Light Shade Research Articles

Schopenhauer in Dante’s Garden of Eden: Melancholy and Rubén Darío’s “Autumnal”

Schopenhauer in Dante’s Garden of Eden: Melancholy and Rubén Darío’s “Autumnal”

СОРТ ВИНОГРАДА АВГУСТА СЕЛЕКЦИИ ВНИИВиВ – ФИЛИАЛ ФГБНУ ФРАНЦ ДЛЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА КАЧЕСТВЕННОГО ВИНА

The paper presents the technological study of red wine variety Augusta bred in Ya.I. Potapenko Institute for Viticulture and Winemaking. The research was carried out in the laboratory of winemaking technology in the conditions of micro-winemaking and semi-reproduction. The mass of one batch of grapes was 50–350 kg. Samples of natural dry, semi-sweet and liqueur wines were pre-pared. The main physical and chemical pa-rameters of wort and wine are determined. All of them corresponded to the Standard indicators. The organoleptic evaluation of wine materials showed that all the samples (dry, semi-sweet and liqueur) were distin-guished by a dark ruby color, had a bright, complex aroma, with tones of berries, and light shades of tea rose, and the high organo-leptic properties of the wines were increased when using bottle holding. According to the results of the research, conclusions were made about the feasibility of using the technical grade Augusta for the preparation of various types of wines (dry, semi-sweet and liqueur).

Seasonal variations in macrofauna distribution according to the distance from a herbaceous strip in a Mediterranean alley cropping plot

In alley cropping systems, herbaceous strips planted with trees are added into cropped fields. These systems could provide a favorable habitat for many organisms, producing shade in summer and litter in autumn, but their impacts on soil macrofauna are poorly studied, with most samplings limited to one date and therefore one season only. This study investigated the seasonal variations in the spatial distribution of soil macrofauna in a Mediterranean alley cropping plot. We sampled three different shading treatments: a strong shading treatment with lightly-pruned trees, a light shading treatment with pollarded trees, and a no-shade treatment without trees in the herbaceous strips. We measured the density of macrofauna individuals classified into different taxonomic and functional groups by the extraction of 25*25*25 cm soil cores in the herbaceous strip (with or without trees), and in the crop alley at 1 m and 2.5 m from the herbaceous strip. We found a similar response of macrofauna density to the distance from the herbaceous strip for all shading treatments. However, this response was strongly dependent on the season. In spring, just after soil tillage, most soil macrofauna presented higher densities in the herbaceous strip than in the crop alley, except for plant feeders. In early summer, this trend was mostly visible for earthworms, Diplopoda and adult Coleoptera. In autumn, higher densities in the herbaceous strip than in the crop alley were only significant for anecic and endogeic earthworms, while other macrofauna categories presented similar densities at all distances from the herbaceous strip, due to an increase in macrofauna density in the crop alley. These large seasonal variations in spatial distribution of soil macrofauna highlight the importance of temporal repetitions when studying community responses to agroforestry system design and management. The mechanisms by which population densities increased in the crop alley a few months after soil perturbation require further investigation.

Ubiquitin-specific proteases UBP12 and UBP13 promote shade avoidance response by enhancing PIF7 stability

Changes in light quality caused by the presence of neighbor proximity regulate many growth and development processes of plants. PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 7 (PIF7), whose subcellular localization, DNA-binding properties, and protein abundance are regulated in a photoreversible manner, plays a central role in linking shade light perception and growth responses. How PIF7 activity is regulated during shade avoidance responses has been well studied, and many factors involved in this process have been identified. However, the detailed molecular mechanism by which shade light regulates the PIF7 protein level is still largely unknown. Here, we show that the PIF7 protein level regulation is important for shade-induced growth. Two ubiquitin-specific proteases, UBP12 and UBP13, were identified as positive regulators in shade avoidance responses by increasing the PIF7 protein level. The ubp12-2w/13-3 double mutant displayed significantly impaired sensitivity to shade-induced cell elongation and reproduction acceleration. Our genetic and biochemical analysis showed that UBP12 and UBP13 act downstream of phyB and directly interact with PIF7 to maintain PIF7 stability and abundance through deubiquitination.

