Tutoring Research Articles

EXAMINING THE IMPACT OF PRIVATE TUTORING AS AN EXTRA BURDEN ON THE PARENTS IN PUNJAB PAKISTAN

The private tutoring has become a widespread phenomenon in Punjab, Pakistan. The study examines the growth of private tutoring in Punjab, Pakistan, and its impact on parents' financial burden and credibility of the education system. Study followed an interpretive paradigm. The research design used for this study was phenomenological approach The research involves semi-structured interviews with 50 parents, and qualitative content analysis was used to analyze data. NVivo-14 software was used to identify the themes form data. The findings show that private tutoring is driven by the inadequacies of the public education system, peer pressure, and the perception of private tutoring as competitive advantage. However, parents perceive the financial burden of private tutoring as a significant concern. The results offered significant information for reaching the desired leading conclusion followed by certain recommendations. The study recommends that the government address the inadequacies of the public education system, regulate private tutoring, and enhance professional development of teachers.

Artificial Intelligence in Ecology: A Commentary on a Chatbot's Perspective

AbstractThe potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to shape research and education is a highly topical issue. The recent release of ChatGPT (Chat Generative Pre‐trained Transformer) by OpenAI on November 30, 2022 has opened up new possibilities for the use of chatbot services in ecological research and education. In this perspective article, we address associated contemporary topics including the use of chatbot services in ecology education and academic writing, the application of AI in ecology, the potential environmental impact, and ethical considerations of using such services. Several logistical, ethical and environmental factors were identified that should be considered in the context of ecological research. We argue that ChatGPT can help reduce the workload of researchers, generate new insights and ideas, and serve as a personal instructor and assistant for students. While we show how AI chatbots have the potential to be useful assets for ecologists, several challenges arose. AI in ecological research includes the limited ability of AI algorithms to capture complexity and nuance, the dependence of AI models on data quality, and ethical concerns about the use of AI in research. The construction and operation of such services also have potential environmental impacts but may also provide environmental benefits in comparison with other conventional approaches, all of which should be evaluated. Despite these limitations and challenges, we consider that the use of AI can be a valuable tool in ecological research and could enhance the speed and efficiency of research by automating certain tasks (e.g. data collection and management) and analyzing large amounts of data. However, we emphasize the importance of taking a responsible, sustainable and transparent approach to using chatbot services and AI in ecological research and education, while remaining mindful of the potential impact on the environment, society, and ethical concerns.

Unraveling EMI as a predictor of English proficiency in Vietnamese higher education: Exploring learners’ backgrounds as a variable

One key objective of English medium instruction (EMI) programs in non-Anglophone countries is to improve students’ English skills in both academic and professional environments. Despite the high cost and the popularity of the program policy, there remains a lack of empirical studies on the link between attending an EMI program and students’ English proficiency. This paper employs data from 111 students majoring in international business from a top Vietnamese university to compare English competency, measured by the Duolingo Test, between students enrolled in an EMI program and their counterparts who are taught the same curriculum but in the native language, through Vietnamese medium instruction (VMI). Controlling for different social backgrounds, the study shows that participation in EMI is associated with better English test performance. Analysis using multiple interaction terms shows that male EMI participants, or students coming from lower-income households, having lower English scores in high school, and attending more English private tutoring would benefit more from EMI. The analysis sheds light on potential socioeconomic obstacles to accessing EMI and English skill development. Follow-up interviews similarly show the relevance of demographic backgrounds to the students’ perceptions of EMI and their English proficiency. The study provides clear evidence of substantial associations between EMI and English skills. Further studies are needed to establish the causality of the results.

Correction to: A bibliometric mapping of shadow education research: achievements, limitations, and the future

Correction to: A bibliometric mapping of shadow education research: achievements, limitations, and the future

Capitalising shadow education: A critical discourse analysis of private tuition websites in Singapore

Shadow education, or supplementary private tutoring, has expanded to become a multi-billion-dollar industry worldwide, capitalising on the desires of parents and their children to succeed and excel in education. In doing so, shadow education draws upon and reproduces cultural capital represented by knowledge, skills and educational credentials and symbolic capital constituted in the prestige, privilege and legitimacy of educational achievement. The study on which this article is based adopts a critical discourse analytic approach to examine the websites of five leading private tuition centres in Singapore as seen through the lens of Bourdieu’s concept of capital. The aim is to identify specific forms of cultural capital, examine how they are harnessed for promotional purposes, and show how this reflects and reproduces the forms and representations of educational achievement and success valued in Singapore. Findings offer a deeper understanding of the marketing discourse of shadow education that pivots on the quality of private tutors, success beyond examinations and school, and concrete representations of social distinction and achievement. More significantly, the study contributes to research situated at the nexus of shadow education and Bourdieu’s concept of capital to shed light on how shadow education reflects and magnifies broader socio-cultural orientations and socio-economic structures.

