Color Shade Research Articles

The effect of anodization and subsequent treatments on corrosion resistance of aluminium

Aluminium samples were chemically prepared by following operations: degreasing, etching I, etching II, and brightening), prior to anodizing in sulfuric acid. Aluminium surface area was 0.2 dm2. The composition of used aluminium samples was determined by the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Chemically prepared aluminium samples were electrochemically anodized for 45 minutes in a solution of 190 gdm-3 H2SO4 at room temperature, at a current density of 1.7 Adm-2. In the anodizing process, the aluminium sample served as the anode, with lead cathodes. After anodizing, the aluminium samples underwent a colouring process in five pairs of solutions (systems), where each system consisted of two solutions of inorganic salts RxA + RxB (x = 1-5, numbers of solutions). Colouring of the anodized aluminium was carried out at room temperature by immersing the samples in each solution for 7 minutes (e.g., R1A + R1B, τ = 7 min + 7 min). Each used colouring system provides a different colour: green-yellow, brown, light-grey, blue, and orange-gold. After colouring, the samples were treated in a special solution to improve corrosion resistance and silication, resulting in a change in the obtained colour shade. All obtained colours were stable with very nice appearance, allowing such coloured aluminium to be used for decorative purposes. The corrosion resistance of the coloured anodized aluminium samples was investigated by determining the corrosion potential, corrosion current and polarization resistance using potentiodynamic polarization method, as well as by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. A common feature of all tested samples is a significant improvement in the corrosion resistance of the anodized aluminium after colouring and subsequent treatment in the corrosion resistance improvement solution, particularly after the additional silane treatment.

COLOR VISUALIZATION OF 3D-MODELS FOR ENHANCED PREPARATION OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

The main aspects of color visualization of triangulated models of industrial products are presented. The implementation of visualization capabilities is based on RGB and HSV color models. The structure and key features of the software implementation of color visualization and the export of the displayed image in PLY, and AMF formats are discussed. Methods for transformations between RGB and HSV color models are described, as well as an algorithm for coloring the triangular faces of the model based on specified color ranges. The developed algorithms allow for a sufficiently informative representation of the desired areas of the product's surfaces by significantly altering one color component while minimally changing the other two. This is achieved by directing the assignment of functional dependencies and value ranges for each component of the color model. Examples of various methods for color shading of vertices and/or edges and/or faces of the model are provided. The visualization subsystem enables the analysis of the geometric characteristics of the polygonal model during the preparation phase of additive manufacturing processes. Significant advantages of these approaches to color visualization are evident when adapting the product design to technological requirements (design preparation) and when solving optimization tasks in technological preparation. The developed software is integrated into the technological preparation system for manufacturing enterprises in the machine engineering sector. This research was developed at the Department of "Integrated Technologies of Mechanical Engineering" named after M. Semko of NTU "KhPI".

Sun Glints and Underwater Caustics in Remote Sensing of Seas and Oceans

The Sun glints that are observed on the water surface have different radiances, shapes, and color shades, depending on the positions of the Sun and the observer, the water surface statement, and the transparency of the water and atmosphere. The texture, radiance, and color characteristics of Sun glints carry information about the state of the water and atmosphere. Therefore, Sun glints play an important role in remote sensing of seas and oceans, being a useful signal in some problems and noise in others. Bright stripes (underwater caustics) on the bottom of the water basin that are caused by the waves are also an indicator of the water surface shape. The application of the wave theory of light is used to study the intensity distribution in the vicinity of the caustic (i. e., where the geometric-optical approximation is inapplicable), which arises when light is refracted on a wavy water surface.A formula, which determines the parameters of the waves from the width of the caustic zone is obtained. The correctness of the method has been verified by experiments carried out in the pool. Also, here we give a brief overview of our investigations related to sun glints and underwater caustics.

