Light Shade Research Articles

Exploring nursing students' attitudes towards patients affected by HIV/AIDS. Does nursing curriculum need any improvement? The results of a European multicentre study

BackgroundCaring for people with HIV/AIDS is a challenging issue for nursing students, involving sometimes misconceptions due to different cultural, political, and religious views. Aim: the aim of this study was to investigate nursing students' attitudes on caring for people with HIV/AIDS.MethodsA convenient sample of undergraduate nursing students enrolled in four European universities was recruited. Data were collected by administering the AIDS Attitude Scale (AAS) and analysed through parametric and non-parametric statistics. The sample consisted of 594 students of which 162 (27.3%) were English, 246 (41.4%) Italian and 186 (31.3%) Greek.ResultsStudents' attitudes toward HIV/AIDS patients were relatively positive, although most of them indicated fear of contracting HIV through clinical practice. Students' positive feelings for HIV/AIDS patients were also correlated with the strong willingness to take care of them.ConclusionsA significant part of the participants believed that HIV/AIDS make nursing a high-risk profession. Furthermore, students' misconceptions were not limited to clinical practice. Students were in general well-disposed towards this patients' population but there was still stigma associated with this condition. A new educational approach may help redefining students' attitudes and improving quality of nursing care. Further investigation would help in shading light on why students are still biased in approaching those patients.

Effects of Light Shading, Fertilization, and Cultivar Type on the Stable Isotope Distribution of Hybrid Rice.

The effect of fertilizer supply and light intensity on the distribution of elemental contents (%C and %N) and light stable isotopes (C, N, H, and O) in different rice fractions (rice husk, brown rice, and polished rice) of two hybrid rice cultivars (maintainer lines You-1B and Zhong-9B) were investigated. Significant variations were observed for δ13C (-31.3 to -28.3‱), δ15N (2.4 to 2.7‱), δ2H (-125.7 to -84.7‱), and δ18O (15.1‱ to 23.7‱) values in different rice fractions among different cultivars. Fertilizer treatments showed a strong association with %N, δ15N, δ2H, and δ18O values while it did not impart any significant variation for the %C and δ13C values. Light intensity levels also showed a significant influence on the isotopic values of different rice fractions. The δ13C values showed a positive correlation with irradiance. The δ2H and δ15N values decreased with an increase in the irradiance. The light intensity levels did not show any significant change for δ18O values in rice fractions. Multivariate ANOVA showed a significant interaction effect of different factors (light intensity, fertilizer concentration, and rice variety) on the isotopic composition of rice fractions. It is concluded that all environmental and cultivation factors mentioned above significantly influenced the isotopic values and should be considered when addressing the authenticity and origin of rice. Furthermore, care should be taken when selecting rice fractions for traceability and authenticity studies since isotopic signatures vary considerably among different rice fractions.

Optical properties of esthetic temporary cements and final restoration color

BackgroundOpaque cements can be esthetically unfavorable and alternative translucent materials have been developed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the color interference of a new translucent cement compared with conventional materials, in association with interim restoration with different thickness and shades. MethodsBis-acryl composite disks were prepared in 2 thicknesses (1.2 mm, 0.6 mm) and 3 shades (A3.5, A2, bleached) to simulate the restorations. Cementation over dentin disks was performed with 1 translucent cement (Provicol QM Aesthetic; VOCO), 2 conventional cements (Provicol; VOCO, Temp-Bond NE; Kerr Dental), and 1 transparent liquid (polyethylene glycol 400). The difference between the color of the specimens cemented with the transparent liquid and that of the specimens cemented with each cement was calculated (ΔEab). The data were analyzed using 3-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests (5%). ResultsSignificant differences were observed for all factors and some interactions (P < .05). For Provicol QM Aesthetic, the shade and thickness did not influence the ΔEab. For Provicol and Temp-Bond NE, the lighter and thinner the specimen, the higher the ΔEab. Only Provicol QM Aesthetic had smaller means than the perceptibility threshold. Temp-Bond NE and Provicol had higher values than the acceptability threshold for some combinations. ConclusionsThe highly translucent cement had less color interference than the conventional materials. The thickness and resin shade only affected the results for the opaque cements. The thinner specimens and the lighter shades had higher color interference. Practical ImplicationsThe use of a more translucent cement can produce a smaller color interference on the esthetic outcome of interim restorations.