Differential effects of private tutoring on facets of students' mathematics achievement: A longitudinal study

Private supplementary tutoring (PT) is practiced worldwide to improve students' academic performance and is highly prevalent in East Asia. However, studies have not clearly defined the effectiveness of PT. This study examined student-report questionnaires and school reports of mathematics achievements from approximately 2000 secondary school students to track retrospective longitudinal variations of PT over a year and analysed the differential effectiveness of regular mathematics PT participation on mathematics achievement at four hierarchical cognitive levels. Based on a sub-sample of students who regularly took PT in three consecutive periods (n = 773) as well as students who did not take PT (N = 758), the results indicated that the effect size of PT effectiveness decreased from low to high cognitive levels (from positive to negative). These results raise questions concerning the role of PT. This study provides an evidence-based assessment concerning the effectiveness of PT and highlights the implications for educational practice and future research.

코로나 19 팬데믹 상황에서 고등학생의 영어 학업성취도에 영향을 미치는 원격수업 환경 분석

Objectives The purposes of this study is to examine the effects of the factors in E-learning environment due to COVID19 on 2020 National Assessment of Education Achievement(NAEA) for English subject among high school students.
 Methods About 3 % of sampling classes were participated in NAEA. The achievement test results and the survey results of 10,526 2nd grade of high school students were used in the analysis except the missing values. The demographic characteristics(gender and regional scale) were served as the control variable and hierarchical regression analysis was used.
 Results The research results identifies the factors in E-learning environment affecting scholastic achievement of the English subject after controlling gender and regional scale. Model 1 explains approximately 3.6% and Model 2 shows about 11.9% of coefficient of determination respectably. Students who acknowledge the usefulness of E-learning have higher English scores. Also, students with higher English scores feel that E-learning environment is similar to that of school life. The variables such as ‘time used on private tutoring’, ‘time used on self-directed learning’, ‘anxiety on grade’, ‘interest in learning’ have positive correlation with academic achievement of the English subject. On the other hand, the variables such as ‘sense of belonging to the school’, ‘communication with the teachers regarding career plan’, ‘hangout time with friends’, ‘the amount of home work’, ‘the amount of study’, ‘communication with teachers regarding academic matters’, ‘life style on regular base’ have negative correlation with the academic achievement of the English subject.
 Conclusions The students with high level of English academic achievement tend to perceive that the amount of homework and that of learning are reduced in E-learning environment due to COVID19 compared to in-class learning environment. They feel more anxiety on grade, thus spend more time on tutoring and self-directed study in order to make up the lack of study. It is desirable that the results of current study help aware education gap caused by COVID19 and are able to served as a springboard to provide useful information to establish sound educational policy.

DESIGN OF STUDENT SUCCESS PREDICTION APPLICATION IN ONLINE LEARNING USING FUZZY-KNN

Effective evaluation of student performance is crucial. Hence, many kinds of techniques are used such as statistics, physical examination and currently data mining techniques to evaluate student performance. Data mining techniques as known as Educational Data Mining (EDM) collect, process, report and used to find the unseen patterns in the student dataset. EDM uses machine learning techniques to dig out useful data from multiple levels of meaningful hierarchy. Various data from intelligent computer tutors, classic computer based educational systems, online classes, academic data in educational institution, and standar assesment can be process for EDM. This led universities include open and distance learning (ODL) to collect large volume of student and learning data in their learning management systems (LMS). Students in ODL are relatively familiar with LMS and many learning activities such as number of accessing materials, student participation in discussion forum recorded in LMS. The processes of using EDM to improve the quality of educational policy maker with data-based models have become a challange that institutions of higher education face today. Therefore, this study aims to design applications that predict student performance in online learning using machine learning techniques based on EDM. The machine learning technique used in this research is Fuzzy-KNN. Testing using Fuzzy-KNN produces an accuracy of 92.5%.