DIGITAL SUPPORT OF STUDENTS’ JOINT ACTIONS IN INTRODUCTION TO THE CONCEPT’S ORIGIN: THE CASE OF PROPORTIONALITY

Our primary school module with the digital support “Inks” was designed following V.V. Davydov’s idea on the assembling sets context as crucial for number concept formation. Making-sets task and the mixture problem scaffold the initial steps towards proportional reasoning, which is known to be diffi cult for students. The learning situation revolves around purposeful transformations of the inks shade towards the one desired, with a variety of tasks’ conditions: restrictions on the available amount of water and inks, some ready-made mixtures provided, etc. The substantial feature of our instruction was the organization of joint work through distribution of the operations on paint components. The necessity of some preliminary coordination between partners is posed by the real-life restrictions: once water and inks have been mixed, they cannot be separated back. The computer simulation adheres to this “rule” and makes students refer to the special modeling space and plan their operations on water and inks beforehand using tokens. The divergence of results, predicted by students through tokens placement, and the real color shade, obtained in computer simulation, sets the learning task and emphasizes the problem of coordination between partners’ actions within the modeling space. As students start to rely on the portion-by-portion counting, they succeed on the fi rst try: the stain of their new paint, prepared with the different amounts of components, merges with the sample mixture.  second-graders from an urban school (– years old) participated in the experimental teaching series, the video-taped classroom discussions, computer logs and written works were analyzed in order to assess students’ conceptual thinking development. Students’ constant success in tasks and the development of their modeling means functionality proved the computer support, which we have designed, to be relevant in several aspects: problematization and feedback, enabling simultaneous partners’ work, providing substantial tasks variations

New luminescent solar concentrator windows using PMMA-InP/ZnS Nanohybrid coating films for green building applications

Green fluorescing PMMA-InP/ZnS nanohybrid coating films were applied onto FTO glass substrates through the traditional spin coating technique for the development of luminescent solar concentrator windows. Examination using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) displayed good morphology and uniform dispersion of InP/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) in PMMA matrix, whereas X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated the amorphous nature and good adhesion to FTO glass substrate. Investigations of the influence of varying QD concentrations on spectral photophysical characteristics were conducted using techniques such as optical absorption, transmission, fluorescence spectroscopy, and the chromaticity diagram (CIE 1931). The films exhibited good transparency in the visible spectrum, approximately 87 %, with reduced transparency in the near-infrared (NIR) region, approximately 26 %. The films have various shades of green colors closely aligned with the sensitivity of the human eye, as demonstrated by CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram. Skin depth calculations spanning the UV to NIR wavelengths (200-2400 nm) showed a marked decrease in electromagnetic wave penetration correlating with increased InP-ZnS QD concentrations. Fluorescence spectroscopy revealed the highest fluorescence intensity and quantum yield of 71 % for QDs concentration of 0.15wt% coupled with outstanding photostability properties after exposure to UVA radiation (365 nm) for 72 h. This optimization effectively reduces the infiltration of detrimental solar radiation into buildings, encompassing ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths. The research outcomes are consistent with the objectives of Sustainable Development Goals SDG7 and SDG 11, in sun-drenched regions such as Saudi Arabia, as PMMA-InP/ZnS nanohybrid coating films can be tailored to meet the spectral needs of energy-efficient windows.

Land Art and Expanded Cinema in Marie Darrieussecq’s Expanding Fictional Fields

“Traces: a trench below the horizon, expanding [s’élargissant] over the circle of beaten snow.” The verb s’élargir, extracted here from the opening of Darrieussecq’s White (2003 [2005]), in fact spreads out throughout a story of anticipation set in a near future: 2020. This novel concerns a mission to construct a permanent European Base at the deserted heart of Antarctica. After its appearance in the first line, “s’élargir/élargir” recurs as Darrieussecq narrates atmosphere and bodily perceptions. Through language, Darrieussecq expands—and at time contracts—visions and mirages, sounds and acoustic hallucinations, expanding or suspending time, making a real and possible scientific mission into something strange. At several moments, the shades of colors and the tension between blurred and precise visions seem to acquire, through language, the mental texture of video art. The novel, which has already acquired a place in Antarctic Studies, reinvents the fictional realm, entangling in its unfolding not a generic intermediality but, more precisely, expanded artistic and cinematic practices. This article places the singularity of White in a wider artistic context that spans not only 1960s and 1970s Land Art but also expanded cinema to very contemporary artistic mixed-medium practices.

Semantic Segmentation Model-Based Boundary Line Recognition Method for Wheat Harvesting

The wheat harvesting boundary line is vital reference information for the path tracking of an autonomously driving combine harvester. However, unfavorable factors, such as a complex light environment, tree shade, weeds, and wheat stubble color interference in the field, make it challenging to identify the wheat harvest boundary line accurately and quickly. Therefore, this paper proposes a harvest boundary line recognition model for wheat harvesting based on the MV3_DeepLabV3+ network framework, which can quickly and accurately complete the identification in complex environments. The model uses the lightweight MobileNetV3_Large as the backbone network and the LeakyReLU activation function to avoid the neural death problem. Depth-separable convolution is introduced into Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (ASPP) to reduce the complexity of network parameters. The cubic B-spline curve-fitting method extracts the wheat harvesting boundary line. A prototype harvester for wheat harvesting boundary recognition was built, and field tests were conducted. The test results show that the wheat harvest boundary line recognition model proposed in this paper achieves a segmentation accuracy of 98.04% for unharvested wheat regions in complex environments, with an IoU of 95.02%. When the combine harvester travels at 0~1.5 m/s, the normal speed for operation, the average processing time and pixel error for a single image are 0.15 s and 7.3 pixels, respectively. This method could achieve high recognition accuracy and fast recognition speed. This paper provides a practical reference for the autonomous harvesting operation of a combine harvester.

