Shade Dispersion Research Articles

Backpropagation artificial neural network-based maximum power point tracking controller with image encryption inspired solar photovoltaic array reconfiguration

The enhancement of photovoltaic (PV) arrays through reconfiguration presents a promising avenue for increasing the global maximum power (GMP) and improving overall array performance. This enhancement is achieved by minimizing differences between rows, thereby reducing the computational load on Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) systems. However, many existing reconfiguration methods face various challenges, including scalability issues, inadequate shading dispersion, distortion of array characteristics, emergence of multiple power peaks, increased mismatch, and more. In order to overcome these obstacles, this study presents a novel method for array reconfiguration that is modelled after the widely used Kolakoski Sequence Transform in picture encryption. The suggested approach is assessed in eight different scenarios with 9 × 9 and 5 × 5 PV arrays shaded differently. Its performance is compared against seven established techniques. Due to its intelligent reconfiguration aimed at minimizing shade dispersion, the suggested approach consistently outperforms alternative methods. It results in substantial improvements in GMP, enhancing it by 32.79%, 14.98%, 10.15%, and 4.13% for 9 × 9 arrays, and 37.10%, 14.36%, and 9.88% for 5 × 5 arrays across diverse conditions. Furthermore, this study comprehensively investigates three separate Artificial Neural Network algorithms, specifically the Levenberg-Marquardt (LMB), Scaled Conjugate Gradient, and Bayesian Regularization algorithms for MPPT. A Levenberg-Marquardt Backpropagation-based MPPT controller for a 250Wp standalone PV system is used to validate the effectiveness of the recommended configuration. This integrated approach, which combines reconfiguration and LMB-based MPPT utilizes only two sensors regardless of array size. It achieves accelerated convergence tracking within a short 0.13 s, displaying minimal steady-state oscillations.

A Simple Primary Key Algorithm Based Shade Dispersion Method for Maximizing PV Power Generation Under Partial Shading Conditions

A Simple Primary Key Algorithm Based Shade Dispersion Method for Maximizing PV Power Generation Under Partial Shading Conditions

Enhancing PV Power Extraction Under Partial Shading Condition with Shade Dispersion Strategy

Improving photovoltaic (PV) system efficiency is a popular field of research. Partial shading (PS) adversely impacts the solar system's output power, which considerably reduces the system's efficiency. As a result, this issue has been the subject of extensive investigation. When sunlight is blocked off of photovoltaic cells in a PV array, panel, or module, it is referred to as shading. Using a method that involves spreading shade throughout the PV array is one of the suggested fixes for this issue. This study compares the performance of a shade dispersion method to different PV array configurations under different partial shading circumstances, and it looks at how effective it is in a 3x3 PV system. MATLAB/Simulink is used for the evaluation. To achieve this, shade dispersion-based TCT (SD-TCT) under various shading scenarios has been compared to the current standard designs, which include series-parallel (SP), Honey-Comb (HC), Bridge-Linked (BL), and Total Cross-Tied (TCT). Based on the global maximum power (GMPP), mismatch power losses, fill factor (FF), percentage power losses (PL %), and PV system efficiency, the efficacy of the shade dispersion technique was assessed. For every partial shading condition (PSC) that was studied, the SD-TCT configuration outperforms the other setups in terms of fill factor and power loss.

Enhancement of photovoltaic array characteristics and global maximum power using Padovan transform‐based image encryption strategy

SummaryDuring shading, the mismatch between the panels in the photovoltaic (PV) array mitigates the global maximum power (GMP). Besides, the mismatch in the irradiation levels of distinct rows of the PV array instigates multiple power peaks (MPPs) in the array characteristics. Distinguishing the local and global peaks among MPPs for tracking the GMP is highly challenging for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers. So, to mitigate the MPPs and enhance the GMP, array reconfiguration is preferred. Nevertheless, most existing reconfiguration techniques exhibit poor shade dispersal, distorted electrical characteristics, multiple MPPs, increased mismatch, scalability issues, etc. To overcome these challenges, this paper proposes a new Padovan transform‐based encryption strategy for array reconfiguration. The proposed method was evaluated for both symmetric and unsymmetrically sized arrays. Its performance has also been compared to that of 23 other strategies. The proposed reconfiguration strategy integrated with MPPT is validated experimentally using a prototype model. A nonparametric statistical hypothesis test with a p‐value of 0.05 has been used for a pairwise fair comparison study among the examined approaches. The proposed approach constantly outperforms the current methods because of its unique shade dispersion generated through intelligent reconfiguration offering the GMP improvement of 34.429%, 12.51%, 5.05%, and 37.40%, 22.93%, 16.51% for 9 × 9 and 4 × 8 PV arrays, respectively.

