Shading Layers Research Articles

P‐15.1: Large Area and Low Cost Fingerprint on Display Technology

We developed a large area and low cost optical fingerprint recognition product based on LTPS (low temperature poly silicon) process. A high efficient a‐Si pin sensor is introduced, the quantum efficiency under white light is 70% and the dark state current density is E‐10 A / mm2. The “one‐to‐one” and “one to multiple” structures of sensor and micro lens are compared, and the “one‐to‐one” optical path structure is systematically analyzed and evaluated. The optical path focal length is about 100 μm. The fingerprint recognition effect is significantly improved by adding a BM shading layer, and this scheme can effectively avoid the screen burning problem caused by the high luminous intensity of pixels in the fingerprint unlocking area.

P‐3.7: Study on Preparation and Performance of New Black Matrix with High PPI VR Display

This article mainly presents the black matrix of the innovative technique. A‐Si and SiNx thin films were investigated for low‐reflectance materials. The new BM structure, by using SiN/a‐Si as reflex‐reduction layer and depositing Mo as shading layer, which replaces the traditional resin BM in VR display.

P‐3.3: Analysis and Improvement of Flicker NG on VR Display

With the continuous development of liquid crystal display, VR products are increasingly favored by the market. the main form of VR products is wearable, the pursuit of thin and light, high‐definition and other qualities. Therefore, VR screens need to have high PPI, fast response, high refresh rate and other technical effects. To achieve the above effects to the VR screen R & D introduced many technical bottlenecks, this article explores the VR product display problem flicker NG.The paper proposes two innovative solutions to improve the flicker NG of VR products: 1) asymmetric pixel shading layer design, targeted to suppress the generation of TFT source/drain photogenerated carriers and improve the increase of pixel TFT leakage current by high bright backlight without reducing the aperture rate. 2) Adding transparent electrodes with common electrode co‐potential, in parallel with pixel storage capacitor Cst, which forms storage capacitance compensation Cst0 (Cst0⩾Cst) and enhanced pixel TFT voltage holding capacity after improved pixel storage capacitance Cst+Cst0.The theoretical investigation and practical verification show that the above scheme is effective in reducing the flicker value of VR products.

Interactive Photo Editing on Smartphones via Intrinsic Decomposition

AbstractIntrinsic decomposition refers to the problem of estimating scene characteristics, such as albedo and shading, when one view or multiple views of a scene are provided. The inverse problem setting, where multiple unknowns are solved given a single known pixel‐value, is highly under‐constrained. When provided with correlating image and depth data, intrinsic scene decomposition can be facilitated using depth‐based priors, which nowadays is easy to acquire with high‐end smartphones by utilizing their depth sensors. In this work, we present a system for intrinsic decomposition of RGB‐D images on smartphones and the algorithmic as well as design choices therein. Unlike state‐of‐the‐art methods that assume only diffuse reflectance, we consider both diffuse and specular pixels. For this purpose, we present a novel specularity extraction algorithm based on a multi‐scale intensity decomposition and chroma inpainting. At this, the diffuse component is further decomposed into albedo and shading components. We use an inertial proximal algorithm for non‐convex optimization (iPiano) to ensure albedo sparsity. Our GPU‐based visual processing is implemented on iOS via the Metal API and enables interactive performance on an iPhone 11 Pro. Further, a qualitative evaluation shows that we are able to obtain high‐quality outputs. Furthermore, our proposed approach for specularity removal outperforms state‐of‐the‐art approaches for real‐world images, while our albedo and shading layer decomposition is faster than the prior work at a comparable output quality. Manifold applications such as recoloring, retexturing, relighting, appearance editing, and stylization are shown, each using the intrinsic layers obtained with our method and/or the corresponding depth data.