Comparison of Shibataea kumasasa and Equisetum hyemale as vertical greenery system for thermal and light shade in student’s architectural design studio in Surabaya

Vertical greenery system (VGS) is commonly used for facade shading. It has many advantages in its natural aesthetic, air filter, carbon sequestration, and many more. This research is the continuation of the previous research in 2019, which used Shibataea kumasasa as VGS. It was found that using Shibataea as VGS has reduced the indoor air temperature by 0.5-2°C on average, with 5°C maximum temperature difference. On the other hand, it decreased more light (in range 26-95%), made the illuminance of the room lower than the standard requirement. A studio room should have minimum 5% daylight factor or 500 lux, while on the room measurement, the lowest was 20 lux in the morning hours, the highest was only 200 lux in the afternoon. As an attempt to look for vegetation with better performance, this research uses another bamboo species, Equisetum hyemale to be examined and then being compared to Shibataea. The result is that for the thermal shade, Equisetum performs less effectively than Shibataea. As for light shade, the Shibataea reduces more illuminance than Equisetum, thus makes it a less favorable alternative. The balance of thermal-light effective performance maintained by the leaf area index can be the focus of future research.

Integration of Horizontal Light Pipe and Shading Systems in Office Building in the Tropics

ABSTRACT Many high-rise office buildings in the tropics have a full-glazed facade and a deep open-plan space. Without any external shading, the office space has a non-uniform daylight distribution and glare problem. A deep open-plan space design also causes insufficient daylight levels in the area distant from the building perimeter. Previous studies about Horizontal Light Pipe (HLP) mainly focused on system improvement in capturing, transporting, and distributing daylight into deep space. Integration of HLP as a light transport system that can deliver daylight deeper into building interiors and shading systems consist of Light Shelf (LS), blinds that can redirect and reduce the excessive daylight level near the side window are proposed and studied. The research objective is to explain the daylight performance of the integration of HLP and shading systems. The research method is experimental with Radiance-based simulation as a tool. Surabaya (latitude 7.38° S and longitude 112.79° E), a typical city in the Tropics, was chosen for the simulation. Daylight level, daylight distribution, and Daylight Glare Probability (DGP) of office room with East-facing window are compared with office room with HLP and shading systems. The results showed that the integration of HLP and shading systems increased the average illuminance level in the deep area reached 135 % and reduced the average illuminance level in the area near the side window reached 55 %. HLP and shading systems also increase the daylight distribution inside space and slightly improve the DGP but still in the range of imperceptible for building users.

Analysis of the Influence of Checks and Balances on Security Service Delivery in National Police Service, Kenya

Security is vital for the holistic development of the human person. Insecurity hinders socio-economic-religio-political growth in different ways. These include threats to physical security, the absence of safe living environments, dangers that prevent people from achieving sustainable livelihoods, and the impact upon health and education services. As one of the main providers of security, the National police service plays a pivotal role in creating the conditions for safety of property and human being. However, all too often the National Police Service in Kenya has over the years accused of ineffectiveness. This ineffectiveness has been hungered on failure to have efficient checks and balances in the NPS. Empirical studies indicate that, despite regulating bodies providing checks and balances in National police service, little significance has been realized. Checks and balances serve several functions, especially preventing one government entity/department from consolidating extreme power, afford better policies through deliberation and precludes one government branch from going out of its constitutional mandate. In a diffuse system, checks and balances play a critical role in determining the locus of accountability and allocating power between central government organs. Previous studies haven’t shade light on checks and balances enshrined in the constitutional structures for a structural association of the independent institutions. Therefore, this research sought to determine the effects of checks and balances on security services delivery by National Police Service (NPS) in Kenya. Results indicate that, checks and balances significantly influence the quality of security services delivered by NPS. However, it had a positive influence in terms of regulatory structures currently in place and oversight being carried out objectively. IPOA was not effective in its oversight responsibilities as per IPOA Act 2011 (Revised 2012) and IPOA strategic plan 2014. Thus, targeted efforts should be channelled towards re-vitalizing the spirit, mission, mandate and objectives of IPOA, community policing, NPSC and AIU as a crucial agency for police/civilian rights promotion and advocacy.