Modified Odd–Even–Prime pattern for effective dispersion of shade over the PV array under partial shading conditions

Photovoltaic (PV) arrays are extensively used for power generation being the most abundant renewable energy sources available. Partial shading of the PV array leads to mismatch between the modules and decrease in output power. A new Modified Odd–Even–Prime (MOEP) method of module arrangement for total cross tied (TCT) connection is presented in this paper to mitigate the effects of partial shading. The proposed MOEP method is a physical relocation method where the modules of PV array are relocated without altering the electrical connections. MOEP method of module rearrangement is based on row positions of the PV array. In this method, the row positions of PV modules in the first column are filled with odd, even and prime numbers in ascending order. The row positions of further columns are formed based on MOEP method. The proposed MOEP method is implemented on 9 × 9 and 8 × 8 PV arrays under various shading patterns. Further, the results are compared with TCT, Odd Even (OE) and Odd–Even–Prime (OEP) patterns. MATLAB/Simulink is used to validate the results. An experimental setup of 9 × 9 and 8 × 8 PV array is developed and tested in real time environment to validate the effectiveness of MOEP method over TCT, OE and OEP methods. The performance of proposed MOEP method is evaluated in terms of GMPP, mismatch power loss (MPL), Fill Factor (FF), Efficiency (η) and Shade Dispersion Ratio (SDR). A detailed study on energy savings from the proposed MOEP method is made on hourly, daily and yearly basis. From the experimental results obtained, it is observed that MOEP method generates a significant improvement in GMPP, efficiency and reduces the mismatch loss compared to TCT, OE and OEP methods.

Optimal Shade Dispersion Strategy for Enhanced PV Power Extraction Under PSCs

Optimal Shade Dispersion Strategy for Enhanced PV Power Extraction Under PSCs

A novel shadow dispersion approach for solar PV modules in array using chess board game methodology: An experimental study

In the global scenario, photovoltaic (PV) systems contribute much power compared to other renewable energy (RE) sources due to their benefits, e.g., environmental friendliness, low maintenance, and the small investment required for efficient energy harvest. However, it experiences performance limitations due to adverse climatic conditions, i.e., temperature and sun irradiance variations. Partial shadowing circumstances (PSCs) have a negative effect on PV modules, leading to a shift in irradiance and diminished PV performance in terms of power loss (PL), performance ratio (PR), and reduced fill factor (FF). In this paper, the modification of PV module interconnections in an array system shows the power loss reduction under PSCs. The chess board game theory (CBGT) based PV array reconfiguration technique shows efficient results in terms of shade dispersion on the entire PV array to diminish the shading effect. Novel CBGT configuration (9 × 9 size) shows minimum PL and higher global maximum power point (GMPP) compared to existing series–parallel (SP), total-cross-tied (TCT), and puzzle-based Su-Do-Ku (SDK) and puzzle game theory (PGT) PV configurations. The CBGT configuration achieves higher performance in power GMPP (315.8 W, 273.6 W, 232.8 W, and 262.1 W) under four shading instances experimentally.

One-step adaptive reconfiguration technique for partial shaded photovoltaic array

The performance of a photovoltaic (PV) array greatly depends on partial shading conditions, which can be diminished by careful planning and positioning of PV modules during installation to avoid self-shading. However, partial shading caused by nearby buildings, dust, and snow cannot be completely avoided. One of the approaches to reduce the effects of partial shading is the reconfiguration technique. However, the reconfiguration increases the length of the wire and system complexity. This study proposes an adaptive reconfiguration technique for a 4x4 PV array with reduced complexity and better shade dispersion. The effectiveness of the proposed reconfiguration technique is implemented and tested on a 4x4 total-cross-tied PV array in a MATLAB Simulink environment. In the proposed configuration, the switching matrix connects the fixed and adaptive part of the PV array, in such a way that the switches can connect the PV module of the next column by shifting downwards and shifting upwards. A comprehensive analysis of proposed reconfiguration is carried out and its performance is compared with existing fixed and dynamic reconfiguration techniques in terms of performance parameters. The study result shows that the proposed reconfiguration technique delivers superior performance compared to existing fixed and dynamic reconfiguration techniques in terms of better shade dispersion, enhanced performance and reduced complexity. For the LC shade pattern, the proposed BSSU technique has obtained improved PE of 48%, 31%, 15% and 9% compared to CMA, TCT, ADR and SS configurations. Experimental verification is carried out to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed reconfiguration technique.