A Canopy Transpiration Model Based on Scaling Up Stomatal Conductance and Radiation Interception as Affected by Leaf Area Index

Estimating transpiration as an individual component of canopy evapotranspiration using a theoretical approach is extremely useful as it eliminates the complexity involved in partitioning evapotranspiration. A model to predict transpiration based on radiation intercepted at various levels of canopy leaf area index (LAI) was developed in a controlled environment using a pasture species, tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea var. Demeter). The canopy was assumed to be a composite of two indistinct layers defined as sunlit and shaded; the proportion of which was calculated by utilizing a weighted model (W model). The radiation energy utilized by each layer was calculated from the PAR at the top of the canopy and the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR) corresponding to the LAI of the sunlit and shaded layers. A relationship between LAI and fAPAR was also established for this specific canopy to aid the calculation of energy interception. Canopy conductance was estimated from scaling up of stomatal conductance measured at the individual leaf level. Other environmental factors that drive transpiration were monitored accordingly for each individual layer. The Penman–Monteith and Jarvis evapotranspiration models were used as the basis to construct a modified transpiration model suitable for controlled environment conditions. Specially, constructed self-watering tubs were used to measure actual transpiration to validate the model output. The model provided good agreement of measured transpiration (actual transpiration = 0.96 × calculated transpiration, R2 = 0.98; p < 0.001) with the predicted values. This was particularly so at lower LAIs. Probable reasons for the discrepancy at higher LAI are explained. Both the predicted and experimental transpiration varied from 0.21 to 0.56 mm h−1 for the range of available LAIs. The physical proportion of the shaded layer exceeded that of the sunlit layer near LAI of 3.0, however, the contribution of the sunlit layer to the total transpiration remains higher throughout the entire growing season.

MulayCap: Multi-Layer Human Performance Capture Using a Monocular Video Camera.

We introduce MulayCap, a novel human performance capture method using a monocular video camera without the need for pre-scanning. The method uses "multi-layer" representations for geometry reconstruction and texture rendering, respectively. For geometry reconstruction, we decompose the clothed human into multiple geometry layers, namely a body mesh layer and a garment piece layer. The key technique behind is a Garment-from-Video (GfV) method for optimizing the garment shape and reconstructing the dynamic cloth to fit the input video sequence, based on a cloth simulation model which is effectively solved with gradient descent. For texture rendering, we decompose each input image frame into a shading layer and an albedo layer, and propose a method for fusing a fixed albedo map and solving for detailed garment geometry using the shading layer. Compared with existing single view human performance capture systems, our "multi-layer" approach bypasses the tedious and time consuming scanning step for obtaining a human specific mesh template. Experimental results demonstrate that MulayCap produces realistic rendering of dynamically changing details that has not been achieved in any previous monocular video camera systems. Benefiting from its fully semantic modeling, MulayCap can be applied to various important editing applications, such as cloth editing, re-targeting, relighting, and AR applications.

Characteristics of an immobilized microalgae membrane bioreactor (iMBR): Nutrient removal, microalgae growth, and membrane fouling under continuous operation

Microalgae immobilization has been developed as a prospective method to improve the culturing and harvesting of microalgae cells in wastewater; it is also an effective method to control membrane fouling in an algal membrane system. In this study, a continuous immobilized microalgae membrane bioreactor with alginate-immobilized Chlorella vulgaris beads was developed for investigating the progress on nutrient removal and the characteristics of membrane fouling through synthetic wastewater treatment. High initial total biomass (more than 0.52 g/L) led to significant fluctuations in nutrient removal. The growth pattern of microalgae cells within the beads was explored for a better understanding of the fate of immobilized microalgae. The results showed that a moderate initial cell density of microalgae cells (7.4 × 105 cell/bead) in the immobilized beads achieved relatively higher specific growth rate than that of a high density, and higher nutrient removal efficiency than that of a low density. The fluorescence microscopy results of a hemisphere cut from the immobilized beads indicated that a shading layer was formed with high-density microalgae cells after a 2-day cultivation. Thus, setting a proper initial cell density of microalgae in immobilized beads was vital to achieve better performance on nutrient removal and microalgae cultivation and harvesting in the continuous operation of a reactor. Immobilization is highly effective for retarding membrane fouling through the reduction in suspended microalgal cells, mitigating the release of macromolecule algal organic matter from the immobilized beads, and regular replacement of the immobilized beads. The results and optimized directions discussed in this paper provide integrated clues and suggestions for future microalgal immobilization-related development.