Mapping global research on shadow education: Trends and future agenda

This study aimed to analyze bibliographies of journals, authors, and research topics on shadow education using the Scopus database. Bibliometric analysis focuses on the metadata of journals, authors, and topics, visualized, and analyzed to produce a road map, research trends, and future agenda. The data were obtained from 207 articles published on Scopus downloaded on 29/8/2021 by using “shadow education” or “shadow curriculum” keywords. Furthermore, descriptive statistical methods and bibliometric analysis using Biblioshiny, an R-based application that generates bibliometric maps were used. Shadow education research has not been widely developed. Therefore, this bibliographic study may form the basis for future developments. Shadow education is the highest trend, followed by education and policy, high stakes testing, teacher education, curriculum, academic achievement, and private tutoring. This study provides an overview of trends in journals, authors, and research topics related to shadow education. Specifically, it provides relevant information to develop the potential and related themes in the future.

Shadow Education in China: An Analytical Discussion from a Supply and Demand Perspective

Nowadays, private tutoring, also called shadow education, is received by students worldwide, and this behavior is particularly common in China. Students and tutors can satisfy their own needs simultaneously in this process. However, this practice also brings problems as the industry grows steadily. Previous scholars mainly focus on data results and policies to improve when researching this topic; nonetheless, the economic factors and effects are equally important. The current paper investigates the factors shaping the demand and supply of shadow education in China. Our finding suggests the demand of the public and suppliers’ willingness to provide an evolvable market environment for private tutoring. Some inefficiencies and financial problems are also discussed. Combining the technological change that shaped this industry, future studies could emphasize the supply side and the interaction within the shadow education market.

The Influence of Price, Promotion, and Service Quality on Interest in Private Tutoring

Tutoring plays an important role, especially for the development of student learning because not only the knowledge obtained at school but also student learning motivation. Even though currently the National Examination is abolished, students still have learning needs both classically in class and independently through tutoring. This study aims to find out and analyze the effect of price, promotion, service quality in the interest of following private tutoring both partially and simultaneously. This research is a quantitative research method with a population of 802 students in class XI at four private high schools in Central Java, Surakarta namely Regina Pacis High School, Al Abidin Bilingual Boarding School High School, Muhammadiyah High School Kottabarat Special Program, and Al Islam 1 Surakarta High School. The sampling technique use proportionate random sampling. Collect data use questionnaires and analysis of the data use is multiple linear regression analysis.

Coming out of the shadows: investing in English private tutoring at a transition point in Kazakhstan’s education system during the global pandemic

ABSTRACT Unequal access to language learning resources has been exacerbated by the global expansion of English private tutoring (EPT). Despite its popularity, no study has examined the implications of EPT during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this mixed-methods study explored the nature and effectiveness of EPT that first-year Kazakhstani undergraduate students had experienced over the previous 12 months during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was informed by Benson’s (2011) model of language learning beyond the classroom. Data were collected through a close-ended questionnaire and semi-structured online interviews. The study found that 318 out of 750 (42.4%) had experienced EPT, and 64% of respondents had received face-to-face EPT although it was considered a health risk during the pandemic. All the interviewees perceived EPT sessions as an encouraging environment for coaching towards the university entrance examination and expanding their knowledge. They attributed this mainly to the individual attention they obtained from their tutors, which was lacking in online classes with their English teachers due to teachers’ indifferent attitude to students’ questions and the limited duration of video conferencing sessions. The participants acted agentively by evaluating the advantages and drawbacks of online EPT. Pedagogical implications and areas for further research are suggested.

Meningkatkan Digital Savvy melalui Pembelajaran Berbasis IT pada Siswa Usia Sekolah Dasar di Desa Pogungjuru Tengah

This training is one of Thematic Real Work Lectures (KKNT) activities as a form of non-profit higher education service to the surrounding community. The purpose of this activity is to train and improve information technology insight and knowledge (digital sense) skills of children from early childhood, especially from elementary school. Because the demands of life in the digital age are quick and practical. This activity was held from January to February 2023 for 60 elementary school students in grades 4, 5, and 6. The training takes place every Wednesday at 1:00 pm in his ICT lab room at SD Negeri Pogunjulu Tenga with KKNT student instructors (10 students in total). As a result of this activity, the students of Pogunjulu Tenga Primary School have become familiar with information technology, especially Microsoft Office.