The Role of the Internal Heat Gains for Artificial Lighting on the Energy Performance of Buildings

This paper aims to propose a procedure for calculating the energy performance indexes of buildings considering the seasonality of internal gains due to artificial lighting with a monthly quasi-steady-state energy balance. The proposed methodology evaluates the heat gains due to the integrated natural-artificial lighting system with the Lighting Energy Numerical Indicator (LENI). For the evaluation of buildings’ global energy performance and for some energy services, this contribution cannot be considered constant annually as depend strongly by climate conditions. The effect of daylighting, type of light sources-luminaires, building orientation and shading devices could influence lighting contribution of the internal heat gains. Then, the proposed methodology evaluates the internal heat gains with monthly energy balances. This methodology was applied to the case study of the "Brancaccio" retirement home in Matera (IT) for which the values of the energy performance indexes were compared with the standard normative approach using constant internal heat gains. The results of this work underline the importance of performing a detailed analysis that considers the availability of natural light in the different months of the year, the efficiency of the different lighting systems and their power installed per unit of area as a function of the lighting comfort requirements in the different types of environments.

Microclimate estimation under different coffee-based agroforestry systems using full-sun weather data and shade tree characteristics

In Central America, coffee is mainly grown in agroforestry systems. This practice modifies the microclimate, which, in turn, influences coffee growth and development. However, modeling these microclimate modifications is a challenge when trying to predict the development of a disease in the understory crop, based on variables usually monitored in weather stations exposed to full sunlight. Furthermore, critical variables for plant disease development, such as leaf wetness duration and leaf temperatures, are generally not measured by weather stations. In our study, we sought to build models explaining daily minimum and maximum coffee leaf temperatures, daily coffee leaf wetness duration, and minimum and maximum air temperatures in agroforestry systems with a single shade tree species, which are common in Central America, and which were characterized by shade tree height, canopy openness and light gap distribution. The modeled variables were mainly explained by one or more meteorological variables provided by reference weather stations exposed to full sunlight. The presence of shade trees resulted in a buffer effect, reducing daily maximum air and leaf temperatures, and increasing daily minimum air and leaf temperatures. Moreover, except for the daily minimum air temperature under shade, shade tree characteristics affected these microclimatic variables. Indeed, the buffer effect on the daily maximum air temperature increased with shade trees 7 m tall or over, whereas for extreme leaf temperatures, this effect seemed to be further intensified by a dense and homogeneous canopy. The tallest shade trees also tended to provide conditions that reduced coffee leaf wetness duration. The coffee leaf stratum affected the daily maximum leaf temperature, with a top layer intercepting radiation for the lower strata, but had no effect on the daily minimum leaf temperature, detected at night. The models developed were simple equations allowing interpretation of shade tree height, the effects of canopy characteristics on the microclimate and were therefore useful for designing and managing agroforestry system. The more accurate models could be incorporated into an early warning system for coffee pests and diseases in the region.

The relationship between patient's participation in shade selection and their satisfaction with their dental prostheses.

ObjectivesMultiple studies have measured the degree of patients' satisfaction with their dental prostheses. Some found that the preliminary cause for dissatisfaction was attributed to the shade used in the fabrication their prostheses. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between patients' participation in the shade selection procedure and their satisfaction with their prostheses.Material and MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, an online based questionnaire was distributed. Out of 475 participants, 374 who met inclusion criteria were enrolled in this study. A questionnaire consisting of 19 questions and two parts was utilized. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS 25 with a level of significance (p value) ≤ 0.05.ResultsThe majority of participants were involved in the shade selection procedure (81%) and satisfied with the shade of their dental prostheses (83.7%). Satisfaction rate was higher in patients who participated in shade selection (87.8%). One in every three patients wanted a lighter shade than that they currently have. All results were statistically significant.ConclusionPatients' participation in their prostheses' shade selection increased their satisfaction with them. It is crucial that patients receive professional advice during shade selection for them to make an informed decision regarding the shade of their prostheses.