Uneven Illumination Surface Defects Inspection Based on Saliency Detection and Intrinsic Image Decomposition

Surface defect detection based on computer vision remains a challenging task due to the uneven illumination, low contrast and miscellaneous patterns of defects. Current methods usually present undesirable detection accuracy and lack adaptability for the various scenes. In the paper, the novel uneven illumination surface defects inspection (UISDI) method is proposed to address these issues. First, the multi-scale saliency detection (MSSD) method is proposed to construct a coarse defect map and obtain the corresponding background regions. Second, a novel background similarity prior-based intrinsic image decomposition model (BSIID) is applied to divide the defect image into a non-defective shading layer and a defective reflectance layer. An accelerated optimization solution is proposed to solve the minimization problem of the intrinsic image decomposition model. Last, the enhanced defect image is obtained by filtering the reflectance image and is then utilized to accurately segment the defect region from the coarse defect map. The experiments conducted using four real-world defect datasets demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods.

Intrinsic color correction for stereo matching

The improvement of color similarity between stereo images can bring better performance to stereo matching algorithms. For this purpose, we present a color correction method to alleviate the color discrepancy between a pair of stereo images, so that the color appearance of one image, i.e., the target image, is consistent with the other image, i.e., the source image. Our method starts with decomposing both the target image and the source image into two intrinsic layers, i.e., the reflectance layer and the shading layer, using intrinsic decomposition. The purpose of intrinsic decomposition is to distinguish and then process different color discrepancies caused by different factors (shading and reflectance) separately and appropriately. Then, a practical and effective consistent segmentation algorithm, which applied to the original stereo images, is proposed to establish the region correspondences. Next, luminance correction method and color correction method, based on the local region correspondences, are adopted to correct the shading layer and the reflectance layer in the target image, respectively, making them as similar as possible to those of the source image. Eventually, the two corrected layers of the target image are combined to yield the final corrected image. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method, which using intrinsic decomposition to handle color discrepancy caused by different factors, not only enhances the visual color similarity between the stereo images but also improves the accuracy of their stereo matching.

Enhanced Thermal Performance of Mosques in Qatar

Qatar has an abundance of mosques that significantly contribute to the increasing energy consumption in the country. Little attention has been given to providing mitigation methods that limit the energy demands of mosques without violating the worshippers’ thermal comfort. Most of these researches dealt with enhancing the mosque envelope through the addition of insulation layers. Since most mosque walls in Qatar are mostly already insulated, this study proposes the installation of shading on the mosque roof that is anticipated to yield similar energy savings in comparison with insulated roofs. An actual mosque in Qatar, which is a combination of six different spaces consisting of men and women’s prayer rooms, ablutions and toilets, was simulated and yielded a total annual energy demand of 619.55 kWh/m2. The mosque, whose walls are already insulated, yielded 9.1% energy savings when an insulation layer was added to its roof whereas it produced 6.2% energy savings when a shading layer was added above this roof. As the reconstruction of the roof envelope is practically unrealistic in existing mosques, the addition of shading to the roof was found to produce comparable energy savings. Lastly, it was found that new mosques with thin-roof insulation and shading tend to be more energy-efficient than those with thick-roof insulation.

Live intrinsic video

Intrinsic video decomposition refers to the fundamentally ambiguous task of separating a video stream into its constituent layers, in particular reflectance and shading layers. Such a decomposition is the basis for a variety of video manipulation applications, such as realistic recoloring or retexturing of objects. We present a novel variational approach to tackle this underconstrained inverse problem at real-time frame rates, which enables on-line processing of live video footage. The problem of finding the intrinsic decomposition is formulated as a mixed variational ℓ 2 - ℓ p -optimization problem based on an objective function that is specifically tailored for fast optimization. To this end, we propose a novel combination of sophisticated local spatial and global spatio-temporal priors resulting in temporally coherent decompositions at real-time frame rates without the need for explicit correspondence search. We tackle the resulting high-dimensional, non-convex optimization problem via a novel data-parallel iteratively reweighted least squares solver that runs on commodity graphics hardware. Real-time performance is obtained by combining a local-global solution strategy with hierarchical coarse-to-fine optimization. Compelling real-time augmented reality applications, such as recoloring, material editing and retexturing, are demonstrated in a live setup. Our qualitative and quantitative evaluation shows that we obtain high-quality real-time decompositions even for challenging sequences. Our method is able to outperform state-of-the-art approaches in terms of runtime and result quality -- even without user guidance such as scribbles.