Recreating the Poetics of the Landscape of the Asya Novel by I. S. Turgenev in the Kyrgyz Language

The subject of this study is the Kyrgyz text of the translation of the Asya story and its original. The article uses the method of comparative analysis to compare the style of the Asya story by I. S. Turgenev with his translation into the Kyrgyz language, carried out by professional translator Murzabek Omurzakov, in the aspect of recreating landscape sketches. The purpose of the study is to identify stylistic deviations of the translation text from the original and evaluate the transformation of epithets and lexemes denoting natural phenomena. As a result of the study, it is determined that the artistic originality of the original is not adequately reflected in the translation, and deviations from the stylistic features of the original are identified. Frequent repetitions are indicated, which reduced the beauty and poetry of the original narrative. Also, as a result of the analysis, the attitude of the author of the translation is revealed, which led to the substitution of concepts and epithets; a number of verbs with the meaning of the attribute are weakened and are not reproduced. It was also possible to find out how to convey such aspects of the landscape in the Kyrgyz language as the reflection of light and color shades. The author of the translation, using equivalent lexemes, recreates with maximum accuracy the poetics of the landscape as an artistic form. The results obtained have practical significance in teaching Russian literature courses at schools and universities.

FilletCam AI: A handheld tool for precise fillet color profiling of Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout

High-throughput and objective color measurements of fish fillets are crucial for quality control and establishing pricing benchmarks. While fillet color scoring traditionally relies on subjective visual inspection using color reference cards or labor-intensive color measurement using a colorimeter, this study aims to develop a smart handheld device (FilletCam AI, hereafter referred to as ‘FilletCam’) for precise and rapid profiling of fish fillet color. FilletCam comprises an imaging sensor integrated with an embedded computing unit for image acquisition. A graphical user interface (GUI) was developed to streamline data collection, analysis, visualization, compilation, and data sharing with authorized users. An Artificial Intelligence (AI) model was developed and deployed on the edge for region-of-interest (ROI) detection. A single-stage YOLOv8 model was trained on a custom image dataset comprised of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillet images to detect the fillet and color palette with their respective SalmonFan™ (SF) score on the reference card. Delta E metric was adopted to compare the color of the fillet and reference color shades on the SF card. The SF score corresponding to the lowest Delta E value was assigned to the fillet. The object detection model performed well and achieved a mean average precision (mAP0.5) of 99.5 % and an F1 score of 0.99. The FilletCam-predicted fillet color scores were compared with the expert ratings and colorimeter scores to evaluate the performance of the developed tool. The minimum Delta E values for FilletCam were consistently lower than those for the colorimeter, indicating FilletCam's ability to detect minor color differences accurately. FilletCam exactly predicted the color scores at 73 % of instances compared to 30 % of instances for the colorimeter. Additionally, for only 3 % of instances, the predicted SF score deviated by more than two points. Overall, the developed research prototype shows promise as a valuable digital tool for the fish processing and retail industries.

Masking ability of CAD-CAM resin-matrix ceramics with different translucencies and thicknesses combined with four cement shades against varying background colors when facing veneer restorations