Changes of color and antibacterial characteristics of knitted fabrics dyed with reactive dyes after treatment with a nanocomposition of silver and carboxymethyl starch

Changes in the color characteristics of knitted fabrics after bactericidal finishes were studied by the colorimetric method. Antibacterial activity was tested with regard to gram-negative bacterium E. coli and gram-positive bacterium S. aureus. The strongest color changes due to the presence of Ag NPs were observed on samples dyed with lighter shades, where the color difference was mainly caused by the change in lightness and brightness. After treatment with silver NPs, the colors in samples dyed with Navy K-EN and Black NN are deepened, that is, the color intensity increases many times and the reflection coefficient decreases. Due to this effect, darker color tones can be achieved using less dye. The dyed knitted fabrics modified with Ag-carboxymethyl starch (AgCMS) NPs exhibited excellent antibacterial properties regardless of the dye color used. The dyeing did not affect the antibacterial activity of fabrics modified with AgCMS nanocomposites. The research on the resistance of the dyed knitted fabrics treated with nanocomposite AgCMS solution to washing showed the preservation of a sufficiently high antimicrobial activity, slightly decreasing only after the 10th wash in a washing solution. This is proved by exceptional resistance to washing of knitted fabrics modified with AgCMS. The results of the research allow one to solve the problem of expanding the range of antibacterial products and special clothes by treating textile materials with silver and carboxymethyl starch NPs.

Semiconductor Materials for Fabrication of Multi-Color Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLEDs)

This study aims to propose organic materials for the development of light-emitting semiconductor diodes for colored displays. Studies show that these materials are capable of creating a variety of different colors rather than white light. But of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) are only used as a source of white back-light for OLED displays and liquid crystals are used for color generation. This work suggests that OLEDs can be used to make color displays on their own without the help of Liquid Crystals (LCs). Recently, organic devices are widely under discussion as are comparatively cheap, can be processed economically and effortlessly at ambient temperature besides their effortless handling. The calculation of the electronic properties of molecular species was achieved by the use of ab-initio quantum mechanical methods, i.e., Density Functional Theory (DFT). DFT methods are suited to calculate the electronics properties of the organic molecules, enabling the determination of band gaps and quantum efficiencies. DFT views electron stochastic nature and thus calculates the material’s solid-state properties. DFT calculations on isolated molecules were carried by the Gaussian software package to predict electronic properties. Pentacene is used as test molecule in this work. B3LYP functional use Kohn-Sham orbitals to predict the band energy values said material rather than LDA functional that depends on the value of electronic density at each point on the space. The substitution process was used to make changes in bandgaps; which affect shades of light emitted by OLEDs.

Epiphytic effects of Licmophora paradoxa on pigments of Pyropia yezoensis

Epiphytic diatoms usually cause adverse effects on photosynthesis of the host plants due to shading light or by interfering with the biochemical pathways. The present study investigated the epiphytic effects of the diatom Licmophora paradoxa on the pigments of red alga Pyropia yezoensis, such as the chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), Phycoerythrin (PE), Phycocyanin (PC), Allophycocyanin (APC) and carotenoid contents. The results showed that Chl-a was significantly decreased while other pigments such as PE, PC, APC and carotenoid contents were significantly increased in P. yezoensis due to the attachment of epiphytic diatom L. paradoxa. The present results indicated that epiphytic diatoms produced negative effects on the host PSII reaction center by reducing its main pigment Chl-a. Whereas, antenna pigments of Phycobiliprotein, of P. yezoensis such as PE, PC and APC were increased to capture more light energy supplying photosynthesis. The increase in carotenoid content under this epiphytic situation implied an enhancement of its assisted function in light-harvesting, photoprotection and stress-tolerance mechanism. The present findings contribute to well understanding the response mechanism of host macroalgae to epiphytic microalgae.

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Photosynthetic Characteristics, Biomass, and Yield of Wheat under Different Shading Conditions