Multiview Intrinsic Images of Outdoors Scenes with an Application to Relighting

We introduce a method to compute intrinsic images for a multiview set of outdoor photos with cast shadows, taken under the same lighting. We use an automatic 3D reconstruction from these photos and the sun direction as input and decompose each image into reflectance and shading layers, despite the inaccuracies and missing data of the 3D model. Our approach is based on two key ideas. First, we progressively improve the accuracy of the parameters of our image formation model by performing iterative estimation and combining 3D lighting simulation with 2D image optimization methods. Second, we use the image formation model to express reflectance as a function of discrete visibility values for shadow and light, which allows to introduce a robust visibility classifier for pairs of points in a scene. This classifier is used for shadow labeling, allowing to compute high-quality reflectance and shading layers. Our multiview intrinsic decomposition is of sufficient quality to allow relighting of the input images. We create shadow-caster geometry which preserves shadow silhouettes and, using the intrinsic layers, we can perform multiview relighting with moving cast shadows. We present results on several multiview datasets, and show how it is now possible to perform image-based rendering with changing illumination conditions.

An Analysis of Indoor Air Temperature and Relative Humidity in Office Room with Various External Shading Devices in Malaysia

External shading devices have been utilized very extensively in office buildings in the tropics to reduce the amount of solar radiation entering into the buildings. In addition, the shading systems significantly improved the performance of day lighting by controlling the amount of lights levels of illumination entering into buildings. During hottest days, the impact was higher; however, the shading layers could still increase the amount of temperature gains through the glazing. Several methods can be employed to improve indoor thermal environment including using light colors for external surfaces, using a reflective glazing system, and using the appropriate thermal properties of external structure and roof. Therefore, this paper discusses the indoor temperature and relative humidity by using indoor temperature and relative humidity equipment (HOBO Data Logger) for office room with three different types of shading devices in Malaysia, which are focusing on the vertical shading, horizontal shading and egg-crate shading. The objectives of this research are; to measure the indoor air temperature and relative humidity in the office building, to identify the highest, lowest and average indoor temperature and relative humidity in the office building, to compare with standard guideline of air temperature and relative humidity and to find out which shading is suitable to be applied in achieving thermal comfort in an office The method use in this research is field measurement. The results indicate that egg crate shading has asignificant impact on decreasing indoor temperature as well as discomfort hours compared with other shading types.

