SH0 Mode Research Articles

Simulation of solidly mounted plate wave resonator with wide bandwidth using 0-th shear horizontal mode in LiNbO3 plate

A cognitive radio system using a vacant frequency band of digital TV channels (TV white space) requires a tunable filter with wide tunable ranges of center frequency and bandwidth. An ultra-wideband resonator is a key device to implement the tunable filter, because the tunable range is limited by the bandwidth (BW) of the resonators. A 0-th shear horizontal (SH0) mode plate wave resonator using an ultra-thin LiNbO3 plate is known to have a large electromechanical coupling factor, i.e., a large BW, but the structural fragility of the ultra-thin LiNbO3 plate is problematic. In this study, the feasibility of solidly mounted resonator type SH0 mode plate wave resonator was investigated systematically by finite element method simulation. The design parameters including the Euler angle, thickness of a LiNbO3 plate, and the material and thickness of an interdigital transducer were optimized. With the best design, a BW as wide as 26% is obtained.

Torsional mode magnetostrictive patch transducer array employing a modified planar solenoid array coil for pipe inspection

In recent investigations, the application of the transducers used in plates has been extended to pipe inspection with circumferential arrays because of the similar particle displacement patterns of some modes between plate and pipe, such as SH and torsional modes. Motivated by the configuration of magnetostrictive patch transducer (MPT), in which a planar solenoid array (PSA) coil was adopted to generate SH waves in plates, we proposed a MPTs array employing a modified planar solenoid array (MPSA) coil, i.e. MPSA coil-MPTs array, for generating and receiving the torsional mode in pipes. The configuration of the MPSA coil modified from PSA coil is suitable to be arranged on the pipe surface and can generate high-power waves. In the suggested configuration of MPT, because the direction of the actuating dynamic magnetic field produced by the MPSA coil is orthogonal to the direction of the static magnetic field produced by the permanent magnets in the magnetostrictive patch, the shear deformation induced by the magnetostriction in the patch will be delivered to the pipe, thus generating the torsional mode. First, it was experimentally verified that the fundamental torsional mode, T(0,1), could be effectively generated and received in pipes with the developed MPSA coil-MPTs array. Then, we studied the relationship between the frequency response characteristic of the developed MPSA coil-MPTs array and the interval defined by the distance of adjacent solenoids in the MPSA coil. Simultaneously, the circumferential crack defects in pipe were successfully identified. Finally, the performance of the MPSA coil-MPTs array was compared with that of previous meander coil-MPTs array. The comparison results demonstrated that the developed MPSA coil-MPTs array could enhance the power of the torsional mode.

Ultra-wideband and high frequency resonators using shear horizontal type plate wave in LiNbO3 thin plate

A cognitive radio system requires a tunable filter with a wide tunable range to compose a simple front-end. Because the tunable range is limited by the bandwidth (BW) of resonators, an ultra-wideband resonator is an important device to implement the tunable filter. The authors previously obtained low frequency resonators with a wide BWs of 26 to 29% and a large impedance ratios of 92 to 98 dB between resonance (fr) and anti-resonance frequencies (fa) using 0-th mode shear horizontal (SH0 mode) plate wave in a LiNbO3 plate. Also, a tunable filter with the tunable range of 13% was demonstrated. However, the frequency (fr =1.8 MHz and fa = 2.3 MHz) is too low for modern wireless communication. Also, the resonators suffered from ripples due to transverse mode between fr and fa. In this study, high frequency SH0 mode plate wave resonators (fr = 430–560 MHz and fa = 530–670 MHz) with a wide bandwidth and a large impedance ratio have been fabricated using an ultrathin LiNbO3 plate. The ripples were suppressed by an apodized interdigital transducer.