BackgroundTo evaluate the comprehensive effect of translucency, thickness, cement shades, and background color on the masking ability of resin-matrix ceramic veneer restorations.MethodsResin-matrix ceramic specimens with 2 translucencies (LT, HT) and 3 thicknesses (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mm) were made of Upcera Hyramic (A2 shade). Cement specimens were made of Variolink N in 4 shades (yellow, white, transparent, and bleach XL). Five background specimens were made of IPS Natural Die Material in 5 shades (ND1, ND2, ND3, ND4, and ND5). Color coordinates of 120 subgroups (n = 5) of combined specimens composed of different ceramic, cement, and background specimens were obtained using a spectroradiometer. Color difference (ΔE00) compared with a 4-mm thick specimen of LT and HT ceramics was calculated and four-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis (α = 0.05).ResultsTranslucency, thickness, cement shade, background color, and their interaction had significant effects on ΔE00 (p < 0.001). ΔE00 values of HT groups were always higher than that of LT groups and were greater than 1.8 against all background colors. ΔE00 values of LT groups could be achieved to be less than 1.8 with appropriate thickness and cement shade. ΔE00 value decreased with increasing ceramic thickness. The effect of cement shade on ΔE00 had no obvious regularity, but ΔE00 values of bleach XL cement shade group were always lower than other cement shade groups under ND3 and ND5 background color.ConclusionsThe masking ability of CAD-CAM resin-matrix ceramics can be simultaneously affected by translucency, thickness, cement shade, and background color. Resin-matrix ceramics with low translucency has a better masking ability than that with high translucency. The masking ability of CAD-CAM resin-matrix ceramics increase with increasing thickness. Cement shade has less impact on the final color of resin-matrix ceramic restorations.

Improving the color gamut of gold nanostructures using vertical tandem nano-disks

Metallic nanoparticles have been used in structural coloration applications since they provide an alternative for the synthesis of color filters, with extended color gamut, enhanced color saturation, and brightness. These optical properties can be further improved when integrating nanoparticles into coupled dimers that give rise to enhanced hybridized plasmon resonances. In this contribution, gold nano-disks are split into Au/SiO2/Au layered structures to enhance its plasmon resonances and evaluate its improved performance as reflective color filters. To do so, the reflectance spectra of the layered disks were obtained with numerical simulations, identifying high amplitude peaks in the visible band and low-amplitude peaks in the near infrared one, related to the hybridized resonances. By choosing the appropriate size of the intermediate dielectric and metallic layers, as well as the near-field coupling, peaks can be tuned along the visible and near infrared bands, respectively. The chromatic coordinates of the addressed nanostructures obtained from the reflectance spectra show that the nanostructures hold color gamut that extends toward magenta, orange, yellowish, and reddish shades of colors.

Influence of Colored Shade Nets and Salinity on the Development of Roselle Plants

Adequate fertilizer concentration and use of shade nets can favor the development and yield of agricultural crops. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the growth of roselle plants with nutrient solutions of different electrical conductivities (ECns) (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 dS m−1) and under different colored shade nets (red, blue, black) compared with full sun. The experiments were conducted in a controlled greenhouse environment and in full sun in the Plant Production Department of ESALQ-USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. The experiments were organized using a 4 × 5 randomized block design. The results of analysis of variance and regression showed a significant impact of EC and colored shade nets on plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, number of flowers, fresh and dry mass of shoots and fresh and dry calyxes. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and regression, which showed a quadratic effect for the variables studied, with increasing values up to 3.0 dS m−1; after this value, there was a decrease. Increasing ECns up to approximately 3.0 dS m−1 promoted increments of 2.34% in plant height, 7.21% in number of leaves, 19.76% in shoot fresh mass and 12.38% in shoot dry mass.

Cocoa bean metabolomics reveals polyphenols as potential markers relating to fine dark chocolate color shades.

This study aimed to evaluate the color and the discriminating compounds for two types of cocoa beans (black and brown beans) related to 70% dark chocolates of black and brown colors from a previous work of our group. Color analysis and untargeted high-resolution mass spectrometry-based metabolomic analysis were performed on eight beans of each type. Mass spectral data processing, univariate and multivariate statistical methods were conducted for classification of beans and selection of discriminant features. The results showed that the color difference already observed for black and brown chocolates preexists in the beans. Black and brown beans had 45 and 50 discriminant features, respectively, of which 16 and 41 were phenolic compounds. Most of them were also previously identified as discriminating compounds for black and brown chocolates. Black beans predominantly contained glycosylated flavanols, ranging from monomers to trimers, with dimers and trimers being A-type procyanidins, along with a phenolic acid (protocatechuic acid), and an O-glycosylated flavonol (quercetin-3-O-glucoside). In contrast, brown beans mostly contained non-glycosylated B-type procyanidins ranging from dimers to decamers, but also dimers and trimers of A-type procyanidins, and a glycosylated and sulfated flavanol ((epi) catechin hexoside-sulfate). These markers may be useful for quality control purposes and may contribute to the selection of beans that yield black or brown dark chocolates.