The physiological responses of critically endangered species Ardisia gigantifolia Stapf (Primulaceae) to different light intensities

To investigate the light intensity suitable for the growth of <i>Ardisia gigantifolia</i> Stapf, morphology, photosynthetic parameters, and indicators of oxidative stress were analyzed under different light intensities. Compared to high-irradiance treatment, medium and low-irradiance treatments promoted plant growth and restricted transpiration. Compared to medium irradiance, plants under high and low irradiance exhibited significantly lower maximal photochemical efficiency, potential photochemical efficiency, and electron transport rate, but significantly higher malondialdehyde content. This indicated that both excessive light and severe shading inhibited photosynthetic activity and induced oxidative stress, which resulted in a significant decrease in net photosynthetic rate. <i>A. gigantifolia</i> can adapt to different light intensities, improving light harvesting and utilizing capacity under low irradiance by increasing Chl (<i>a+b</i>) content and reducing Chl <i>a</i>/<i>b</i> ratio, and adapting to high irradiance by enhancing heat dissipation and activity of peroxidase. <i>A. gigantifolia</i> showed the best performance in growth and photosynthesis under medium irradiance treatment.

COMPLIANCE WITH TAX-RELATED REQUIREMENTS AMONG EMERGING RETAIL ENTERPRISES

Emerging enterprises often struggle to comply with tax related requirements for fear of paying tax. As a result, they lose to benefit from Government-led assistance programmes. A survey was carried out in emerging retail enterprises based in Johannesburg by gathering quantitative and qualitative information. The research was helpful for shading light on the extent to which emerging enterprises benefited from training programmes that are helpful for writing up business plans and for securing business loan applications from money lenders. As part of the survey, the level of skills in entrepreneurship was measured. The survey identified 3 influential factors. These were the generation of profit, writing up sound business plans, and the availability of fixed assets, savings and other forms of collateral for securing business loans. The results found a significant association between profitability and satisfactory compliance with tax related requirements.

Alice in Wonderland: experimental jurisprudence on the internal point of view

ABSTRACT Humans have this extraordinary cognitive ability: They imagine inexistent objects, they treat them as if they were real, and by doing so they make them real. They thus give rise to a shared institutional reality that enables them to cooperate in ways that would be impossible otherwise. In this paper, we would like to revisit the account that HLA Hart gives of the practice of collective acceptance that makes a legal system possible. We try to provide an explanation of what Hart calls the ‘internal point of view’, on the basis of experiments on institutional concepts, drawing on the paradigm known as ‘embodied cognition’. Experts and non-experts in law rated the role of several cognitive dimensions for a list of words referring to two kinds of abstract concepts (institutional and theoretical/scientific) and two kinds of concrete ones (food and artifact). Institutional concepts were distinguished into pure-institutional (e.g., ‘contract’, ‘state’, ‘property’) and meta-institutional (e.g., ‘norm’, ‘duty’, ‘justice’). The results provide an empirical account of how our way of thinking about institutions changes as we acquire expertise in the legal field, thus shading light on the cognitive underpinnings of the ‘internal point of view’.