A comprehensive investigation of a solar array with wire length under partial shading conditions

ABSTRACT Partial shading condition (PSC) leads to mismatch losses and multiple peaks on the output curves. Several static-based reconfigurations like total cross-tied (TCT), skyscraper reconfiguration (SSR), and odd-even reconfiguration (OER) were reported to address these issues. But, less shade dispersion and more wiring losses occur in these arrays. This work focuses on both power improvement and wire length reduction of solar arrays under PSC. Based on the reduced wire length to more than 50% for SSR over OER, a novel enhanced skyscraper reconfiguration (ESR) is proposed in this work. ESR is cheaper by 169.13 INR and 1699.07 INR as compared to SSR and OER respectively. Further, the performance of the novel ESR is compared by obtaining several parameters like fill factor (FF), efficiency (Ƞ), global power (GP), execution ratio (ER), current loss (IL), and mismatch loss (ML) with the existing SSR and OER. It is observed that the Ƞ is improved by 4% and 13.05% and GP is maximized by 3.74W and 4.48W for the novel-proposed ESR over SSR and OER, which is experimentally verified under regional and corner shadings respectively. Overall, the novel-proposed ESR confirms its supremacy over other considered models in this study.

Innovative Methodologies for Higher Global MPP of Photovoltaic Arrays under PSCs: Experimental Validation

Partial shading conditions (PSCs) are responsible for the root causes of photovoltaic (PV) system performance deprivation such as hotspots (damaged PV cells), mismatch power losses and multiple power maxima. Recently, PV array reconfiguration strategies have proven to be beneficial in improving PV system performance and achieving improved shade dispersion properties. This research analyzes the improved Su-Do-Ku (I-SDK) PV array configuration in order to counteract the shading effect. This approach implements a 6 × 6 size PV array configuration and performance evaluation under different realistic shading scenarios. The performance of the I-SDK configuration is assessed and compared to that of the total-cross-tied (TCT) and Su-Do-Ku (SDK) arrangements. The performance indices such as power loss (PL), power at global maximum power point (GMPP), fill-factor (FF), performance ratio (PR), power enhancement (PE) and execution ratio (ER) are analyzed to show comprehensive comparison. An experimental analysis confirms the MATLAB/Simulink findings, demonstrating that the I-SDK configuration outperforms both the TCT and SDK array setups. The GMPP values of 143.5 W, 141.7 W, 138.1 W and 129.3 W also show the superiority of I-SDK during four shading instances compared to conventional SP, TCT, SDK and SM arrangements. Moreover, under similar PSCs, higher %FF (74.61%, 76.10%, 77.1%, 75.92%) and lower PL (36.7 W, 38.5 W, 42.1 W, 50.9 W) support the adoptability of I-SDK for experimental validation/commercial viability.

A novel reconfiguration of the solar array to enhance peak power and efficiency under partial shading conditions: experimental validation

Abstract Non-homogeneous irradiation patterns and temperature levels immensely affect the performance of solar photovoltaic arrays. Partial shading conditions on solar arrays reduce the peak power and efficiency. This paper provides a new remedy called a novel Ramanujan reconfiguration (NRR) to eliminate this physical shading problem in solar photovoltaic systems. NRR is a static-based reconfigured technique that is built using a three-diode model with the help of the MATLAB®/Simulink® tool. The special feature of the proposed NRR technique is that when shade occurs on the solar modules, it gets realigned in a particular row, column, diagonal, corner, centre and middle peripheral cages. This helps over a wide range of shade dispersion on the solar array. The novel topology is tested against the conventional total cross-tied (TCT) model and recently introduced advanced reconfigured models, namely odd–even topology (OET) and Kendoku topology (KDT). The results are tested under certain shading conditions. The proposed NRR technique increases the peak power by 4.45, 2.15 and 2.17 W under the first shading condition regarding TCT, OET and KDT. Its efficiency is improved by 0.51–2.18% under the third shading condition compared with other considered models in this study. In addition, NRR leads to smooth output curves under the second, third and fourth shading conditions, effectively mitigating the local power peaks. The experimental results show the proposed enhanced performance of the novel model against the other models.

