Shading Method Research Articles

DIFFERENT SHADING ENVIRONMENTS IMPACT GROWTH AND YIELD OF THREE MINI-TOMATO CULTIVARS

ABSTRACT Our study was conducted in the experimental field of the Department of Technology and Social Sciences (DTCS) of the State University of Bahia - UNEB, Juazeiro-BA. The experimental design was comprised of randomized blocks, sub-subdivided in plots, with four replicates comprising the plots of three different shading methods, gray shading screen (GS), red shading screen (RS), and blue shading screen (BS), and the control treatment with no shading. The subplots comprised three mini-tomato cultivars (“Sweet Million”, “Red Sugar”, and “Shani”), and sub-subplots consisted of seven sampling times. The traits evaluated were: dry matter accumulation in leaves, stems, roots, and fruits, total dry matter, shoot length, root length, total number of fruits, and overall yield. The results of the growth analysis showed that dry matter accumulation in organs of mini tomatoes was similar in all treatments and that the highest total dry matter accumulation occurred under RS. In all treatments, fruit was the preferential drainage; however, the cultivar “Red Sugar” showed higher dry matter accumulation in other plant organs. “Red Sugar” also showed the highest number of fruits per plant; however, when we evaluated total productivity, “Sweet Million” and “Shani” showed similar, higher values than “Red Sugar”.

텐서 기반 스트로크 생성에 의한 펜화기법

We present a non-photo realistic pen-ink drawing method for outlining and shading of the input image. Especially, we focus on the detailed illustration of the image of which stroke's direction is important. The pen-ink renderer is an alternative display models user can generate traditional illustration renderings of their photo realistic image. The previously proposed pen drawing methods produce feasible description in general image but it is difficult to express in detail for the sophisticated images that need to consider the direction of stroke for each image region. In order to overcome the disadvantages of the conventional method, a direction vector is extracted from a tensor field and we determine a stroke's direction in consideration of not only an edge area but also a gradient of a surrounding area in the image. For more detailed description for the sophisticated image, we generate white noises based on the light and shade of the input image and determine the direction and length of the stroke by using the tensor field for each generated white noise. The proposed method works particularly well for traditional architectural images where the direction and detailed description of the pen is important.

Solar Potential Analysis Method Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning Point Clouds

Analysis of sunlight or solar potential requires the data for a targeted scene to be authentic and accessible as much as possible. In this regard, the data for a real-world scene acquired by ground-based laser scanners are comprehensive and convenient, thus potentially meeting this requirement. To get an accurate result and offer an automatic solution for sunlight analysis, this paper proposes a solar potential analysis method that is run directly on 3-D ground laser scanning point clouds. Our method simulates natural illumination, sunlight hours, and solar radiation of the targeted scene for a specified period. This method first extracts the region of interest (ROI) to obtain targeted points. Then, we compute solar position as a virtual light source and propose a control method acting on the ROI to constraint deviation from the point light source. Finally, we adopt the generalized hidden point removal algorithm to cast shadow of obstruction on the ROI. Besides, experiments to validate the shading method results are carried out for three different periods. The quantitative results in the Xiamen case evaluated by the Hausdorff distance demonstrate the advantage and feasibility of our proposed method.

Speaking Stata: Shading Zones on Time Series and Other Plots

Background shading of time series and other plots is a common need. For example, we often wish to identify particular periods of recession or war or other distinct conditions. The shading should be laid down before the data elements (for example, data points or lines). Several methods of shading can be effective. Tips are included for automating the production of a series of similar graphs.