The assessment of color adjustment potentials for monoshade universal composites

Abstract Objective To evaluate the color adjustment potentials of monoshade universal composites in different shades of class I cavities. Methodology About 132 restorations were performed using monoshade universal composites (Omnichroma, OMNI; Essentia Universal; EU; Charisma Diamond One, CDO), and one simplyshade composite (NeoSpectra-ST, NEO) as control. A transparent silicone mold was used to provide standardized restorations on prefabricated class I cavities of acrylic dentures in B1, A2, and C4 shades. The assessment of color adjustment was performed immediately after, at 24 h, and at 2 weeks, through the cross-polarized dental photographs. The quantitative assessments were performed using a software (Digital Color Meter, Macintosh AC). The collected L*, a*, and b* coordinates from the restorations and the adjacent denture surfaces were used to provide Δ E 00 ⁎ \text{&amp;#x0394;}{E}_{00}^{\ast } values. Shapiro–Wilk, three-way Anova and Tukey HSD Test were used for the statistical analyses (p &lt; 0.05). Results Among all composites and shades, the Δ E 00 ⁎ \text{&amp;#x0394;}{E}_{00}^{\ast } values were significantly the highest (1.27 ± 0.49a) for the immediately after assessments compared to the assessments at 1 day (1.01 ± 0.41b) and 2 weeks (0.97 ± 0.4c)(p &lt; 0.05). At 24 h and 2 weeks of evaluations, the Δ E 00 ⁎ \text{&amp;#x0394;}{E}_{00}^{\ast } values for the control (0.42 ± 0.16H) were significantly the lowest (p &lt; 0.05). Only the control presented imperceptible color changes for all the cavity shades (PT ≤ 0.8). After 2 weeks, EU (1.06 ± 0.32F) and OMNI (1.12 ± 0.18EF) presented significantly lower Δ E 00 ⁎ \text{&amp;#x0394;}{E}_{00}^{\ast } values compared to the CDO (1.29 ± 0.2CD) (p &lt; 0.05). Restorations in lighter cavities presented significantly lower Δ E 00 ⁎ \text{&amp;#x0394;}{E}_{00}^{\ast } values. Conclusion Monoshade universal composites presented acceptable but perceptible color adjustment potentials in class I cavities without the shade selection procedure. Simplyshade composites following the shade selection might still be the best options regarding the level of color adjustment. Monoshade universal composites might provide better color adjustments in cavities with lighter shades.

Flawed public diplomacy: when Croatia Instagram Riviera narrative destination branding ignores dark tourism amateurs

PurposeThis article tackles Croatian public diplomacy, destination and nation branding vis-à-vis an emerging Instagram trend to publish dark tourism related pictures sometimes using the official hashtag CroatiaFullOfLife; hence, poking Croatia tourism development accounts, which promote the country as merely a Riviera destination, and deletes the memories of Yugoslavian and Second Independence wars. Such a monolithic, shortsighted and amnesic destination branding strategy neglects alternative public tourism and public diplomacy opportunities.Design/methodology/approachThe article may improve the understanding of the links between the concepts of Public Diplomacy, nation and destination branding through an exploratory study of dark tourism amateurs experiences in Croatia, documented by pictures published on Instagram, the key digital social media for destination branding. It also outlines the history of Croatian tourism and government's efforts in promoting the overwhelming image of a sunny sea destination since the launching of the “Croatia Full Of Life” destination branding campaign in 2015. The study compares what and how dark tourism amateurs and Croatian main social media influencers publish contents destined to foreign publics.FindingsCroatia's official PR strategies and Instagram accounts ignore the increasing interest of foreign tourists, local younger generations and artists in abandoned places and Yugoslavian and Homeland War heritage monuments. These “light dark chiaroscuro” places are nowhere to be seen on Croatia's official Instagram account. Croatian government fails to embrace some aspects of the nation identity and to take advantage of Instagram trends and niche dark tourism influencers to boost and enrich its public diplomacy and the memorialization process of the darkest aspects of its past.Originality/valueThis research suggests that international Instagram influencers as well as local photographers, artists and history amateurs promote many shades of light–dark chiaroscuro tourism approaches. Their posts tell new narratives about the past and its memorialization, far from the silence and denial promoted by Croatian official Instagram accounts. Mainstream IG Croatian lifestyle marketing influencers and institutional accounts consistently shows beaches, blue waters and bikinis strictly respecting a monolithic, shortsighted and amnesic destination branding strategy. This study shows that some destination and nation-branding strategies could hinder rather than enhance public diplomacy.

FAR-RED INSENSITIVE 219 and phytochrome B corepress shade avoidance via modulating nuclear speckle formation.

