statutory sector, in favour of an evolving role as purchaser and enabler of independently provided services. Drawing on material that forms part of a 3 year study into health and social care restructuring, and its effect on the caring networks of elderly dependent populations, this paper focuses on the changing role of the voluntary sector. Using empirical material drawn from the Scottish environment, it illustrates how the restructuring process may be modifying the voluntary sector and contributing to a growth in geographical inequity in voluntary service provision. In doing so, it considers four main factors affecting local voluntary organisations—the growth of contracting, external constraints on voluntary provisioning, the influence of the local authority and Wolch's concept of the “Shadow State”. It highlights the emerging social and spatial manifestations arising from such change, and how these modifications may also be contributing to a growth in geographical inequity for service recipients linked within the dependence network.

Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone

1. Informal markets and the shadow state: some theoretical issues 2. Colonial rule and the foundations of the shadow state 3. Elite hegemony and the threat of political and economic reform 4. Reining in the informal market: the early Stevens' years, 1968-1973 5. An exchange of services: state power and the diamond business 6. The shadow state and international commerce 7. Foreign firms, economic 'reform' and shadow state power 8. The changing character of African sovereignty.

High- Tc-superconductivity and shadow state formation in YBa 2Cu 3O 6+δ and Bi 2Sr 2CaCu 2O 8+δ

The normal and superconducting state of YBa 2Cu 3O 6+δ and Bi 2Sr 2CaCu 2O 8+δ are investigated by using the mono- and bilayer Hubbard model within the fluctuation exchange approximation and a proper description of the Fermi surface topology. The inter- and intralayer interactions, the renormalization of the bilayer splitting and the formation of shadow bands are investigated in detail. Although the shadow states are not visible in the monolayer, we find that the additional correlations in bilayers boost the shadow state intensity and will lead to their observability. In the superconducting state we find a d x 2− y 2 symmetry of the order parameter and demonstrate the importance of inter-plane Copper pairing.

Superconductivity and dynamical short-range order in high- Tc systems

We analyze the doping and temperature dependence of the quasi-particle excitation spectrum of the 2D one hand Hubbard model in the normal and superconducting state using the fluctuation exchange approximation. It is shown that above T c shadow states resulting form short-range antiferromagnetic correlations occur with small but finite excitation energies which decrease for decreasing doping, reflecting as dynamically broken symmetry with increasing lifetime. Simultaneously, the intensity of these new states increases, the quasi-particle dispersion is strongly flattened, and a pseudogap in the density of states occurs. Within the superconducting state, we find that the gap function Δ k has d x 2 - y 2 is symmetry. Furthermore, our results for the spectral density explain the dip structures found in photoemission and tunneling experiments. These fine structures result from an enhancement of the scattering rate at shadow states slightly above the superconducting gap.

Shadow states and shaded states

For every real state with photon-number distribution , a virtual state with distribution can be constructed and called a shadow state because it cannot stand by itself. The real state mixed with its shadow state is called a shaded state. This is a systematic way to construct nonclassical states. The introduction of shadow states makes it much easier to identify, or to isolate, the origin of the nonclassical effects in shaded states. The usefulness of this concept is illustrated by several examples.

Shadowed negative binomial state

Given a real photon-number distribution p r( n), a virtual distribution p s( n) = (−1) n p r( n) can be defined as its shadow. The combination of the two is called a shadowed state. This concept is illustrated by the negative binomial state. The nonclassical effects are studied by using the Q and R parameters and the nonclassical depth.

Theory for the interdependence of high- Tc superconductivity and dynamical spin fluctuations

The doping dependence of the superconducting state for the 2D one-band Hubbard Hamiltonian is determined. By using an Eliashberg theory within the FLEX approximation, we find that the gap function Δ k has a d x 2− y 2 symmetry and T c becomes maximal for 13% doping. Furthermore, we find a strong interplay between d-wave superconductivity and short range anitferromagnetic order leading to the appearance of shadow states below T c . Since we determine the dynamical excitations directly from real frequency axis calculations, we obtain new results for the spectral density of states that explain the anomalous behavior of photoemission and tunneling experiments.