Research of coloristic properties of textile materials dyed with natural dyestuff

The development of an environmentally friendly technology for dyeing textile materials for various purposes implies the modification of technological processes by using less harmful consumables, namely, dyes of plant origin. Dyes of plant origin have biological decomposability and the most friendly to human nature, and many of them also have a complex of antibacterial and medicinal properties. The purpose of this work is to study the colorimetric properties and develop mathematical models of the obtained dyes based on natural herbs. Extracts of dyes for dyeing textile materials are obtained from the peel of onions, walnut shell, tansy and hypericum with the addition of the following modifying components: aluminum-potassium alum or copper sulfate. The study of the coloristic properties of the obtained dyes was carried out using the Konica Minolta CM-3600d device in the color coordinates 360-700 nm. The results of the study showed the high efficiency of the use of modifying additives in the composition of dyes on the quality of coloring of textile materials. Based on the results of coloristic studies, regression equations and mathematical models describing the effects of staining depth and color reflection on the intensity of tissue coloring are constructed. Due to the active extraction of natural dyes and expanded color shades, the introduction of natural dyes into the textile industry is an urgent task. The introduction of developed natural dyes with modifying additives will improve the hygienic properties of products and increase the environmental friendliness of the finishing process.

Formulation and analysis of acrylic emulsion coatings with chrome yellow, phthalocyanine blue, and red oxide pigments using high speed disperser and bead mill techniques

A major commercial problem is achieving stable and fine particle pigment dispersion, especially for aqueous pigment dispersions. It is essential to optimize dispersants in order to moisten, disperse, and stabilize pigments throughout the milling process. This study focuses on formulating acrylic emulsion coatings using chrome yellow, phthalocyanine blue, and red oxide pigment concentrates. The formulations were developed using both high-speed dispersers (HSD) and bead mills. A quality evaluation of the products from the two milling techniques was carried out. Formulations made with chrome yellow, phthalocyanine blue, and red oxide pigment concentrates in a water-based, binder-free system using bead mills, Tween-80, SLS, and cocosulphosuccinate surfactants showed narrower particle size distributions and stronger color than those made with HSD. Specifically, formulations prepared with bead mills and the aforementioned surfactants demonstrated superior color strength compared to those prepared with HSD. The color shade of acrylic emulsion coatings formulated with phthalocyanine blue and red oxide pigment concentrates, along with Tween-80 and cocosulphosuccinate surfactants using HSD, matched the standard color shade formulations prepared in bead mills. However, formulations using phthalocyanine blue pigment concentrates with SLS and oleylsulphosuccinate surfactants in HSD did not match the standard color shade prepared in bead mills.

Bacterial Pigments as a Promising Alternative to Synthetic Colorants: From Fundamentals to Applications.

Pigments find widespread application in the fields of food, medicine, textiles, and cosmetics. At present, synthetic colorants dominate the global pigment market. However, the environmental and health hazards associated with synthetic colorants have spurred extensive research on eco-friendly and safe alternatives. Natural pigments are particularly intriguing for meeting consumer demands and sustainable development, as they not only exhibit various vibrant color shades without discernible toxic side effects but also offer additional healthful features such as antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral properties compared with their synthetic counterparts. Among natural sources, bacterial strains share distinct advantages for large-scale pigment production because of their intrinsic robustness of cellular metabolic systems. This review comprehensively outlines the bacterial sources, extraction and purification methods, structural characteristics, biological activities, and potential applications of typical pigments, including but not limited to violacein, indigoidine, melanin, carotenoids, prodigiosin, and rhodopsin. Additionally, it underscores the primary obstacles to the development and production of bacterial pigments for commercial applications, discussing feasible strategies for overcoming production bottlenecks. This work also provides valuable insights for the scientific and rational advancement of bacterial pigment development.

Effects of Homophone Priming on the Decision-Making in Perceptual Color Recognition of Mandarin Speakers

This study delves into the nuanced interactions between language, cognition, and perception by examining the impact of homophones on decision-making and perceptual color recognition among native Mandarin speakers. Drawing on theories of linguistic relativity and cognitive processing, this research hypothesized that homophonic primes would subtly influence both decision-making processes and color recognition tasks. Participants were assigned at random to surveys where they were unknowingly exposed to stimuli with and without homophonic primes before engaging in color recognition tasks involving subtle shade differentiations. Contrary to initial expectations, statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in decision-making accuracy between conditions, suggesting that homophones may not overtly affect conscious decision-making processes in our bilingual cohort. However, intriguing variations emerged in the perceptual color recognition task, where participants exposed to homophonic primes showed tendencies to perceive color shades more similarly compared to those in the control condition. This finding implies a potential cognitive load effect or subtle priming influence on perceptual categorization tied to linguistic structures. The implications of these findings challenge traditional views on language's role in shaping cognitive processes, highlighting the complexity of how linguistic structures such as homophones may operate at subconscious levels. The study contributes to ongoing debates in cognitive science and linguistics by underscoring the need for nuanced approaches to understanding cross-linguistic cognitive mechanisms. Future research should further explore the Whorfian hypothesis within bilingual contexts, considering additional variables such as language proficiency and cultural influences to elucidate the intricate relationship between language and cognition.