SH ultrasonic guided waves for the evaluation of interfacial adhesion

Shear-Horizontally (SH) polarized, ultrasonic, guided wave modes are considered in order to infer changes in the adhesive properties at several interfaces located within an adhesive bond joining two metallic plates. Specific aluminium lap-joint samples were produced, with different adhesive properties at up to four interfaces when a glass–epoxy film is inserted into the adhesive bond. EMAT transducers were used to generate and detect the fundamental SH0 mode. This is launched from one plate and detected at the other plate, past the lap joint. Signals are picked up for different propagation paths along each sample, in order to check measurement reproducibility as well as the uniformity of the adhesively bonded zones. Signals measured for four samples are then compared, showing very good sensitivity of the SH0 mode to changes in the interfacial adhesive properties. In addition, a Finite Element-based model is used to simulate the experimental measurements. The model includes adhesive viscoelasticity, as well as spatial distributions of shear springs (with shear stiffness KT) at both metal–adhesive interfaces, and also at the adhesive–film interfaces when these are present. This model is solved in the frequency domain, but temporal excitation and inverse FFT procedure are implemented in order to simulate the measured time traces. Values of the interfacial adhesive parameters, KT, are determined by an optimization process so that best fit is obtained between both sets of measured and numerically predicted waveforms. Such agreement was also possible by adjusting the shear modulus of the adhesive component. This work suggests a promising use of SH-like guided modes for quantifying shear properties at adhesive interfaces, and shows that such waves can be used for inferring adhesive and cohesive properties of bonds separately. Finally, the paper considers improvements that could be made to the process, and its potential for testing the interfacial adhesion of adhesively bonded composite components.

A high electromechanical coupling coefficient SH0 Lamb wave lithium niobate micromechanical resonator and a method for fabrication

We present a high coupling coefficient, keff2, micromechanical resonator based on the propagation of SH0 Lamb waves in thin, suspended plates of single crystal X-cut lithium niobate (LiNbO3). The thin plates are fabricated using ion implantation of He to create a damaged layer of LiNbO3 below the wafer surface. This damaged layer is selectively wet etched in a hydrofluoric (HF) acid based chemistry to form thin, suspended plates of LiNbO3 without the wafer bonding, layer fracturing and chemical mechanical polishing in previously reported LiNbO3 microfabrication approaches. The highest coupling coefficient is found for resonators with acoustic propagation rotated 170° from the y-axis, where a fundamental mode SH0 Lamb wave resonator with a plate width of 20μm and a corresponding resonant frequency of 101MHz achieves a keff2 of 12.4%, a quality factor of 1300 and a resonator figure of merit (M) of 185. The keff2 and M are among the highest reported for micromechanical resonators.

Measurement of viscosity of highly viscous non-Newtonian fluids by means of ultrasonic guided waves

In order to perform monitoring of the polymerisation process, it is necessary to measure viscosity. However, in the case of non-Newtonian highly viscous fluids, viscosity starts to be dependent on the vibration or rotation frequency of the sensing element. Also, the sensing element must possess a sufficient mechanical strength. Some of these problems may be solved applying ultrasonic measurement methods, however until now most of the known investigations were devoted to measurements of relatively low viscosities (up to a few Pas) of Newtonian liquids.The objective of the presented work is to develop ultrasonic method for measurement of viscosity of high viscous substances during manufacturing process in extreme conditions. For this purpose the method based on application of guided Lamb waves possessing the predominant component of in-plane displacements (the S0 and the SH0 modes) and propagating in an aluminium planar waveguide immersed in a viscous liquid has been investigated. The simulations indicated that in the selected modes mainly in-plane displacements are dominating, therefore the attenuation of those modes propagating in a planar waveguide immersed in a viscous liquid is mainly caused by viscosity of the liquid. The simulation results were confirmed by experiments. All measurements were performed in the viscosity standard Cannon N2700000. Measurements with the S0 wave mode were performed at the frequency of 500kHz. The SH0 wave mode was exited and used for measurements at the frequency of 580kHz.It was demonstrated that by selecting the particular mode of guided waves (S0 or SH0), the operation frequency and dimensions of the aluminium waveguide it is possible to get the necessary viscosity measurement range and sensitivity. The experiments also revealed that the measured dynamic viscosity is strongly frequency dependent and as a characteristic feature of non-Newtonian liquids is much lower than indicated by the standards. Therefore, in order to get the absolute values of viscosity in this case an additional calibration procedure is required. Feasibility to measure variations of high dynamic viscosities in the range of (20–25,000) Pas was theoretically and experimentally proved. The proposed solution differently from the known methods in principle is more mechanically robust and better fitted for measurements in extreme conditions.

Waveguide sensor for measurement of viscosity of highly viscous fluids

Ultrasonic waveguide sensor for measurement of viscosity of highly viscous fluids has been developed. The measurement principle is based on application of guided shear-horizontal SH0 mode of the Lamb waves propagating in an aluminium planar waveguide immersed in a viscous liquid. Attenuation of the guided wave depends on viscosity of the surrounding liquid and is used for viscosity estimation. The developed sensor is mechanically robust and may be used for in-line process control of viscous liquids.