Reflection of Industrial Structure in Innovative Capability

One of the declared strategic objectives of the European Union is an increase of applied innovations. The article draws attention to the correlation between innovation capacity and the industrial structure of economies. Its aim is to investigate whether selected groups of European countries show similar trends in industrial structure development reflected in its capacity. For the analysis and evaluation of development in the period 2006-2013, we selected three groups of countries: Benelux, the Visegrad Group and the Baltic Assembly. The capability evaluation, which is represented by the Global Innovation Index, is based partly on an ordinal analysis of its basic indices, but also on the evaluation of gamma-convergence. To assess the evolution of industrial structure, which is divided into five industry groups, the SHA-DE method based on gross added value is applied. The results show the signs of greater dynamics in strengthening innovation when grouping innovation-weaker countries; in terms of the development of disparities in capability, the measured values suggest a divergence of innovatively developed Benelux countries, while in the less developed countries of the Visegrad Group and Baltic Assembly the ranges of disparities are rather stable and tend to weak convergence. In terms of industrial structure, the main differences can be seen among the surveyed groups both in the secondary sector, but particularly in the tertiary innovative sector. And it is the results obtained in relation to the share and development of the innovative tertiary sector that confirms the assumption that the innovativeness of a country is largely derived not from the entire economy, but mainly from the specific status of a narrow group of industries that can be largely considered the determinants of innovation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.27.3.13634

Effect of Shielding Object to the Specific Heat Demand for Heating of a House

When designing energy-efficient homes and buildings especially in the passive standard is needed to efficiently utilize solar heat gain in the winter and orientation of glazed surfaces on the sunlit side. But it is also necessary to prevent overheating of rooms in the summer. This can be achieved by choosing the correct shielding of windows or whole building. In evaluating of energy intensity, however , the methods of shading adversely affect the final annual heat demand for heating the building. This is fundamentally influenced by the correction factor Fsh. This can be determined simply or by calculation in accordance with ČSN EN ISO 13790. The aim of this article is to determine what effect has the calculation of the correction factor to calculate the specific heat for heating for an example of 2 houses in passive standard in comparison with its simplified purpose.

Effect of coloured shade nets on some nutritional characteristics of a kapia type pepper grown in plastic tunnel

Sweet pepper is the most important vegetable crop of the Hungarian greenhouse industry. Production of red coloured cultivars, having very high nutritive value, is getting popular recently. Shading of plastic tunnels is a common practice in Hungary, but research about its effects on the nutritional characteristics of sweet pepper has just started. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different shading methods (shading paint, white, green, yellow and red coloured shade nets) on some nutritional characteristics of a red coloured kapia type pepper, under Hungarian climatic conditions cultivated in unheated walk-in plastic tunnels. Shade net colour slightly affected radiation and hence temperature conditions of the tunnels; especially ratio of supra-optimal temperature values (32 °C <) was changed. Dry matter content was not influenced by shading method, in contrary to sampling time which had a significant effect on this parameter. Vitamin C and total polyphenol contents were affected by both of these factors and also by their interaction; shading effect on these phytonutrients changed with harvest times. However, total carotenoid content was affected just by this latter factor. Heat stress, higher ratio of supra-optimal temperature values, increased total polyphenol concentration and decreased total carotenoid content. In overall, white shade net resulted sweet peppers with the best nutritive quality, but harvest time had a more pronounced effect on content of nutritive constituents than shade net colour.

Метод объемного рендеринга для визуализации трехмерных данных в рентгеновской компьютерной томографии

The article is devoted to the method of producing three-dimensional images of objects – volume rendering, in relation to the X-ray computed tomography. The detailed description of the algorithm of volume rendering is close to implementation. The general principles of the algorithm of volume rendering three-dimensional arrays of voxel data are described. The mechanism of blowing rays in three-dimensional space through the volumetric data set, including setting the observation plane, viewing angle, zooming in implementing parallel projection, is given. We consider sample points along the ray started up in his parametric assignment, as well as taking a step sampling points according to the sampling theorem. Trilinear interpolation to obtain values that do not fall into the threedimensional mesh nodes of the volumetric dataset is described. We describe the use of transfer functions to set the color and transparency visualize structures. The model of Phong lighting and the associated calculation of gradient of the three-dimensional data is considered. An alternative method for shading a three-dimensional image based on the light attenuation equation and does not require the computation of gradient of the data is given. A compositing on the basis of the fundamental equation of volume rendering as a way to obtain a image of the three-dimensional object by the method of volume rendering is obtained.