Fruit-wheat intercropping is an important way to resolve the land competition between fruit and grain and ensure food security. However, there is little research on the mechanism of wheat yield formation and its response to nitrogen fertilizer under long-term shading. From 2016 to 2017, wheat variety “Xindong 20” was selected, and four shading treatments were set: shading at jointing stage 10%-shading at heading stage 25% (S1), 20%–50% (S2), 30%–75% (S3), normal light (S0) and four nitrogen fertilizer (N0: 0 kg ha−1, N1: 103.5 kg ha−1, N2: 138 kg ha−1, N3: 172.5 kg ha−1). The results show that compared with S0, wheat leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll a, b and a + b content under S1 increase by 14.9–57.4%, 2.9–24.5%, 16.5–28.9%, 7.8–25.5%, respectively, and they decrease significantly under S2 and S3. With the increase in the shading range, the net photosynthesis rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (gs), and non-photochemical quentum coefficient (NPQ) decrease significantly, while the actual photochemical efficiency (ΦPSII) and the photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) increase significantly. Under S1, S2, and S3, the total dry matter accumulation (TDA), the dry matter accumulation of reproductive organs (DAR), and the yield decrease with the increase in shading range. Under the S0 and S1 conditions, compared with other nitrogen treatments, LAI, chlorophyll content, Pn, ΦPSII, qP, TDA, DAR, and yield of wheat under N2 treatment increase by 4.1–366.9%, 5.7–56.3%, 3.0–131.7%, 6.7–87.5%, 3.7–96.9%, 7.1–340.8%, 0.3–323.0%, 1.5–231.2%. Therefore, under jujube-wheat intercropping, and apricot-wheat and walnut-wheat with light shade in the early stage, photosynthetic capacity of wheat leaves and dry matter accumulation and transfer to grains can be regulated by proper nitrogen application, which is beneficial to compensate for the negative effects of insufficient light on wheat yield; under moderate or excessive shading conditions (apricot-wheat and walnut-wheat in full fruit period), the regulating effect of nitrogen application on wheat is reduced, and the nitrogen application should be moderately reduced.

Segmentation Analysis in Powdery Mildew Infested (Sphaerotheca Fuliginea) Cucumber Leaves

In this document, we propose the recognition of powdery mildew in cucumber leaves based on image processing. Two cucumber cycles were established and infested with powdery mildew. As the disease developed, photos were taken to perform the analysis. Two hundred photographs were manually preprocessed eliminating the background and leaving only leaves infested with the disease. The images were segmented using three threshold binarization techniques: gray scale binarization, RGB binarization and K-means algorithm with initially located centroids. The results were compared between the different methods. The gray scale binarization as well as the RGB binarization allowed locating the disease based on a percentage of the lighter shades, although the latter method analyzes each one of the different color layers. The K-means algorithm identified groups with similar characteristics around provided centers. A false positive detection test was also performed with 25 previously processed photographs. The experimental results show that the proposed gray scale binarization method better results for the recognition of the disease than the other methods.

Periphyton biomass and life-form responses to a gradient of discharge in contrasting light and nutrients scenarios in experimental lowland streams

Climate-induced changes in precipitation and land-use intensification affect the discharge of streams worldwide, which, together with eutrophication and loss of riparian canopy, can affect periphyton biomass and composition, and therefore, ultimately the stream functioning. We investigated the responses of periphyton biomass and life-forms (i.e., high profile, low profile and motile) to these changes applying an experimental approach by modulating nutrients (nutrient diffusion substrates enriched with 0.5 M NH4NO3 + 0.031 M KH2PO4 and without nutrient enrichment) and light availability (50% shade and full light) along a gradient in discharge ranging from 0.46 to 3.89 L/s (0.7 to 6.5 cm/s) in twelve large-sized (12- m long) outdoor flumes resembling lowland streams. We also analysed the potential effects of other environmental variables including macroinvertebrates on the responses of periphyton to discharge, nutrients, and light. Light and nutrient availability drastically affected periphyton biomass and composition responses to discharge. Periphyton biomass decreased with increasing discharge when shaded but this did not happen when exposed to full light. Under full light conditions, nutrient enrichment mediated an increase in the periphyton biomass with increasing discharge, possibly reflecting an increased metabolism, but this did not happen under non-enriched conditions. Enrichment further affected the compositional responses of periphyton to discharge, with an increase in the biomass of motile, fast-growing, small-sized flagellated at low discharge conditions, and mitigating a loss of high profile periphyton under higher discharges. Light did not affect periphyton composition, and the abundance or feeding-group composition of the macroinvertebrates did not affect biomass or composition of the periphyton either. Our results suggest that nutrient enrichment and light play an important synergistic role in the responses of the periphyton biomass and composition to discharge and emphasize the relevance of riparian canopy conservation and eutrophication control to avoid periphyton growth under increased discharge scenarios in small lowland streams.

Pathogen infection influences the relationship between spring and autumn phenology at the seedling and leaf level.