Plants can sense the shade from neighboring plants by detecting a reduction of the red:far-red light (R:FR) ratio. Phytochrome B (phyB) is the primary photoreceptor that perceives shade light and regulates jasmonic acid (JA) signaling. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying phyB and JA signaling integration in shade responses remain largely unknown. Here, we show the interaction of phyB and FAR-RED INSENSITIVE 219 (FIN219)/JASMONATE RESISTANT1 (JAR1) in a functional demand manner in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedling development. Genetic evidence and interaction studies indicated that phyB and FIN219 synergistically and negatively regulate shade-induced hypocotyl elongation. Moreover, phyB interacted with various isoforms of FIN219 under high and low R:FR light. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment, FIN219 mutation, and PHYBOE digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase1-1 (dgd1-1) plants, which show increased levels of JA, altered the patterns of phyB-associated nuclear speckles under the same conditions. Surprisingly, PHYBOE dgd1-1 showed a shorter hypocotyl phenotype than its parental mutants under shade conditions. Microarray assays using PHYBOE and PHYBOE fin219-2 indicated that PHYB overexpression substantially affects defense response-related genes under shade light and coregulates expression of auxin-responsive genes with FIN219. Thus, our findings reveal that phyB substantially crosstalks with JA signaling through FIN219 to modulate seedling development under shade light.

Цветовая гамма в «Бриллиантовой руке» Леонида Гайдая

The main motives of the colour composition of the film The Diamond Arm are discussed in the article. The variations of the blue and the semantics of the cold range of colours associated with the world of the main character, Senya Gorbunkov, his unconscious and his fears are analyzed. The development of the motif of pale, light colour shades that appear at moments of dramatic uncertainty, extreme tension and preparation for the upcoming climaxes is traced. Silver and metallic tones are assigned to the secret world of smugglers. The author notes that throughout the film a certain dialogue of cold colours and warm ochre-scarlet colour shades unfolds. At first separate “warm” details inside blue landscapes and “pale” interiors appear, then their spatial presence and energy are enhanced. Ochre and red shades accompany the phenomenon of “dark forces”, whether it is a Soviet house manager Varvara Sergeevna or smugglers. The main red scene of the film is the scene of failed seduction of an honest hero. Thus, the main colour of the revolution is recoded into the colour of eroticism, deception, violence, unfortune. The white colour in the film plays the part of a trickster, revealing ambivalent properties and constantly showing that the whole reality and the person in it are not like what they seem. The colour concept forms a kind of visual melody of the film, adding much more semantic overtones.

The Effect of Light Availability on Photosynthetic Responses of Four Aglaonema commutatum Cultivars with Contrasting Leaf Pigment

Plants can be grouped into sun- and shade-type owing to their distinct irradiance adaptation. Aglaonema commutatum is a typical shade-tolerant perennial foliage plant native to South Asia with various leaf colorations. ‘Red’ cultivars are widely used for interior decorations and as courtyard ornamental plants, owing to their unique hue and bi-adaptation of both low and high irradiance. However, the underlying source of ‘red’ pigment-dependent irradiance bi-adaptation remains largely unknown. Therefore, four A. commutatum cultivars were comparatively evaluated in terms of pigment composition and photosynthetic rate under full light (sunlight) or 50% full light (shade) to unveil the relationship between pigmentation and irradiance bi-adaptation. Our results showed that the photosynthetic rate of sun leaves generated from light response curves was significantly correlated with anthocyanin content and chlorophyll in red cultivars, suggesting the influence of anthocyanin–light interactions on the high/low irradiance bi-adaptation of red A. commutatum. This study provides a theoretical basis for further cultivating red foliage A. commutatum cultivars under diverse light conditions.