EFEITO DE TELAS DE SOMBREAMENTO NO CRESCIMENTO E PROTEÇÃO DE MUDAS DE Toona ciliata SOB BAIXAS TEMPERATURAS

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes camadas de telas de sombreamento no crescimento e na proteção de mudas de Toona ciliata em períodos de suscetibilidade a geadas. O estudo foi conduzido na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Frederico Westphalen, RS. Para a realização do experimento, mudas de Toona ciliata foram mantidas em sacos plásticos com capacidade de três litros e submetidas a quatro tratamentos: mudas sem proteção e mudas sob proteção com camada simples, dupla e tripla de sombreamento. O delineamento foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições de oito mudas por repetição. Foi avaliado o número de mudas com folhas apicais necrosadas, a altura da parte aérea, o diâmetro do colo e a massa seca radicular, aérea e total. Por meio dessas variáveis, foi possível determinar o Índice de Produtividade, o Índice de Qualidade de Dickson e as relações altura/diâmetro e altura/massa seca da parte aérea. A utilização de telas de sombreamento mostrou-se eficiente para a proteção das mudas contra o efeito adverso da geada. O uso de uma camada simples de sombreamento resultou em maior proteção e consequentemente forneceu as melhores características dendrométricas em relação às demais intensidades de sombreamento.Palavras-chave: Tela de proteção; tolerância à geada; cedro australiano. AbstractEffect of shading screens on growth and protection of Toona ciliata seedlings under low temperatures. This research aimed to evaluate the influence of different shading screens layers on the growth and protection of Toona ciliata seedlings in periods of frost susceptibility. The research was conducted on the Santa Maria Federal University, Frederico Westphalen Campus, RS. For the experiment, Toona ciliata seedlings maintained in plastic bags with three liters of capacity each were submitted to four treatments: unprotected seedlings, seedlings under protection with a single shading layer, double and triple. The experimental design was the completely randomized, with four repetitions of eight seedlings each. It was evaluated the number of seedlings with necrosed apical leaves, the aerial part height, the lap diameter and the dry mass of root, aerial and total. By such variables, it was possible to determine the Produtivity Index, the Dickson Quality Index and the relations height/diameter and height/dry mass of aerial part. The use of shading screens showed up efficient to protect the seedlings against the adverse effect of frost. The use of a single layer of shading resulted in a greater protection and consequently provided the best dendrometric characteristics, compared to the others levels of shading.Keywords: Screen protection; tolerance to frost; Australian cedar.

EFFECT OF A NOVEL INTERNAL ROLLER SHADING SYSTEM ON ENERGY PERFORMANCE

The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of movable solar shading on energy performance in subtropical regions of China. An office building retrofitted with a novel internal roller shading system consisting of two shading layers was selected to carry out field measurements and numerous computer simulations were conducted in order to quantify the energy saving performance of this solar shading system, which was further compared with commonly used Low-E windows and regular fabric roller shades. The results show that the solar transmittance ratio is only 1.3% to 7% depending on used solar shading layers in summer and there is almost no negative impact on heating season in winter. The room base temperature reduction ranges from 4–14°C in summer, indicating a significant indoor thermal performance improvement. Meanwhile, the total energy saving for this shading system is 26.06%, 24.42% and over 50%, respectively, compared to Low-E windows, fabric roller shades and the bare window case. Thus, this novel solar shading system is a high energy saving measure and can be widely used in a subtropical zone.

Intrinsic images in the wild

Intrinsic image decomposition separates an image into a reflectance layer and a shading layer. Automatic intrinsic image decomposition remains a significant challenge, particularly for real-world scenes. Advances on this longstanding problem have been spurred by public datasets of ground truth data, such as the MIT Intrinsic Images dataset. However, the difficulty of acquiring ground truth data has meant that such datasets cover a small range of materials and objects. In contrast, real-world scenes contain a rich range of shapes and materials, lit by complex illumination. In this paper we introduce Intrinsic Images in the Wild , a large-scale, public dataset for evaluating intrinsic image decompositions of indoor scenes. We create this benchmark through millions of crowdsourced annotations of relative comparisons of material properties at pairs of points in each scene. Crowdsourcing enables a scalable approach to acquiring a large database, and uses the ability of humans to judge material comparisons, despite variations in illumination. Given our database, we develop a dense CRF-based intrinsic image algorithm for images in the wild that outperforms a range of state-of-the-art intrinsic image algorithms. Intrinsic image decomposition remains a challenging problem; we release our code and database publicly to support future research on this problem, available online at http://intrinsic.cs.cornell.edu/.

Powdery Mildew Severity as a Function of Canopy Density: Associated Impacts on Sunlight Penetration and Spray Coverage

Variable canopy densities and associated differences in sunlight distribution within the fruit zones on clusters were quantified and correlated with variable severities of powdery mildew within vineyards in the states of New York, Washington, and South Australia. Canopy density was measured with enhanced point quadrat analysis (EPQA), and the number of shading layers and the photon flux within the fruit zone of individual vines indicated that less disease developed on clusters with more exposure to sunlight. When clusters were categorized as heavily shaded (≤10% photosynthetic photon flux), moderately exposed, or well exposed (≥51% photosynthetic photon flux), vines with the least disease were also shown to have a significantly greater proportion of clusters in the well-exposed category relative to vines with the highest powdery mildew ratings. Consequently, these latter vines had significantly more heavily shaded clusters. The correlation remained strong and the relationship linear even with biweekly applications of either 2 kg/ha or 9 kg/ha of wettable sulfur during the growing season. Additionally, through the use of a fluorescent tracer and EPQA assessments, the deposit of spray materials on clusters was shown to be linearly related to their degree of exposure. Thus, canopy management practices designed to optimize sunlight exposure of grape clusters for fruit quality purposes should also significantly assist in the management of powdery mildew.