Ultrawide-Band Resonators Using Shear Horizontal-Type Plate Wave and Their Application

Currently, mobile or smart phones with multibands and a cognitive radio system require a tunable filter with a wide tunable range to simplify their circuits. An ultrawide-band resonator is an important device to realize the tunable filter. The relative bandwidths (BWs) of 12 to 17% of previously reported surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators are not sufficient to realize the tunable filter. This time, the authors studied an SH0 mode plate wave in a LiNbO3 plate. As a result, plate wave resonators with a large electro-mechanical coupling factor (k2) of 0.55 (55%), an ultrawide bandwidth of 29%, a high Q of 700, and a large impedance ratio of 98 dB between resonance (fr) and anti-resonance (fa) frequencies were realized for the first time using 27.5–30°YX-LiNbO3 plates. Applying these resonators to a ladder-type tunable filter, a wide tunable range of 19% was obtained.

Four vectors of Lamb waves in composites: Semianalysis and numerical simulation

For source location in composites based on Lamb wave techniques using direction-dependent piezoelectric rosettes sensors, the source is usually located by the intersection of wave propagation directions identified by the sensors. However, the rosettes do not measure the direction of group velocity directly. Instead, they measure the direction of principal strain. Hence, in order to accurately predict the sources in anisotropic plates, it is essential to investigate the relationship between the direction of principal strain and that of group velocity. In this study, the four vectors, namely, phase velocity, group velocity, displacement, and principal strain associated with propagating waves in anisotropic plates, are computed using semianalytical methods. The analytical results agree very well with the results of finite element method based on Abaqus, including those of the complicated SH0 mode. Moreover, it is found that the four vectors exhibit some symmetrical properties. When Lamb waves propagate along the symmetry axes, the directions of the four vectors are all the same.

Conductance and SERS Measurement of Benzenedithiol Molecules Bridging Between Au Electrodes

We have measured electric conductance and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra for the benzenedithiol molecules bridging between Au nano gap electrodes at room temperature to investigate the electric and optical properties of the molecular junction. The current–voltage characteristic of the molecular junction was investigated based on the single level tunneling model considering that the Fermi distribution function got smeared out for finite temperature, which provided the information on the number of molecules bridging metal electrodes, energy difference between conduction orbital and Fermi level, strength of the molecule-metal coupling. The conductance measurements confirmed the interaction between molecule and Au electrodes. Due to the interaction between molecule and metal electrodes, we could observe the SERS spectra characteristic of the molecular junction. The SERS measurement showed the disappearance of the SH modes and red shift of some internal vibration modes, which confirmed the mo...

Scattering of guided waves by flat-bottomed cavities with irregular shapes

This paper investigates the three-dimensional (3D) scattering of guided waves by a partly through-thickness, flat bottomed cavity with an irregular shape, in an isotropic plate. Both the scattered field and the standing field in the thinner plate beneath the cavity are decomposed on the basis of Lamb and SH waves, by including propagating and non-propagating modes. The amplitude of the modes is calculated by writing the nullity of the total stress at the boundary of the cavity, and the continuity of the stress and displacement vectors under the cavity. In the boundary conditions, the functions depend on the through-thickness coordinate, z, but contrary to the case where the cavity has a circular shape, they also depend on the angular coordinate θ. This is dealt with by projecting the z-dependent functions onto the basis of the guided wave displacements vectors, and by expanding the θ-dependent functions in Fourier series. Example results are presented for the scattering of the S0, SH0 and A0 modes by elliptical cavities of varying depth, and the scattering of the S0 mode by a cavity with an arbitrary shape. Results obtained with this model are compared with ones obtained with the finite element (FE) method, showing very good agreement.

THE COMPARING OF ACOUSTIC PHONON TRANSPORT ABOUT MONOCHROMATIC MODE AND MIXING MODE THROUGH A DOUBLE T-SHAPED QUANTUM WAVEGUIDE

We compare the thermal conductance of SH mode and mixing mode of acoustic phonons in a double T-shaped quantum waveguide at low enough temperatures by using the scattering-matrix method, and analyze the influence from mode conversion. Our results show that the small changes of the geometric parameters can induce different variation on the thermal conductivity, where the effect of the stub height of SH wave is the strongest. Moreover, the mode conversion plays an important role on the thermal conductivity, especially at the higher temperatures, and the coupling effect between two stubs at mixing mode is larger than that at single SH mode.