Effect of far-red light on the production and diversity of ginsenosides in leaves of Panax ginseng Meyer

Ginsenosides are the most valuable and pharmacologically active triterpenoid saponins found in Panax ginseng. Although light quality affects ginsenoside content, little is known about the underlying genetic and regulatory mechanisms. Additionally, the correlation between the adaptability of ginseng to shade and ginsenoside biosynthesis remains poorly understood. In the present study, transcriptome analysis of ginseng seedlings using RNA sequencing revealed that the expression of ginsenoside biosynthesis genes, including PgHMGR, PgFPS, PgSS, and PgUGT, was enhanced in shade conditions but downregulated by red light, indicating that far-red light might play an essential role in ginsenoside production. Further, gene expression analysis in adventitious roots and 2-year-old plants using qRT-PCR showed that the light quality-mediated expression patterns of ginsenoside genes varied with tissue and age. However, unlike the transcriptome, there was no difference in the total ginsenoside content in seedlings among various light conditions. Nevertheless, the amount of major protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides increased under shade and red light conditions. Unlike seedlings and adventitious roots, there was a decrease in the expression of PgHMGR, PgFPS, PgSS, and PgDDS in 2-year-old plants, along with an increase in the ginsenoside content, under far-red light. Taken together, our findings suggest that far-red light is an important environmental factor for ginsenoside biosynthesis and diversification and provide information that can improve the quality of ginseng produced for medicinal purposes.

Investigation of the clean patterning possibilities on cotton socks through laser technology

AbstractThe aim of this research is to reveal the effect of laser treatment at different resolutions (10, 20 and 30 dpi) and pixel times (80, 100 and 120 μs) on reactive dye uptake of cotton fabrics and the fastness values obtained. Yellowness index, Fourier Transform–infrared analysis, scanning electron microscopy analysis and bursting strength tests were applied to samples. The samples treated with laser were dyed in lighter shades than the untreated ones, with all three of the reactive dyes used in the experiments. In general, colour yield values decreased when the resolution and pixel time increased. However, no significant change was observed in washing, rubbing, light and perspiration fastness values. The possibilities of obtaining various patterns on cotton socks dyed with reactive dyes by laser treatment at different resolutions and pixel times were also investigated. According to the results, it was determined that if laser treatment was not applied to some parts of reactive dyed cotton socks, and 10 dpi 100 μs and 20 dpi 100 μs laser was applied to other parts of those socks, then it was possible to obtain patterns with different shades of the same colour on the socks. On the other hand, laser application after dyeing does not have a negative effect on fastness values. After determining the optimum conditions for the laser process, non‐see‐through tights were produced with cotton yarn on the front and polyester/elastane yarn on the back, and patterns were obtained by applying laser treatment before or after dyeing via sample scale industrial production.

BBX24 Interacts with JAZ3 to Promote Growth by Reducing DELLA Activity in Shade Avoidance.

Shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) is a strategy of major adaptive significance and typically includes elongation of the stem and petiole, leaf hyponasty, reduced branching and phototropic orientation of the plant shoot toward canopy gaps. Both cryptochrome 1 and phytochrome B (phyB) are the major photoreceptors that sense the reduction in the blue light fluence rate and the low red:far-red ratio, respectively, and both light signals are associated with plant density and the resource reallocation when SAS responses are triggered. The B-box (BBX)-containing zinc finger transcription factor BBX24 has been implicated in the SAS as a regulator of DELLA activity, but this interaction does not explain all the observed BBX24-dependent regulation in shade light. Here, through a combination of transcriptional meta-analysis and large-scale identification of BBX24-interacting transcription factors, we found that JAZ3, a jasmonic acid signaling component, is a direct target of BBX24. Furthermore, we demonstrated that joint loss of BBX24 and JAZ3 function causes insensitivity to DELLA accumulation, and the defective shade-induced elongation in this mutant is rescued by loss of DELLA or phyB function. Therefore, we propose that JAZ3 is part of the regulatory network that controls the plant growth in response to shade, through a mechanism in which BBX24 and JAZ3 jointly regulate DELLA activity. Our results provide new insights into the participation of BBX24 and JA signaling in the hypocotyl shade avoidance response in Arabidopsis.