Study on Meta-heuristics techniques for shade dispersion to enhance GMPP of PV array systems under PSCs

Reconfiguring the photovoltaic modules in an array is one option for reducing the influence of partial shadowing circumstances, which shows the shade dispersion property on the entire photovolatic array. This paper proposes a novel meta-heuristic optimization technique named Vommi that resolves the reconfiguration process of shaded modules in a photovoltaic array. Using the proposed objective function, the major goal of this unique optimization technique is to maximize the power extracted from the shaded PV array during shading conditions. The proposed meta-heuristic Vommi optimization algorithm is compared to conventional total cross-tied, and particle swarm optimization algorithm-based configurations in terms of power at the global maximum power point, improved fill factor, power losses, execution ratio, etc. The global maximum power point of the Vommi optimization algorithm configuration delivers such as 990 W, 1283 W, 1181 W, and 1173 W, which are higher than conventional approaches during all four partial shodowing circumstances and smoother power-voltage characteristics..

Disperse Partial Shading Effect of Photovoltaic Array by Means of the Modified Complementary SuDoKu Puzzle Topology

This paper presents a novel modified Complementary SuDoKu puzzle (MC-SDKP) topology for the static reconfiguration of photovoltaic (PV) arrays. It was developed with the aim of enhancing the power output of a PV array which is exposed to partially shaded conditions (PSCs). To disperse patterns of both center shading and corner shading, the MC-SDKP technique modified and combined the Optimal SDKP and the Complementary SDKP (C-SDKP) topologies. An 8 × 8 PV array configured with the MC-SDKP topology was exposed to nine different shading patterns, and its performance was compared with that of the other four topologies. The results of the performance evaluation confirmed that, when configured according to the MC-SDKP, the PV array produced the highest average power output among all five topologies, with a 15.07% higher output on average than the total-cross tied. The PV array with the MC-SDKP topology also exhibited the lowest average power loss (1.34%). This study clearly established the effectiveness of the MC-SDKP topology at mitigating the effects of both center and corner shading. The advantages of the MC-SDKP reconfiguration technique are: an increase in extracted power, a reduction in current mismatch losses, an improvement in shade dispersion under conditions of center shading, and good scalability.

Solar Array Optimization Using Cryptographic Fibonacci Transformation for Global Power Enhancement and Ease of MPPT Controllers

The photovoltaic array reconfiguration approach is the most promising solution to enhance the global maximum power (GMP) and improve the array characteristics by mitigating the variation between distinct rows, thereby reducing the computational burden on maximum power point tracking systems. However, the majority of the existing reconfiguration approaches inherently have many drawbacks such as scalability issues, poor shade dispersion, distorted array characteristics, numerous power peaks, augmented mismatch, etc. In order to address these issues, this article proposes a novel integer‐based Fibonacci transform technique using the idea of image encryption for reconfiguration. The proposed strategy is tested for both symmetric and asymmetric photovoltaic (PV) arrays under 19 shading cases. Further, its performance is compared with the 23 existing techniques. Besides, a nonparametric Wilcoxon signed‐rank sum test with a significant difference (p‐value) of 0.05 is used to perform a pairwise unbiased comparison of all the techniques. Due to the discriminate shade dispersion through intelligent reconfiguration, the proposed strategy delivers consistently superior performance yielding the respective GMP enhancement of 34.43%, 12.5%, 5.06%, and 37.39%, 22.94%, 16.5% for 9 × 9, and 4 × 8 PV arrays under distinct cases. The proposed algorithm is further validated using the Levenberg–Marquardt neural network‐based MPPT controller for a 7 kWp standalone PV system.