Extensional and Transversal Wave Motion in Transversely Isotropic Thermoelastic Plates by Using Asymptotic Method

The present investigation is concerned with the study of extensional and transversal wave motions in an infinite homogenous transversely isotropic, thermoelastic plate by using asymptotic method in the context of coupled thermoelasticity, Lord and Shulman (1967, “The Generalized Dynamical Theory of Thermoelasticity,” J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 15, pp. 299–309), and Green and Lindsay (1972, “Thermoelasticity,” J. Elast., 2, pp. 1–7) theories of generalized thermoelasticity. The governing equations for extensional, transversal, and flexural motions have been derived from the system of three-dimensional dynamical equations of linear thermoelasticity. The asymptotic operator plate model for extensional motion in a homogeneous transversely isotropic thermoelastic plate leads to sixth degree polynomial secular equation that governs frequency and phase velocity of various possible modes of wave propagation at all wavelengths. It is shown that the purely transverse motion (SH mode), which is not affected by thermal variations, gets decoupled from rest of the motion. The Rayleigh–Lamb frequency equation for the plate is expanded in power series in order to obtain polynomial frequency equation and velocity dispersion relations. Their validation has been established with that of asymptotic method. The special cases of short and long wavelength waves are also discussed. The expressions for group velocity of extensional and transversal modes have been derived. Finally, the numerical solution is carried out for homogeneous transversely isotropic plate of single crystal of zinc material. The dispersion curves of phase velocity and attenuation coefficient are presented graphically.

Detection of Shear Horizontal Guided Waves Propagating in Aluminum Plate with Thinning Region

We propose a new method for wall-thinning inspection based on mode conversion of shear horizontal (SH) guided waves, which is represented as group velocity change. Group velocities of higher modes of SH guided wave propagating in a plate-like wave guide depend on the thickness and frequency due to dispersive characteristic. There exists a cut-off thickness for each higher mode, below which the associated mode cannot propagate and mode conversion to lower ones is expected, leading to discontinuous velocity change. Here, the fundamental SH0 and first asymmetric SH1 modes are generated by the periodic-permanent-magnet electromagnetic acoustic transducer (PPM-EMAT) and propagated in aluminum plates containing thinning regions. A broad-range piezoelectric pinducer is used to detect the propagating wave in order to explore the mode conversions phenomena. We directly observed that the generated SH1 mode converts to SH0 mode in thinning region and converts back to SH1 mode when the thickness returns to original.

Imaging and Testing of Ultrasonic Sh Guided Waves in Plate with Lap Welding Structure

The imaging and testing of ultrasonic SH (Shear Horizontal) guided waves may be used into testing and SHM (Structure Health Monitoring) of industrial plate with welding structure in service, which have much more important applied potential. During imaging and testing for steel plate with lap welding structure, photoelastic experiment on propagation of guided waves in Plexiglas plate was studied to clearly see the excellent advantages of SH guided waves. The mode of SH guided waves was analyzed to select the zero order mode SH0 and the SH guided waves transducer with SH0 mode was developed. Based on the synthetic aperture focusing method，a multichannel ultrasonic imaging and testing experimental system of ultrasonic SH guided waves was constructed，the imaging of plate with lap welding structure was mainly studied. The research results shows the ultrasonic SH guided waves and the transducers are fit for long distance testing for the plate with lap welding structure. The ultrasound scattering nearby the weld may cause a blind testing zone, about 150 mm wide, in which the less size corrosion defects at the blind zone could not be revealed in image, so as to lead to defects “no testing”. The imaging and testing of ultrasonic SH guided waves would be used for non-destructive testing of plate with lap welding structure, which image both can characterize the corrosion defects and lap welding structure, and realize the precise location of the weld. The proposed research provides important foundation for improving ultrasonic guided waves imaging and testing quality and SHM of industrial in-site plate with lap welding and larger size.

Low-frequency pulse echo reflection of the fundamental shear horizontal mode from part-thickness elliptical defects in plates

Defect characterization using guided ultrasonic waves remains a challenging subject and requires a full understanding of the interaction of guided waves with a realistic representation of the defect. The characteristics of pulse echo reflection of the SH0 mode from part-thickness elliptical defects in plates is studied via finite element analysis and experimental measurements. The study shows that the reflection ratio spectrum of the SH0 mode from an elliptical defect exhibits periodic pattern due to interference between reflections from the two edges of the defect. The pattern of the reflection ratio spectrum is determined by the ratio of defect length in the incidence direction to wavelength, while the magnitude is affected by the maximum depth and the effective aspect ratio of the defect. Both the pattern and magnitude of the reflection ratio spectrum are found to be highly sensitive to the incidence angle, and the form of the variation of the reflection with angle is a strong function of the defect shape. In addition, a study of circular defects with tapered depth profiles reveals that the reflection is a function of average length of the tapered defect to wavelength ratio, and the magnitude of the reflection diminishes as the ratio increases.