Theory for the doping dependence of spin fluctuation induced shadow states in high- Tc superconductors

We analyze the doping dependence of the intensity and energetical position of shadow states in high- T c superconductors within the 2D Hubbard model, using our recently developed numerical method for the self-consistent summation of bubble and ladder diagrams. It is shown that shadow states resulting from short range antiferromagnetic correlations occur for small but finite excitation energies which decrease for decreasing doping, reflecting a dynamically broken symmetry with increasing lifetime. Simultaneously, the intensity of these new states increases, the quasi particle dispersion is strongly flattened, and a pseudogap in the density of states occurs. Finally, we discuss the importance of flat bands at the Fermi level and nesting of the Fermi surface as general prerequisites for the observability of shadow states.

Electronic theory for the transition from Fermi-liquid to non-Fermi-liquid behavior in high- Tc superconductors

We analyze the breakdown of Fermi-liquid behavior within the 2D Hubbard model as a function of doping using our recently developed numerical method for the self consistent summation of bubble and ladder diagrams. For larger doping concentrations the system behaves like a conventional Fermi-liquid and for intermediate doping it behaves similar to a marginal Fermi-liquid. However, for smaller doping, pronounced deviations from both pictures occur which are due to the increasing importance of the short range antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations. This is closely related to the experimentally observed shadow states in the normal state of high T c superconductors. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of our results for transport experiments.

Downlink DS CDMA performance over a mobile satellite channel

Code division multiple access (CDMA) has been proposed for personal communications networks for both terrestrial and satellite links. We analyze the performance of the downlink (i.e., the base-to-mobile link) of a low earth orbiting (LEO) mobile satellite channel. An important characteristic of this fading channel is that the desired signal and the multiple access interference from all spot beams of the corresponding satellite fade simultaneously. In this respect, the satellite downlink is also different from its terrestrial counterpart. A two-state fading channel model is considered. In the nonshadowed state, the signal envelope is characterized by Rician statistics and in the shadowed state by the Rayleigh statistics. We analyze the probability of error performance when coherent detection, diversity, spectrum sharing by two service providers, and forward error correction are employed.

Welfare Pluralism or Shadow State? The Provision of Social Housing in the 1990s

Within a context of the restructuring of the welfare state, housing associations have become the main providers of social housing. Welfare pluralists, as well as the government, would see this as a positive change, since housing associations are perceived as voluntary, independent, and small scale, responding to a diversity of local needs. Using data obtained during interviews in four case-study areas, I argue, however, that the rhetoric is not underpinned by the reality. The very process of change has, in fact, led to increasing control by central, and to some extent local, governments, so that a more appropriate conceptualisation is that of housing associations as a ‘shadow state’. The results of this are changes in the type of housing being built, in the sort of tenants being housed, and in the compromises over the aims and ethos of housing associations themselves.

Light-induced states of H and H-, shadow states, and the dressed potential.

Light-induced bound'' states of atoms originate from the movement of poles of the multichannel scattering matrix on the Riemann energy surface. The appearance of additional bound'' states of the negative hydrogen ion, recently predicted in the high-frequency theory, is related to the motion of resonance poles that correspond to autoionizing states in the absence of the field. Various pole trajectories leading to light-induced states are described for photodetachment from a one-dimensional square potential well. Certain light-induced states in atomic hydrogen are discussed in relation to the spectrum of the dressed Coulomb potential.

The Work of City Politics: Citizenship through Employment in the Local Response to AIDS

In this paper I examine the public sphere as it has come to be theoretically framed in city politics. My focus is on the distinction between citizen and bureaucrat. Working from ethnography and oral histories of individuals involved in AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) issues in Vancouver, I explore the social processes through which citizenship is structured and expressed. Identity politics and the politics of urban services are found to overlap considerably. Specifically, people's paid employment in the state and shadow state is relayed in several ways as one channel for their citizenship. Social and political restructurings in British Columbia concurrent with the AIDS crisis are traced to show how and why some people have come to exercise their politics through their work. The political and theoretical implications of (shadow-)state employment as a location of citizenship are then considered.