Campus Collaboration as a Gateway to Public Sociology: A Guide For “Unmuzzling” Graduate Student Instructors

Graduate students face obstacles when attempting to pursue public sociology in general, but specifically when they desire to utilize public sociology as both a research and teaching orientation that fully incorporates undergraduate students. Drawing on a two-year public sociology project on student financial security challenges, the author advocates for graduate students interested in public sociology to engage in campus collaborations, where connections between undergraduate students and campus partners are forged based on relevant campus resources easily accessible to graduate students. Based on the specifics of the author’s campus collaboration, six tips emerge for graduate students interested in replicating this approach to public sociology early in their careers. Gaining familiarity with conducting public sociology that fully incorporates undergraduate students in graduate school, a model that has been shown to benefit students, community partners, and sociology as a discipline, will prepare graduate student instructors to implement the model when they become faculty.

Shadow education, Bourdieu, & meritocracy: towards an understanding of Juku and inequality in Japan

ABSTRACT Private educational activities designed to enhance student outcomes outside the formal schooling system are increasingly referred to as shadow education. In Japan, shadow education traditionally consists of for-profit cram schools or juku. Juku take many forms in Japan, yet their primary function is to offer students extra educational opportunities. As such, there is a strong belief that investment in shadow education leads to a higher educational level, thereby strengthening educational inequality by unfairly advantaging families of higher socio-economic status (SES). By applying Pierre Bourdieu’s theories of social reproduction and symbolic violence, this study seeks to elucidate the extent to which neoliberal policies and a lack of guidance from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT) have allowed shadow education in Japan to sustain anti-meritocratic access to higher education. The study critically analyses how laissez-faire policy-making decisions, a reliance on juku attendance, and an emphasis on English language as a test subject operate in conjunction with neoliberal policies to disadvantage lower SES families through uneven access to educational opportunities.

Shadow Education And Social Class Inequalities In Secondary Education In Greece: The Case Of Teaching English As A Foreign Language

This article deals with the shadow education system of private tutoring which contributes to the reproduction of social class inequalities, focusing on the Greek public secondary education system. It presents a literature review of the issue and the findings of an empirical qualitative and quantitative research that aimed at examining the causes of the students’ massive resort to private supplementary tutoring for learning the English language, despite the fact that English is taught at school. The study also set out to examine the relationship between students’ socioeconomic background and resort to private supplementary tutoring and the relationship between socioeconomic background and knowledge of the English language as attested by official certifications. Research findings indicate that the widely spread resort to private supplementary tutoring has a negative impact on the teaching of English in Greek public lower secondary education. Using Bourdieu’s cultural reproduction theory, we argue that private supplementary tutoring makes closer the relationship between social class, familial cultural and economic capital and educational outcomes. Thus, upper and middle-class students are at an advantage, since they can move to the labour market with valued educational qualifications that enhance their occupational prospects. Finally, we discuss educational measures to address the problem.

Pendekatan Psikologi Komunikasi Organisasi Pelajar Islam Indonesia (PII) Sumatera Selatan Pada Leadership Basic Training (LBT)

This research was conducted in South Sumatra, the city of Palembang, while the issues raised were (1) how to approach the organizational communication psychology of Indonesian Islamic Students (PII) South Sumatra in the 2018 Leadership Basic Training (LBT) (2) What are the inhibiting and supporting factors of the communication psychology approach Indonesian Islamic Student Organization (PII) South Sumatra in Leadership Basic Training (LBT) 2018. This study aims to find out how and what the psychological approach to communication for Indonesian Islamic Student Organizations (PII) is in Leadership Basic Training (LBT), then what are the factors factors that support and hinder the organizational communication psychology approach of Indonesian Islamic Students (PII) South Sumatra in Leadership Basic Training (LBT) This study used descriptive qualitative research, while the data collection techniques used during the research process were observation, interviews and literature study. The results of this study indicate that there are several psychological approaches such as using the Ta'dib system and having learning strategies in the form of several approaches, namely the process skills approach, the religious approach, and the group approach. As for the methods and learning techniques in Ta'dib which support the Leadership Basic Training (LBT), the selection of material is in accordance with the potential of the participants and instructors of Indonesian Islamic Students (PII), as well as in learning there are many methods used such as, Group dynmic, reflection interviews, informative dialogues, discussions, games, case studies and others. Participants who took part in the Leadership Basic Training (LBT) in 2018 totaled 40 (forty) participants who were successful in the communication psychology approach where the benchmark is until now active and has become a plenary cadre of cadres who have attended Leadership Advance Training (LAT) and have attended the Course There are 10 (ten) instructor education due to the inhibiting factor of the instructor team who do not understand the material or ta'dib system, guidelines and syllabus as a whole so that the targeted communication psychology approach is not delivered with the maximum further inhibiting factor, namely the lack of follow up from the instructor team to participants who have become cadres of Indonesian Islamic Students (PII)