Scattering of the fundamental torsional mode at an axial crack in a pipe

A quantitative study of the interaction of the T(0,1) torsional mode with an axial defect in a pipe is presented. The results are obtained from finite element simulations and experiments. The influence of the crack axial extent, depth, excitation frequency, and pipe circumference on the scattering is examined. It is found that the reflection from a defect consists of a series of the wave pulses with gradually decaying amplitudes. Such behavior is caused by the shear waves diffracting from the crack and then repeatedly interacting with the crack due to circumferential propagation. Time-domain reflection coefficient analysis demonstrates that the trend of the reflection strength for different crack lengths, pipe diameters, and frequencies from a through-thickness crack satisfies a simple normalization. The results show that the reflection coefficient initially increases with the crack length at all frequencies but finally reaches an oscillating regime. Also, at a given frequency and crack length the reflection decreases with the increase in pipe circumference. An additional scattering study of the shear wave SH(0) mode at a part-thickness notch in a plate shows that the reflection coefficient, when plotted against depth of the notch, increases with both frequency and notch depth.

The impact of adsorption of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor on CTAB‐protected gold nanoparticle arrays: a Raman spectroscopic comparison with solution denaturation

AbstractThe influence of an array of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)‐protected gold nanoparticles on the structure of a model protein, bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) at pH 7.4, was studied by Raman spectroscopy. The structural consequences of array adsorption were compared with the effects of deposition of the protein directly onto a roughened gold substrate and with thermal and reductive treatment of BPTI in solution. Both thermal and reductive denaturation in solution result in loss of α‐helix structure, with an increase in random conformations of the protein in the case of reductive denaturation and β‐sheet conformation and random coil on thermal denaturation. For reductive denaturation in particular, extensive loss of secondary structure is evident. Deposition of the protein onto the array resulted in increased β‐sheet conformation similar to that observed on thermal treatment of the protein. However, unlike denaturation, which for both thermal and reductive process resulted in changes in the disulfide stretching wavenumber, this remains largely unchanged on application of the protein to the array. Furthermore, deposition of the protein onto bare gold results in significant heterogeneity in the SS stretching signal with appearance of ggt and nonequilibrium geometry of the CCSSCC dihedral angles. Thermal denaturation results in a red shift of the SS mode, whereas dithiothreitol (DTT) treatment, as expected, induces significant loss of the SS stretching signal, although a signal at 517 cm−1 remains suggesting that the unreduced disulfide has changed to the ggt geometry. In addition, an SH mode is observed at 2570 cm−1 in solution. The response of BPTI to thermal and DTT treatment while on the array is very different to its solution behavior, and suggests that adhesion to the array increases the stability of the protein. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Scattering of the fundamental shear horizontal mode in a plate when incident at a through crack aligned in the propagation direction of the mode

A study of the scattering of the fundamental guided wave SH(0) at a through-thickness narrow notch directed along the wave's propagation in a plate is presented. The results are obtained from Finite Element simulations and experimental measurements. Good agreement is found between the simulations and the measurements. The results are shown for a range of crack lengths and shapes. The scattered wave field consists of the reflected and diffracted SH(0) mode and also contributions from mode conversions to the S(0) mode. It is found that the coefficient of direct reflection of the SH(0) mode has an undulating nature depending on the length of the crack. This is caused by interference phenomena that are related to the interaction of different surface wave types generated on the crack surfaces and their diffractions at both tips of the crack. It is shown that the dominating part of this reflection is generated by the delayed "Rayleigh type" surface waves reflected from the far tip of the crack.

Plate waves in phononic crystals slabs

We have computed the dispersion curves of plate waves propagating in periodic composite structures composed of isotropic tungsten cylinders embedded in a isotropic silicon background. The phononic crystal has a square symmetry and the calculation is based on the plane wave expansion method. The direction of propagation is defined by the angle φ between ΓX in the reduced Brillouin zone and the wave vector k. If φ=0 {0} or φ=90 {0}, SH modes are simple hyperbolas and do not couple to the Lamb wave modes polarized in the sagittal plane. If is different from 0 {0} or 90 {0}, SH modes convert to Lamb wave modes and couple with the flexural and dilatational modes. The symmetric modes splitting in the band structures along this direction and all three components of the particle displacements demonstrate this phenomenon which is different from the pure isotropic plate case where SH waves decouple to Lamb waves whatever the propagating direction.