SH Group Content Research Articles

Influence of atmospheric-pressure cold plasma-induced oxidation on the structure and functional properties of egg white protein

This study examined the effects of atmospheric-pressure cold plasma (ACP) on the structure and functional properties of egg white protein (EWP). Egg white solution was treated with ACP for 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 min. The structural unfolding of EWP was confirmed as the exposed free SH group content and surface hydrophobicity increased during the 30 min treatment; however, 40 min of ACP treatment showed the opposite tendency, suggesting the formation of protein aggregates. The emulsion stability of egg white emulsions was the highest at 30 min but decreased again at 40 min. In addition, the proportion of large droplets decreased as the treatment time increased up to 30 min. As a result, moderate oxidation was induced during 30 min of ACP treatment, which could contribute to the enhancement of functional properties of EWP. However, excessive oxidation caused by further ACP treatment negatively affected the enhanced functional properties. Industrial relevanceEgg whites are used as functional ingredients for a variety of food products, so the quality and functionality of egg whites can directly affect the productivity of the final products. The present study suggests the moderate oxidation of egg white protein induced by atmospheric-pressure cold plasma, which could contribute to the enhancement of functional properties. These applied studies can serve as a cornerstone for the establishment of advanced oxidation techniques that can enhance the functionality of egg whites without chemical additives, and consequently contribute to the improvement of food quality and productivity.

Synergistic Effect of Enzyme Hydrolysis and Microwave Reactor Pretreatment as an Efficient Procedure for Gluten Content Reduction

In this study, we assessed the effects of microwave irradiation of wheat gluten proteins as a pretreatment performed in a microwave reactor that could accurately control process parameters as a function of power and temperature, as well as comparing it with conventional heat treatment. The aim was to identify suitable combinations of partial enzymatic hydrolysis and microwave pretreatment parameters to produce gluten hydrolysates with reduced allergenicity and conserved techno-functional features for food application. FTIR analysis, and total and reactive SH group contents confirmed that the microwave-controlled heating can significantly change the secondary structure and conformation of gluten protein. The microwave treatment had the largest effect at 200 W and 100 °C, at which the content of gluten has been reduced by about 2.5-fold. The microwave pretreatment also accelerated the enzymatic hydrolysis of gluten, changing the kinetic profile. The apparent hydrolysis rate constants (k2) were 1.00, 3.68, 3.48, 4.64 and 4.17 min−1 for untreated gluten, and those pretreated with microwave power of 200, 400, 600 and 800 W, respectively. Compared to the heat treatment, it appeared that microwave specific non-thermal effects had a significant influence on the gluten structure and allergenicity and, in combination with the enzymatic hydrolysis, ultimately yielded protein hydrolysates with enhanced antioxidant and functional properties.

Identification of a metallothionein gene and the role of biological thiols in stress induced by short-term Cd exposure in Ostrinia nubilalis

Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential metal that is highly toxic to all living forms, characterized by an extremely high affinity for thiol (SH) groups. The aim of this work was to identify and experimentally verify metallothionein gene and to analyze the role of biological thiols in stress induced by short-term Cd exposure in Ostrinia nubilalis, one of the most important corn pests. The coding region of a metallothionein (MT) gene in O. nubilalis was identified, encoding protein, OnMT1, which contains 46 amino acids, including 12 cysteine residues, and has no aromatic amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that OnMT1 clustered together with metallothionein from Bombyx mori. Structural bioinformatics analysis strongly suggests that OnMT1 is a metallothionein with affinity for multiple transition metals. Further, in order to elucidate the role of biological thiols, O. nubilalis L5 larvae were exposed to increasing Cd concentrations in diet (6.85, 41.71, 77.35 mg kg-1) during a 48 h period, after which Cd concentration in larvae was measured (3.50, 12.02, 47.37 mg kg-1, respectively). Due to short-term Cd exposure, concentration of free protein SH groups and relative expression of OnMT1 and thioredoxin (Trx) genes was elevated, while the reduced glutathione content remained unchanged. The presented results provide evidence that OnMT1 plays a role in Cd detoxification and homeostasis, and confirm the importance of biological thiols, especially OnMT1 and Trx, in the early response of O. nubilalis to Cd poisoning, indicating interaction between Cd and thiol-linked redox reactions. Insects provide valuable insight into molecular adaptations to metals.

Effects of Tl+ on the inner membrane thiol groups, respiration, and swelling in succinate-energized rat liver mitochondria were modified by thiol reagents.