Seasonal life history events are often interdependent, but we know relatively little about how the relationship between different events is influenced by the abiotic and biotic environment. Such knowledge is important for predicting the immediate and evolutionary phenological response of populations to changing conditions. We manipulated germination timing and shade in a multi-factorial experiment to investigate the relationship between spring and autumn phenology in seedlings of the pedunculate oak, Quercus robur, and whether this relationship was mediated by natural colonization of leaves by specialist fungal pathogens (i.e., the oak powdery mildew complex). Each week delay in germination corresponded to about 2days delay in autumn leaf senescence, and heavily shaded seedlings senesced 5-8days later than seedlings in light shade or full sun. Within seedlings, leaves on primary-growth shoots senesced later than those on secondary-growth shoots in some treatments. Path analyses demonstrated that germination timing and shade affected autumn phenology both directly and indirectly via pathogen load, though the specific pattern differed among and within seedlings. Pathogen load increased with later germination and greater shade. Greater pathogen load was in turn associated with later senescence for seedlings, but with earlier senescence for individual leaves. Our findings show that relationships between seasonal events can be partly mediated by the biotic environment and suggest that these relationships may differ between the plant and leaf level. The influence of biotic interactions on phenological correlations across scales has implications for understanding phenotypic variation in phenology and for predicting how populations will respond to climatic perturbation.

Visualizing veins from color images under varying illuminations for medical applications.

.Significance: Effective vein visualization is critically important for several clinical procedures, such as venous blood sampling and intravenous injection. Existing technologies using infrared device or ultrasound rely on professional equipment and are not suitable for daily medical care. A regression-based vein visualization method is proposed.Aim: We visualize veins from conventional RGB images to provide assistance in venipuncture procedures as well as clinical diagnosis of some venous insufficiency.Approach: The RGB images taken by digital cameras are first transformed to spectral reflectance images using Wiener estimation. Multiple regression analysis is then applied to derive the relationship between spectral reflectance and the concentrations of pigments. Monte Carlo simulation is adopted to get prior information. Finally, vein patterns are visualized from the spatial distribution of pigments. To minimize the effect of illumination on skin color, light correction and shading removal operations are performed in advance.Results: Experimental results from inner forearms of 60 subjects show the effectiveness of the regression-based method. Subjective and objective evaluations demonstrate that the clarity and completeness of vein patterns can be improved by light correction and shading removal.Conclusions: Vein patterns can be successfully visualized from RGB images without any professional equipment. The proposed method can assist in venipuncture procedures. It also shows promising potential to be used in clinical diagnosis and treatment of some venous insufficiency.

Intracanopy CO2 and light interactions on Humulus lupulus L. net canopy carbon gain under current and future atmospheric CO2 concentrations

Photosynthetic light response curves were measured in four cultivars of Humulus lupulus L. (hop) at CO2 concentrations of 415, 500, 600, and 700 μmol CO2 mol−1. Short-term elevated CO2 increased net photosynthesis (An), light-saturated rates of photosynthesis, and quantum yield and decreased the light compensation point and leaf respiration. To illustrate the effects on canopy carbon gain, we used a rigorously validated physiologically-explicit canopy process model (MAESTRA). The cultivar-specific leaf-level physiological response parameters at 415, 500, 600, and 700 μmol CO2 mol−1 were extrapolated throughout the canopy to reproduce the cultivar-specific carbon gain under current and future atmospheric CO2 conditions. Under sub optimal light conditions, the initial CO2 increase of 415 to 500 μmol CO2 mol−1 resulted in the highest relative carbon gain increase (∼18%), whereas enrichment from 500 to 600 and 600 to 700 μmol CO2 mol−1 resulted in an additional carbon uptake of ∼16% and ∼12%. Ratios of An to increased CO2 indicated that shaded leaves benefit more from elevated CO2 than light saturated leaves. Estimated daily canopy carbon uptake increased ∼24% from 415 to 500 µmol mol−1 CO2. Daily carbon uptake increased by ∼17% from 500 to 600 µmol mol−1 CO2 and ∼18% from 600 to 700 µmol mol−1. Thus, in comparison to leaves exposed to direct sunlight, hop canopy carbon gain in shaded diffuse light lower canopy layers may contribute a greater proportion of total canopy carbon in future atmospheric CO2 conditions.

The Visible and the Invisible as Shadows of Light and Dark Shade: An Introduction to the Special Issue

The Visible and the Invisible as Shadows of Light and Dark Shade: An Introduction to the Special Issue