Development of a Fuzzy Model and Usability Test of a Recommended Interface Design for Mobile Phones for Elderly Users

Although mobile phone application developers aim to design software to be user-friendly, elderly users report having problems with flexible user interfaces. The purpose of this study was to examine a range of flexible user interface designs for mobile phones with the aim of locating and addressing the limitations reported by elderly users. Accordingly, a fuzzy model drawing on a range of variables was developed from an age/vision impaired related data set for the development of a variety of basic design elements for user interfaces. The model was tested to assess the preciseness and accuracy of its functions, achieving a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) close to 0 and an Effectiveness Index (EI) close to 1, giving the model a high value for effectiveness. A subsequent usability test of the generated design interfaces using four types of mobile phones (18 screens in all) was conducted among 25 elderly users with vision impairment. The findings showed that the size and shape of both numeric and function buttons was a significant factor in assessing phone usability both for communication and for social media use, as was text and number size, although, significantly, the latter was qualified by screen size. Recommended numeric and dial function button sizes are 15.6mm and 16.2 mm, respectively. Likewise, recommended text and numbers sizes are 14 and 25 points, respectively. Furthermore, square-shaped buttons with rounded-edge buttons are the most suitable for elderly users, as is a background in a light shade, with texts and icons in dark colors. The model demonstrates that it is possible to design user interfaces with particular groups in mind such as the elderly and vision-impaired, in order to enhance mobile phone usability for these groups.

'Traffic light' theory for Covid-19 spatial mitigation policy design

We suggest the use of outdegrees from graph theory to rank locations in terms of their contagiousness. We show that outdegrees are equal to the column sums of spatial autoregressive matrices, which may be estimated using econometric methods for spatial panel data. In contrast to outdegree, R is invalid for 'traffic light' shading because it fails to distinguish between the export and import of contagion between sub-national locations. Simulation methods are used to illustrate the concept of outdegrees and its structural determinants in terms of centrality, indigenous contagion and spatial contagion. An empirical illustration is presented for Israel. A secondary criterion for traffic light shading involves the stochastic structure of morbidity shocks, which induce 'spiking' through their autoregressive persistence, conditional heteroscedasticity and diffusion jump parameters.

Homeopathy as a saviour for urolithiasis: A narrative review shading light on pathophysiology of renal stones and homeopathy drugs

Kidney stone disease is a crystal concretion formed generally within the kidneys. It is an accumulative urological disorder of human health, affecting about 12% of the world population. Higher risk of kidney failure which has been associated with end stage renal failure. Calcium oxalate, which forms at Randall's plaque on the renal papillary surfaces, is the most common type of kidney stone. Stone formation is highly prevalent, with rates of up to 14.8% and increasing, and a recurrence rate of up to 50% within the first 5 years of the initial stone incident. The formation of the stone is a complex process which results from numerous physiochemical events such as, super saturation, nucleation, growth, aggregation, and retention of urinary stone constituents within tubular cells. Several therapies are being performed for kidney stone treatment, including thiazide diuretics, allopurinol, painkillers, dietary changes, shock-wave treatment, ureterenooscopic and percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and ureterenooscopic and percutaneous nephrolithotomy in severe cases. However, the side effects that these treatments possess and reoccurrence of the disease have motivated researchers to search for better and safer options. Homeopathic drugs as well as several medicinal plants display antiurolithiatic activity and thus perform an important role in treatment of kidney stone disease. Therefore, the present review thereby wants to bring to the attention the wonderful results that homeopathy is offering in cases of urolithiasis in a very non-invasive and economical way which is not yet popularized.

Usefulness of Chromogenic Media with Fluconazole Supplementation for Presumptive Identification of Candida auris.