An experimental study on the effects of shading in 3D perception of volumetric models

Throughout the years, many shading techniques have been developed to improve the conveying of information in volume visualization. Some of these methods, usually referred to as realistic, are supposed to provide better cues for the understanding of volume data sets. While shading approaches are heavily exploited in traditional monoscopic setups, no previous study has analyzed the effect of these techniques in virtual reality. To further explore the influence of shading on the understanding of volume data in such environments, we carried out a user study in a desktop-based stereoscopic setup. The goals of the study were to investigate the impact of well-known shading approaches and the influence of real illumination on depth perception. Participants had to perform three different perceptual tasks when exposed to static visual stimuli. 45 participants took part in the study, giving us 1152 trials for each task. Results show that advanced shading techniques improve depth perception in stereoscopic volume visualization. As well, external lighting does not affect depth perception when these shading methods are applied. As a result, we derive some guidelines that may help the researchers when selecting illumination models for stereoscopic rendering.

A Research on Speech Anxiety of Prospective Turkish Teachers

This research aims to find whether prospective teachers' speech anxiety changes in accordance to various factors (gender, grade level) with meaningful difference. The research uses the descriptive research method of shading. The research group consists of 142 prospective teachers who were studying in the Marmara University, Educational Faculty as a part of the Turkish Teaching program in the spring term of 2012-2013. In the research, the Speech Anxiety Scale, which comprises of 20 factors, was used. The scale's internal consistency measure was found to be (Cronbach-Alfa) .91. According to the research, from the point of gender, various male prospective teachers were seen to be more talkative with less speech anxiety environmentally. From the point of the university grade level, within the dimensions of the environment and speaking psychology, the prospective teachers from the fourth and second grade had meaningful differences.

Improving image clarity using local feature dimension

This study presents an alternative method of displaying vector and raster graphics which provides greater visual clarity than standard methods. Rather than rasterising lines and points by shading them with a pixel thickness, shade is interpreted as an intensity per length and per point, respectively; generically per fractal measure of the geometric feature. Integrating these shades through supersampling provides a generic shading method that is independent of screen resolution, supersample size and feature dimension. By using a fractal measure that is local in both space and scale, the author's method generalises to arbitrary features and so is extendable to raster images where no feature is truly sub-two-dimensional. The resulting images exhibit details that are lost to standard rasterisers. Their system can be seen as enabling a sliding scale between a photographic view and a diagrammatic view of the same data.

Growth and Cut-Flower Productivity of Spray Rose as Affected by Shading Method during High Temperature Period

수출용 스프레이 장미 차광방법(차광률 50%와 70% 알루미늄 차광 전용 스크린 및 부직포)에 따른 고온기 기상환경, 절화품질 및 생산성을 조사하였다. 차광방법에 따른 일일 최고와 적산 일사량은 부직포보다 알루미늄 전용 차광에서 높았고, 70%보다 50% 차광처리에서 더 높았다. 대기온도 및 근권 온도는 부직포보다 알루미늄 전용 차광에서 낮았고, 차광률 70%에서 더 낮은 경향이었으며, 대기습도는 처리 간 차이가 없었다. 엽온과 엽록소 함량(SPAD)은 알루미늄 차광, 특히 50% 차광처리에서 약간 더 높았다. 차광방법별 상품수량 및 수출가능 수량은 'Lovely Lydia'를 제외한 시험품종 모두가 알루미늄 차광처리에서 높았으며, 특히 50% 차광처리에서 더 높았다. 절화장, 경경 및 마디 수, 7매 엽수, 소화수 및 소화폭도 알루미늄 차광처리에서 우수하였다. 절화장의 경우는 50%보다 70% 알루미늄 차광처리에서 더 우수한 경향이었다. 꽃잎 색도의 경우 부직포 차광보다 알루미늄 차광처리에서 a, b값이 증가하였고, 절화 수명도 품종에 따라 0.5-2.5일 더 길었다. This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of shading materials (aluminum specific-shading screen and polypropylene non-woven fabric) and shading ratio (50% and 70%) on climatic changes, cut-flower quality, and yield of spray rose cultivars for export during high temperature periods. The daily cumulative solar radiations were higher with the aluminum specific-shading screen, especially with 50% shading compared to polypropylene non-woven fabric. Air temperature and root zone temperature within rockwool media greatly decreased with the aluminum specific-shading screen, but relative air humidity was not different among shading methods. Chlorophyll contents (SPAD values) were slightly higher with aluminum-specific shading screen than with polypropylene non-woven fabric, and were higher with 50% than with 70% aluminum specific-shading screen. Except for 'Lovely Lydia', marketable and exportable yields of all cultivars were higher with 50% than with 70% aluminum shading treatment. In addition, flowers talk length, stem diameter, number of node and 7ea-leaflet, and floret number tended to be better with aluminum specific-shading screen. Flower stalk length was higher with 70% than with 50% aluminum shading treatment. Chromaticity of petals slightly increased, and vase life was 0.5-2.5 days longer for each cultivar with aluminum specific-shading screen than with polypropylene non-woven fabric.