The effect of rosé wine colors on expected flavor and tastiness: A cross-modal correspondence explanation

How and why do wines with different colors influence consumer responses? Despite strong evidence from research on cross-modal correspondences that food and drink colors influence flavor perceptions and subsequent consumer responses, it is unclear from the wine literature whether consumers prefer paler or slightly darker colors of rosé. The aim of this research is twofold: (1) identify from an existing set of (relatively pale) prototypical color shades of Rosé de Provence what specific color (paler vs. slightly darker) leads to more positive consumer responses and (2) shed light on the underlying mechanisms that explain this relationship. Using a large sample of French wine consumers (n = 601), we test our hypotheses via a within-subjects design experiment. We first examined the effect of five shades of Rosé de Provence wines (nacre, light melon, sand, melon, and peach) on consumer responses (willingness to pay, willingness to buy, color liking). To further investigate the underlying roles of fruity flavor and expected tastiness (in that order), we conducted a series of two-condition within-subjects serial mediations. Our findings consistently show more positive consumer responses for Rosés de Provence with peach and melon shades (i.e., slightly darker colors) compared to nacre, light melon, and sand shades (i.e., paler colors). Further, a stronger association between slightly darker colors and fruity flavor enhances expected tastiness, which leads to more positive consumer responses. Our findings provide key theoretical contributions and managerial implications by suggesting consumer responses for Rosés de Provence and corresponding explanations based on cross-modal correspondences.

Influence of Colored Shade Nets and Media Types on the Development of Rhoeo discolor (Boat Lily)

Study was carried out Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha during 2018-19. The experiment was designed to determine the optimal conditions for enhancing plant growth, focusing on the effects of different colored shade nets (green, white, red and black) with open light and various media mixture combinations (soil, coco peat, and FYM). Key growth parameters such as plant height, plant spread, leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll content, and number of suckers were measured over a specified growth period. Results indicated that boat lily grown under red shade net and pots filled with soil, FYM and cocopeat media mixture in 1:1:1 (v/v) proportion performed best in all the characters. It has significantly enhanced plant height (22.11 cm), number of leaves per plant (15.89) and leaf area (110.42 cm2), plant spread in E-W direction (28.78 cm), plant spread in N-S direction (28.78 cm) and leaf thickness (1.32 mm).

Composition control of additively manufactured color-graded temporary veneer

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to design and assess composite resin composition for patient-specific esthetic color-graded temporary veneer. MethodsVarious compositions of composite structures (assorted by Ba2SiO4 filler, TiO2 pigment, and photoinitiator) were prepared via additive manufacturing with 3 s UV exposure (405 nm, 10 W/cm2) per 50 µm thick layer followed by 20 min post-curing treatment after fabrication. The effect of each component on the generated color shades was observed and compared to the commonly used VITA shade guide. The coloration was explored by staining aging treatment under dry, wet, artificial saliva environments, coffee, and cola. The mechanical properties were also evaluated. Color measurement and comparison were done using a colorimeter (lightness (L*), green-red color (a*), and blue-yellow color (b*)), and the changes were calculated by CIEDE2000 (ΔE00), translucency parameter (TP) and whiteness index (WID). The composition color analysis results were then applied to produce a color-graded temporary veneer for mimicking a natural look. ResultMechanically, all composition result in adequate bending strength with maximum achievable strength of 111.64 MPa. At the same time, the composite color was affected by each constituent differently. The L* value, which indicates the color lightness of the composite, was considerably tuned by the TiO2 pigment, whereas Ba2SiO4 filler only triggered minor changes. Photoinitiator concentration significantly affected the yellowness, indicated by the increased b* value. Similar tendency also observed toward the calculated TP and WID as well. Based on these evaluations, color-graded temporary veneer successfully generated, matching the VITA A3, A2, and B1 shades gradation. However, the stability of the composite color decreased at high amounts of Ba2SiO4 and photoinitiator. SignificanceThe study presents a composition guide for fabricating temporary patient-specific color-graded veneer. It provides insights on the effect of the constituent material on dental esthetics.