Use of remote sensing data to assist crop modeling

This paper presents results of a study investigating the potential for improvement of a physically-based model approach, when the static input data is enhanced by dynamic remote sensing information. The model PROMET (PROcess of Radiation Mass and Energy Transfer), which is normally used to simulate the water and energy fluxes at the landscape level, was applied on a field scale to simulate crop growth and yield. The remote sensing input data was derived from hyperspectral images of the CHRIS (Compact High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) sensor, which is operated by ESA (European Space Agency). PROMET was set up for a field scale model run for two test fields grown with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) mapping the crop development of the seasons 2004 and 2005. During the model runs, information on the absorptive capacity of the leaves for two canopy layers (sunlit and shaded layer) was updated using remotely sensed chlorophyll measurements. The chlorophyll contents of these two vegetation layers were assessed using angular CHRIS data. Control data were acquired through field measurements, which were conducted throughout the growing periods of both years and also accompanying the satellite overpasses. The stand-alone model was able to reproduce the average development of the crop and yield reasonably well, but the spatial heterogeneity was severely underestimated and yield was overestimated by approximately 20%. The combination of remote sensing data with the model led to an improvement of the spatial heterogeneity of the crop development and yield. The use of ground truth data to improve the modeling accuracy can be made possible.

Indoor thermal environmental conditions near glazed facades with shading devices – Part I: Experiments and building thermal model

This paper presents an experimental study of indoor thermal environment near a full-scale glass facade with different types of shading devices under varying climatic conditions in winter. Interior glazing and shading temperature, operative temperature and radiant temperature asymmetry were measured for façade sections with roller shades and venetian blinds at different positions. Interior glass surface temperatures can be high during sunny days with low outdoor temperature. Shading systems significantly improved operative temperature and radiant temperature asymmetry during cold sunny days, depending on their properties and tilt angle. During cloudy days the impact was smaller, however the shading layers could still decrease the amount of heat loss through the façade. A transient building thermal model, which also calculates indoor environmental indices under the presence of solar radiation, was developed and compared with the experimental measurements. Part II of this paper uses this validated model with a transient, two-node thermal comfort model (including transmitted solar radiation) for assessment of indoor environmental conditions with different building envelope and shading properties, façade location and orientation.

THE CONCHOCELIS OF PORPHYRA HAITANENSIS (RHODOPHYTA) IS PROTECTED FROM HARMFUL UV RADIATION BY THE COVERING CALCAREOUS MATRIX(1).

Previous study has shown that Porphyra conchocelis is sensitive to high levels of PAR (400-700 nm) as well as ultraviolet radiation (UVR: 280-400 nm), resulting in high inhibition of photosynthesis. However, little is known about whether the inner covering layer of the shell, in which the conchocelis lives, may provide protection against solar UVR. Our study indicates that the covering calcareous matrix is about 0.06 mm thick, transmitting 63, 47, and 28% of PAR, ultraviolet radiation A (UVA: 315-400 nm), and ultraviolet radiation B (UVB: 280-315 nm), respectively. We used a shading layer that simulated the above transmissions, and the effective quantum yield of PSII and photosynthetic carbon fixation in the conchocelis increased to greater extents in the presence of UVA or UVB. Attenuation of UVA by 19% and UVB by 37% due to the shading layer increased the PSII yield by 44%-77% and photosynthetic carbon fixation by about 60%. Our study clearly shows that the photosynthetic machinery of Porphyra haitanensis T. J. Chang et B. F. Zheng conchocelis was efficiently protected from harmful UVR by the covering calcareous matrix.