Protecting trapped animals from heat exposure: the influence of shading on temperature within small metal box traps

Animal research guidelines recognise that trapped animals can potentially be subjected to heat stress, but recommendations are limited to avoiding exposing traps to weather extremes. Intuitively, shading metal box traps should be beneficial in warm to hot climates. Temperatures inside metal box traps were measured within traps located in direct sunlight concurrently with ones covered with artificial shading. Additionally, comparisons were conducted in continuous shade cast by ground-cover vegetation, and in stippled sunlight under an artificial lattice. Deep continuous shade from vegetation was most effective and able to keep traps within 5°C of ambient. Artificial shading using dark shade cloth could actually elevate trap temperatures above that in uncovered traps when exposed to direct sunshine. Reflective foil insulation cover not only provided rain protection for traps but was the most effective shading method trialled for reducing both the rate at which traps heated after sunrise and the maximum temperature reached during the day when exposed to direct sunshine. The use of foil sleeves can provide an extra level of protection from excessive heat exposure to trapped animals, keeping trap temperatures as much as 15°C lower than unprotected traps.

Pilot Method for Propagating an Assortment of Medicinal Plants Using Water Retaining Starch Polymers

The research illustrates use of starch polymeric substrate for vegetative propagation of medicinal plants vs. perlite substrate. The experimental plot was emplaced in a standard greenhouse located in Cluj-Napoca, during approximately two months (12.12.2013-03.02.2014). The biological material integrated key members of the Lamiaceae family: Salvia officinalis, Mentha piperita, and Rosmarinus officinalis. Microclimatic conditions where observed on decades: light intensity (lux), environmental temperature ( °C ), substrate temperature ( °C ) and relative humidity (%). The rooting percent, number of secondary and primary roots, was evaluated using specific 3D software, which generated exact 3D models from pictures. Rooting percent is higher for unshaded perlite substratum at Rosmarinus officinalis (84%). Salvia officinalis reacted different at rooting substratum assuring better radication percents for the shaded perlite substratum (61%) suggesting that the leaf area for this species is better conserved for evapotranspiration at the shaded experimental variants. Mentha piperita recorded the same rooting percent for the perlite substratum (17%) regardless the shading method. Radication percent for the water retaining starch polymers was null for Mentha piperita and Rosmarinus officinalis. Overall all the experimental material propagated in water retaining starch polymers suffered by water excess and reduced oxygen permeability. Correlations where made using Pearson index (r) regarding the height of cuttings and number of secondary roots. In general, taller cuttings assured increased number of secondary roots.

DEM shading method for the correction of pseudoscopic effect on multi-platform satellite imagery

The pseudoscopic effect in satellite imagery causes perception problems for rugged terrain. The topographic relief is perceived in reverse in images with southeast illumination because of the position of land shadows and the mechanisms of human vision and depth perception. This article presents a correction method for false topographic perception phenomena. Superposition of the orthoimage and the correctly shaded digital elevation model (DEM) provides the correct three-dimensional visualization of the relief. This study demonstrates the applicability of this processing technique for the correction of such effects to provide cartography with a more useful interpretation. The resolution of the DEM employed should be in accordance with the spatial resolution of each image. The opacity level proposed for the overlapping DEM is 50%, 30% and 45% for each image type. The selection of the most appropriate local incidence angle is determined by the level of terrain roughness in the work area.