The effects of both Tl+ and thiol reagents were studied on the content of the inner membrane free SH-groups, detected with Ellman reagent, and the inner membrane potential as well as swelling and respiration of succinate-energized rat liver mitochondria in medium containing TlNO3 and KNO3. These effects resulted in a rise in swelling and a decrease in the content, the potential, and mitochondrial respiration in 3 and 2,4-dinitrophenol-uncoupled states. A maximal effect was seen when phenylarsine oxide reacting with thiol groups recessed into the hydrophobic regions of the membrane. Compared with phenylarsine oxide, the effective concentrations of other reagents were approximately one order of magnitude higher in experiments with mersalyl and 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate, and two orders of magnitude higher in experiments with tert-butyl hydroperoxide and diamide. The above effects of Tl+ and the thiol reagents became even more pronounced with calcium overload of mitochondria. However, the effects were suppressed by inhibitors of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (cyclosporine A, ADP, and n-ethylmaleimide). These findings suggest that opening of the pore induced by Tl+ in the inner membrane can be dependent on the conformation state of the adenine nucleotide translocase, which depends on the activity of its thiol groups.

Therapeutic irradiation in the management of gynecological cancer and predictability of radiation-induced complications

Background. Today, applying radiotherapy (RT) in management of both primary and secondary vaginal cancer (SVC) take pride of place in the spectrum of specialized treatments for cancer patients. Secondary vaginal tumors are more common (6% to 33%) in cervical cancer (CC) patients, while in uterine cancer (UC) occur in 8–10% of cases treated either surgically, or by means of radiotherapy, otherwise via a combination approach. Therefore, RT is administered in about 80% of primary vaginal cancer and particularly SVC patients. When using even the most advanced radiotherapy equipment implying the cutting-edge technologies, there is a risk of radiation-induced complications in healthy organs and tissues that fall under the irradiation area. Keeping in mind the key radiobiological paradigms makes it possible not only to predict the probability of tumor resorption upon radiation exposure, but also to assess the biological effectiveness of absorbed dose, as well as the risk of late radiation complications.
 Purpose – to enhance the effectiveness and assess the toxicity of SVC RT via ascertaining BT (brachytherapy) most suitable techniques depending on the type of ionizing radiation and exploring predictability of radiation-induced complications in terms of biomolecular cell properties.
 Materials and methods. Clinical study was performed at the National Cancer Institute Clinic (Radiation Oncology Department), using a high-energy BT unit with a HDR 192Ir source. The SVC patients (n = 106) were treated according to the developed BT methods. They had been pretreated for the CC (n = 65) with squamous cell carcinoma histologically diagnosed in the most cases or UC (n = 41) with histologically prevalent adenocarcinoma of a variable grade. Patients had a locally advanced pelvic tumor process with tumor staging II–III, T2-3N0-1M0. Along with clinical study the radiobiological research was conducted to count the apoptotic cells in both intact and irradiated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), as well as the level of SH-groups of plasma proteins and peptides in gynecological cancer patients and healthy donors to predict the risk of radiation-induced complications.
 Results and discussion. Given the delayed effect of RT, the treatment effective- ness was analyzed immediately after RT session and also 3 months upon completion of the conservative therapy. Thus, positive tumor response upon three months of observation over time was registered in 67.9 ± 5.2% of patients in study group I, in 72.5 ± 6.9% in study group II, and in 51.3 ± 6.8% in comparison group. Hence the values in study groups were higher than in comparison group by 16.6% and 21.2% respectively. All patients tolerated BT satisfactorily. Neither general nor local rectum or bladder severe (above grade II) toxicities were noted both during treatment and over the next 3 months upon its completion in all the patients regardless of study group. Results obtained in radiobiological studies correlated with clinical and literature data.
 Conclusions. Decrease in manifestations of RT toxicity, namely of the ear- ly radiation reactions from interfacing critical organs was established in groups I and II vs comparison group I, especially in group I where a high- energy 192Ir source was used in the SBD irradiation mode of 3 Gy twice a week. The obtained results of the experimental study suggest that the content of SH-groups in blood plasma and the level of PBL apoptosis can be considered as additional predictive measures of radiosensitivity of non-malignant cells from the irradiated tumor environment.