Introduction:Candida auris is a major threat to public health. Rapid detection is essential for early treatment and transmission control. The use of chromogenic media allows the presumptive identification of this new species. The aim of this study is to describe the morphological characteristics of C. auris colonies on three commercial chromogenic media. Methods: Nineteen C. auris isolates from different countries/clades and 18 isolates of other species were cultivated in CHROMagarTM Candida Plus, HiCromeTM Candida, CHROMagar-Candida, and fluconazole-supplemented (32 mg/L) CHROMagar-Candida media. Results: On CHROMagarTM Candida Plus and HiCromeTM Candida, C. auris isolates from Colombia, Venezuela, India, Korea, and Japan displayed blue-shaded colonies, while isolates from Spain and Germany exhibited light pink shades with a bluish halo. All isolates showed white to pink colonies on CHROMagar-Candida. On CHROMagar Candida supplemented with fluconazole, whilst C. auris, C. glabrata, or C. krusei showed a similar pink color at 48 h incubation, phenotypic differentiation was possible by the rough, paraffin-like texture or the intense purple color acquired by C. krusei and C. glabrata, respectively. Moreover, in this medium, the presence of C. auris in combination with other species of similar color was not limiting for its early identification, due to this medium selecting only strains resistant to this antifungal. Conclusions: The use of chromogenic media such as CHROMagarTM Candida Plus facilitates a presumptive identification of C. auris. However, this identification can be difficult in the presence of mixed cultures. In these cases, the use of CHROMagarTM Candida medium with 32 mg/L fluconazole offers better performance for the identification of C. auris by inhibiting fluconazole-susceptible strains and selecting rare or high fluconazole MIC (>32 mg/L) isolates.

Evaluation of the Stripping Performance of Monochlorotriazine/Vinyl Sulphone Reactive Dyes with a Reductive Stripping Agent

The wet processing industry experiences various problems, such as the faulty and uneven shade of dyeing, colour patch formation on the surface of dyed fabric, etc. during the dyeing and subsequent processing of textile materials. Stripping is considered a process that helps to reuse faulty dyed fabrics by minimizing dyeing faults. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of stripping agents and the quality of stripped cotton knit fabrics that were coloured using bi-functional (monochlorotriazine/vinyl sulphone) reactive dyes. First, the trichromatic combination of Drimarene Yellow CL2R, Drimarene Red CL5B and Drimarene Blue HFRL dyes was used to dye fabrics in two different shade percentages, namely light shade (0.3% owf) and dark shade (3.0% owf). Consequently, stripping was carried out using varying concentrations of stripping chemicals (hydrose (Na2S2O4) and caustic soda (NaOH)) and process temperatures. Stripped fabrics were assessed after measuring the weight loss percentage, strength loss percentage, whiteness index and stripping efficiency. The results of that assessment showed a relatively better stripping performance with the chemical concentration of 5 g/L hydrose and 5 g/L caustic soda at 100 °C. Under this condition, the value of the whiteness index and stripping efficiency were adequate, with a minimum weight loss percentage and strength loss percentage. The stripping performance for the light shade (0.3% owf) fabric was deemed to be better than that for the dark shade (3.0% owf) fabric.

Influence of ceramic thickness, background and cement shade on the translucency of zirconia reinforced lithium silicate and lithium disilicate ceramics.

Although, the influence of cement and background shade on the final color and translucency of zirconia reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) and lithium disilicate (LDS) ceramics has been previously investigated, there is still little data on the translucency of LDS and ZLS ceramics in decreased thickness (0.4 and 0.6 mm). The aim of this study was to investigate ceramic thickness', background and cement shades' effects on the zirconia reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) and lithium disilicate (LDS) ceramics' translucency. Totally 160 square-shaped A1 shade LDS and ZLS samples produced in 0.4 and 0.6 mm thicknesses were cemented with light and neutral shade resin cement on A2 and A3 shade composite resin backgrounds. The color notations of specimen were measured and translucency parameter (TP) values were calculated. Factorial ANOVA and Tamhane's T2 multiple comparison statistical analyzes were used. Highest TP values (11.82±0.97) were obtained in ZLS specimens that were 0.4 mm in thickness, cemented on A2 background with light shade resin cement. While, the lowest TP values (9.60±0.55) were calculated in LDS samples that had 0.6 mm thickness, cemented on A3 background with neutral shade resin cement. Material type, thickness, and background shade affected TP values of specimens. The cement and background shade used might change the final translucency of ZLS and LDS ceramics that had 0.4 and 0.6 mm thickness. Key words:Ceramics, lithium disilicate, spectrophotometry, zirconia, dental materials.