A Review of Research Development of Ventilated Double-Skin Facade

Demands for the building energy conservation, thermal and visual comfort make the ventilated double-skin facade (DSF) more attractive and more popular in commercial buildings. This paper reviews the recent research development of ventilated double-skin facade in China. The velocity and temperature distribution in the double-skin facade (DSF) are reviewed, together with the effects of glass types, channel width, intensity of solar radiation and shading methods on the heat transfer of ventilated double-skin facade (DSF). This paper also describes the effect of the different combinations of glass, blinds settings, ventilation rate and the channel width, intensity of solar radiation and shading. Furthermore, the methods to improve the energy saving of ventilated double-skin facade (DSF) are also reviewed.

Penyaringan Cepat dan Toleransi Tanaman Jagung terhadap Intensitas Cahaya Rendah

Maize cropping under plantation tree crop has a potential for increasing the national maize production. Environment under the tree crops has relatively low light intensity, which hinder the leaf photosynthesis. Therefore, research to identify maize genotypes tolerant to low light intensity was conducted. The research was carried out in three stages; stage-1 was to identify the most effective shading method to be used for the rapid screening, consisted of two treatments, namely: 87.5% and 99.9% light interception. Stage-2 was rapid screening of 160 maize genotypes at germination stage, under the dark room to select tolerance genotypes. The stage-3 was to study physiological mechanism of maize growth under low light intensity stress by planting nine tolerant and susceptible genotypes. The results showed that rapid screening of maize for tolerant to low light intensity stress can be done by growing newly germinating maize for 8 days in the dark room. Genotypes G02 x 7; CY 15 x MAL03; AP.1 x 1042-37; B11 x 265-A; MR12 x MAL04; MR14 x 270C; G02 x 5; AMB07 x CML161 and 1044-9 x 1027-11 were found to be tolerant to low light intensity stress. Growing maize seedling in the dark room had decreased chlorophyll content, carbohydrates and fat, however, the Nitrogen (N) content in the leaves increased. Tolerance genotypes response to low light intensity was indicated by decreasing chlorophyll, carbohydrates and fat content, as well as increasing Nitrogen content, much less than those of susceptible genotypes.

Volume Measurement Method for Irregular Objects Based on Shape from Shading

In this paper, we propose a volume measurement method for irregular objects. And three cameras were used in the image acquisition system. In order to reduce the intensity level and be more coincident with the 3D reconstruction method, a method called Histogram Acceleration has been used. Instead of using the regular shape from shading method, the relation between intensity and the missed 3D information was found. This method is valid within a certain error range. Its showed by experiment that this method has a good performance when dealing with objects with a smooth and convex surface.

Preliminary phased-array characterization of near-field military jet aircraft noise

Major developments over the past decade in aeroacoustic beamforming techniques provide more accurate estimates of jet noise source phenomena. In a recent experiment, near and mid-field measurements of an F-22A using linear and planar microphone arrays were taken at various engine conditions about the jet plume. To locate and provide accurate amplitude levels of jet noise sources, conventional beamforming techniques are used with various array shading methods. Equivalent source reconstructions are shown for different engine conditions, observation angles, and frequencies to explore the source region. In addition, different datasets from spatially separated arrays are combined for improved source reconstructions and to account for spatially dependent spectral content. These results are preliminary to further techniques—such as deconvolution methods—to better understand noise source mechanisms within the jet plume. [Work supported by ONR.]

Redundant Points Removing of SFS Reconstructed Surface

To remove the redundant points of image background in SFS reconstructed surface, a novel approach which combines the advantages of polygon scan and intersection algorithm and improves contour extraction method is proposed. In one hand, according to the gray scale level of pixels, the 3D profile of object is reconstructed by Shape from Shading method. In the other hand, firstly, the image is transformed into binary image through single-threshold segmentation method, the defects in image are remedied by morphological method, and the 2D contour of image is extracted through differential operator method; secondly, the image is divided into two parts using the polygon scan and intersection algorithm, that is the objective region and the background region; finally, the redundant points of image background in SFS reconstructed surface are removed through the fusing of 3D profile and 2D contour. Experiments shown that the proposed method can effectively remove the redundant points of SFS reconstructed surface, and it not only ensure the shape precision of SFS reconstructed surface, but also improve the universal of Shape from Shading technique.