Hardware implementation of proposed and conventional PV array reconfiguration techniques to extract maximum power under various shading conditions

SummaryThe unpredictability of partial shadowing impacts the solar photovoltaic system's performance. This results in mismatch losses, reducing the healthy PV module's power output. This paper proposes a new reconfiguration method to increase the power generation of an array by lowering the power losses. A new physical relocation technique named the magic matrix shifting (MMS) method has been introduced in this paper. This work uses MATLAB/Simulink to model a 36, 213w, 6 × 6 PV array construction. Under six different partial shading situations, the performance has been examined based on P‐V, I‐V characteristics, maximum power extraction, power loss, and percentage. For comparison purposes, conventional total‐cross‐tide (TCT) and six other reconfigurations, including sudoku (SK), optimum sudoku (OSK), zig‐zag (ZZ), magic square (MS), sky‐scraper (SS), and novel shade dispersion (NSD) have been considered.

Novel Shade Dispersion Techniques for Reconfiguration of Partially Shaded Photovoltaic Arrays

The photovoltaic (PV) arrays are inevitably subjected to partial shading (PS) conditions that highly limit the output. To mitigate these effects, various reconfiguration procedures have been executed by the researchers. However, many of these procedures fail to disperse the shade effectively over the entire array and hence there is a dire need for such an efficient reconfiguration technique. This paper explores Knight’s Tour Magic square (KTM) and Doubly Even-order Magic square (DEM) techniques which effectively disperse the shadow by reconfiguring the array without altering the electrical connections. To examine the superiority of the proposed techniques, their performance has been compared with conventional total-cross-tied, existing odd-even and odd-even-prime configurations of a symmetric 8 × 8 and asymmetric 4 × 3 PV arrays. Further, the applicability of the proposed techniques is proved by analysing the system with eight performance parameters such as global maximum power, power mismatch, percentage losses, efficiency, fill factor, capacity factor, array yield, and performance ratio under 20 distinct PS patterns. The power enhancement in GMP using the KTM and DEM approaches are nearly 42.67%, 17.87%, 16.24%, 8.04% for asymmetric arrays, and 26.43%, 25.38%, 25.09%, 15.61%, 10.63%, for the symmetric arrays. Finally, a comprehensive economic analysis is also performed, and it is observed that there is a significant augmentation in the number of units and the revenue generated by employing the proposed techniques.

Successive rotation approach based novel game puzzles for higher shade dispersion of PV array systems under non-uniform irradiations

Obstructed irradiation negatively impacts solar PV performance and raises issues of power loss (PL). In the partial shading conditions (PSCs), each row in the PV system has a distinct current production capability under the adverse shadowing effects, which is caused to introduce multiple power peaks known as GMPP and LMPP on the power-voltage (P-V) curves. The MPP tracking device is misleading during adverse irradiation circumstances due to numerous power maxima points. The array system adopted a realignment strategy to boost the PV system's resiliency under the shading mentioned earlier. In this paper, a novelphysical relocationapproach depends onthe 'Successive Rotation Approach' (SRA) based novel game puzzle, which illustrates high GMPP better performanceunder PSCs. The present study suggests that the SRA puzzle-based PVmodule restructuring methodology has a more significant shade dispersion factor (SDF) capability compared to traditional arrangements such as SP, TCT, SDK, and I-SDK, thus reducing PL and optimizing positions of GMPP. An experimental system is developed to validate the MATLAB/Simulink-based results, which proves the close agreement under similar realistic shading situations. In addition to this, the temperature effect due to shading is ivestigated and non-symmetric (6 × 9) PV array configurations are considered for performance evaluation through experimental work.

Alternate panel interchange technique to improve the power production of PV array operating under various shading situations

ABSTRACT This work presents an improved shade dispersion technique named as Alternate Panel Interchange (API) technique to get an enhanced power output of the PV system under partial shading scenarios. In this proposed technique, Total Cross Tied forms the electrical connections, whereas the physical position of the module is as per the API technique. The proposed technique distributes the effects of mismatching simplified with two stepped dispersion procedures. This paper considers a 6 × 6 array for various shading scenarios. For comparative investigation of the proposed technique with hybrid configurations, Bridge Link-Total Cross Tied, Series Parallel-Total Cross Tied, Honey Comb-Total Cross Tied, and conventional Total Cross Tied are taken. The instantaneous maximum power of the proposed technique improves over TCT by 19.58%, 9.52%, 7.92%, and 1.36% in uneven rows, corner, L-shaped, and triangular shading scenarios. The reduction in mismatch losses is a substantial cause for improved power output with the proposed technique and eventually results in the fill-factor enhancement.