APLIKASI JASA LAYANAN GURU PRIVAT MATA PELAJARAN BAGI SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR

The ability of elementary school students to absorb material received in class is not optimal, it is monitored from the results of daily evaluation assessments from their subject teachers. This is due to the low absorption of students which is influenced by family factors, school factors, physical factors, and psychological factors when in the school environment. The difficulty factor in understanding certain subjects with limited time also causes student academic achievement to fall. The solution to increasing the absorption ability of elementary school students is still low by providing private tutor services for subjects that can be found through the media website. Private teachers really help improve students' ability to understand subjects with the help of information technology that is not obtained when they study at school. The User Centered Design (UCD) for for web-based private teachers makes it easy for parents of students to find additional teachers who can help improve children's abilities and achievements in understanding subjects. The results of this study can be one of the supporting applications for parents and students as a business strategy to improve academic abilities and achievements obtained from outside the school.

144 Texas grassroots Extension program maintains 50 years of impact in horsemanship

The Texas A&M AgriLife Summer Horsemanship School (SHS) program has been providing horse enthusiasts of all skill levels and ages with horsemanship skills through 2 or 3-d schools for 50 consecutive years. The long-standing impact of the program has been a significant driver for Texas A&M students’ experiential learning as horsemanship instructors (∼341) and grassroots education across the state for school participants (∼29,400). Post surveys for (1) student instructors and (2) school participants were collected and analyzed separately in total for 2018, 2019, 2021, and 2022 to evaluate participant knowledge gained, adoption of new practices, satisfaction, and increased confidence and competence, and student instructor impact. This did not include 2020, due to limited schools taught by former student instructors due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Data was analyzed for descriptive statistics using the means and frequency procedures in SAS 9.4 (Cary, NC). Most school participants were female (77.9%), 15 years old or younger (77.3%), and reported being in 4-H (66.8%). Participants reported having riding experience of less than 1 year (8.2%), 1–5 years (35.3%), 6–10 years (30.4%), or more than 10 years (26.2%). Post-participation survey responses indicate that 81.6% could now do one or more advanced maneuvers that they were previously unable to do (n = 602) and 87.9% reported they were able to ride with more confidence (n = 546). Of the 12 horsemanship topics assessed (Table 1), participants learned “a few or more things” on average 89.1% of the time. When evaluating overall satisfaction, 94.8% stated that they enjoyed most, if not all, of the school. As for the student instructors(n = 21), 88% strongly agreed that their experience in the program had a profound impact on their collegiate careers and believed the skills they developed would be useful in their future careers. The impact of the SHS program is a testimony to the effectiveness of grassroots education on horsemanship in Extension programming, in addition to, collegiate student experiential learning.

Determining Tendency Levels and Opinions of Secondary School 12th Grade Students on Private Tutoring

The purpose of this study is, based on various variables, to determine differentiation in private tutoring tendencies of 12th grade students and their opinions about private tutoring. Mixed method sequential explanatory design was used in this study because both quantitative and qualitative methods were included. Collecting qualitative data depends on quantitative data. Thus, explanatory sequential design, one of the mixed methods, was used. The quantitative study group consists of 717 students in 12th grade secondary school studying in different schools types in İstanbul. Quantitative data were collected through stratified sampling method. The qualitative study group consists of 11 students selected according to quantitative data. The maximum variation sampling method was preferred for collecting qualitative data. The “Private Tutoring Tendency Scale” was used for collecting quantitative data; the semi-structured interview form developed by the researchers was used for collecting qualitative data. The SPSS 22.0 software was used in analyzing the quantitative data. Microsoft Excel and Nvivo 8 software were used for qualitative data analysis. The content analysis was preferred for conducting qualitative data analysis. According to the study results, it was observed that; there is significant difference in private tutoring tendency levels of the participants with respect to the gender and private tutoring experience variables. When qualitative findings are considered, it is evident that opinions of the participants are mainly gathered under the titles; reason for private tutoring tendency, general opinions on private tutoring and methodological opinions on private tutoring.