A novel scan pattern for reconfiguration of partially shaded photovoltaic arrays for maximum power extraction

AbstractReconfiguration plays an indispensable role in augmenting the output of the photovoltaic (PV) array under partial shading conditions. Various reconfiguration schemes have been proposed in the literature to disperse the shade in partially shaded PV arrays. Nevertheless, most of these schemes can be employed only for less‐rated arrays, are not compatible with all array sizes, fails in effective shade dispersion over the entire array, and so forth. To overcome these shortcomings, a calligraphy‐based diagonal scan pattern is proposed to reconfigure the PV array to improve the row currents of the PV array thereby reducing the mismatch between them. The superiority of the proposed scheme is examined by comparing it with conventional Series‐Parallel, Total‐Cross‐Tied, and the existing image processing based‐Chaotic Baker Map, Odd‐Even, and Odd‐Even‐Prime configurations. Besides, the system is extensively studied for various symmetrical 9 × 9, 8 × 8, 4 × 4, and unsymmetrical 8 × 6 PV arrays under 34 distinct shading cases with various performance indices. An experimental laboratory prototype model of a 4 × 4 PV array reconfiguration system is developed and studied under distinct shading conditions. Subsequently, an inclusive economic analysis is also conducted, and it is noted that there is a notable enhancement in electricity units and revenue generation by executing the proposed reconfiguration scheme.

A novel PV array reconfiguration approach to mitigate non-uniform irradiation effect

The extraction of power at global maximum power point (GMPP) has been affected due to non-uniform row-current generation leading to the formation of multiple peaks in power-voltage (P-V) curve. This issue booms out due to set of factors referred to as partial shading condition (PSC). To root-out this issue, puzzle-game based strategies were developed based on physical relocation of shaded modules with the unshaded one. This has a limitation when considering the size as a parameter which is non-effective for larger shade-dispersion. Thus, to alleviate this issue, this research paper intends to execute a novel reconfiguration topology based on idea of permutation and combination (P-C). This novel metaheuristic approach is focussed on building a fitness function in terms of efficiency (Ƞ), fill-factor (FF) and power loss (PLOSS). A connection list has been prepared to evaluate for optimal combination of solar modules. Hence, this approach excels in providing an optimum solar array attenuating the complexity of the photovoltaic (PV) system. The effectiveness of this approach has been validated through MATLAB tool on 4 × 4, 6 × 4 and 9 × 9 solar array size under various shading patterns. To bring out more efficacy, this suggested novel approach has been elaborately compared with traditional Total cross tied (TCT) topology and two other puzzle-based topology Ken-Ken (K-K) and L-shape (L-S) topology for 4 × 4 solar array size on the basis of 16 performance parameters; maximum voltage (VMAX), maximum current (IMAX), GMPP, local maximum power point (LMPP; its values and number of peaks generated on the P-V curve), misleading power loss (MLPL), mismatch loss (MLOSS), current and voltage loss (ILOSS, VLOSS), PLOSS, execution ratio (ER), Ƞ, FF, %power improvement (%PI), thermal voltage (TV) and power enhancement ratio (PER). Results for 4 × 4 solar array size portray that P-C has enhanced GMPP by 5.64 W, 5.64 W and 6.61 W reducing PLOSS by 7%, 6% and 8.26% respectively over L-S, K-K and TCT under border shading. Validation of the novel P-C for 6 × 4 solar array size has been done with TCT and L-S. Its results conclude that GMPP of P-C is incremented by 12.99 W and 0.70 W reducing the PLOSS by 11.16% and 0.99% respectively over TCT and L-S under corner shading. Further, the novel P-C for 9 × 9 solar array size has been validated with TCT, K-K, L-S, Ancient Chinese (A-C) and Skyscraper (S-S) topologies. GMPP of the novel P-C is improved by 16.19 W, 12.34 W, 12.34 W, 12.11 W and 2.75 W minimizing the PLOSS by 5.80%, 5.75%, 5.75%, 5.73% and 4.23% over TCT, K-K, L-S, A-C and S-S under zigzag shading. The comparative results under all the three considered solar array size strongly suggests the increased ability of the proposed novel P-C approach in enhancing the performance parameters and an effective shade dispersion over the entire PV array under PSC as compared to other considered reconfigurations.