Особливості оцінки біологічних ефектів впливу електромагнітного випромінювання за умов зниженої температури (експеримент)

In modern conditions there is a high need to improve methods for establishing the nature of the combined influence of factors using modern approaches for further development of prevention measures against the negative impact of factors on the body. The purpose of the study was to investigate the combined effect of electromagnetic radiation and low temperatures with subsequent determination of the level of contribution of each factor in the formation of biological effects within the experiment by mathematical analysis of data using the method of artificial intelligence. Materials and methods. The subchronic experiment (30 days) was performed on male rats. The animals were divided into groups: combined exposure to electromagnetic radiation (70 kHz, 600 V/m) and reduced temperature (40C), isolated exposure to reduced temperature, isolated exposure to electromagnetic radiation and a control group. The establishment of biological effects was performed at stages 5, 15 and 30 days of the experiment. Changes in the body were assessed by physiological, biochemical and immunological parameters of the blood (30 indicators). Data processing was performed using computational intelligence methods (Neuro-fuzzy system). Results and discussion. The combined effect of the factors was manifested by the following biological effects: intensification of peroxidation processes with simultaneous moderate suppression of antioxidant protection, intensification of lipid metabolism was characterized by dyslipoproteinemia, manifesting in: increase in triglycerides, cholesterol and its fractions. Changes of the immune system were decrease in the ability of neutrophils to phagocytosis at different stages of the experiment, imbalance of the activation of the system of reducing the concentration of C4 at the background of increased intensity of IgM and IgG synthesis. The method of determining the intensity of the factors, developed on the basis of factor and cluster analysis, allowed to determine that during the experiment the ratios between the factors changed, but the greatest contribution was made by reduced temperature by both biochemical parameters (63%) and immunological (53%) at the same time, the level of electromagnetic radiation contribution was 37% and 47%, respectively. Thus, the reduced temperature was the leading factor in the combined effect, which added 60% to the overall biological effect throughout the study, against the effect of electromagnetic radiation for which the level of contribution was only 40%. By means of the factor analysis informative indicators, making it possible to establish the characteristics of biological effects, and therefore leading indicators in formation of biological effects were the increase in concentration of DC with simultaneous decrease in concentration of SH-groups, increase in VLDL and suppression of oxygen-dependent metabolism of neutrophil-test. Conclusion. Thus, the tested mathematical approach allowed to determine the leading role of each of the studied factors under the conditions of their combined influence in different systems, which allows to predict probable appropriate reactions of the whole organism and gives a reasonable approach to the development of preventive measures

Natural and natural-like polyphenol compounds: in vitro antioxidant activity and potential for therapeutic application.

Phenols are a large family of natural and synthetic compounds with known antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to perform in vitro screening of natural and natural-like phenol monomers and their C2-symmetric dimers (hydroxylated biphenyls) in order to identify those representatives whose pharmacophores have the strongest antioxidant and the lowest prooxidant activity. Antioxidative properties of 36 compounds (monomers and their C2-symmetric dimers) were evaluated in vitro. Different (red/ox) assays were used to measure their total oxidative potential (TOP), their total antioxidative capacity (TAC), the pro-oxidative-antioxidant balance (PAB) and total SH-group content (SHG) in a biologically relevant environment. The Pro-oxidative Score, Antioxidative Score and the Oxy Score were also calculated. Trolox, a water soluble analogue of α-tocopherol, was used as a positive control. In an assay consisting of pooled human serum, 6 of the 36 compounds showed significant antioxidant activity (compounds 6, 7, 12, 13, 26, and 27), whereas 4 showed extremely weak antioxidant activity (compounds 2, 29, 30, and 31). Within the 36 compounds comprising zingerone, dehydrozingerone, aurone, chalcone, and magnolol derivatives, in both monomeric and dimeric forms, the 2 compounds that indicated the highest antioxidant activity were dehydrozingerone derivatives (compounds 6 and 12). Trolox's activity was found between the strong and weak antioxidant compounds analysed in our study. In this study selected dehydrozingerones were identified as good candidates for in-depth testing of their biological behaviour and for possible precursors for synthesis of novel polyphenolic molecules with potential therapeutic applications.

EFFECT OF THE THERAPEUTIC-PREVENTIVE COMPLEX ON THE PARAMETERS OF GLUTATHIONE SYSTEM AND GLUTATHIONE-DEPENDENT ENZYMES OF THE ORAL FLUID IN CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC CATARRHAL GINGIVITIS AND DIABETES MELLITUS

EFFECT OF THE THERAPEUTIC-PREVENTIVE COMPLEX ON THE PARAMETERS OF GLUTATHIONE SYSTEM AND GLUTATHIONE-DEPENDENT ENZYMES OF THE ORAL FLUID IN CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC CATARRHAL GINGIVITIS AND DIABETES MELLITUS

Study on the mechanism of ultrasonic treatment impact on the dough's fermentation capability

The effects of ultrasonic treatment on the fermentation capability, water distribution of dough, and gluten's structural characteristics were investigated. Results suggest that the ultrasound works best under plate mode with the treatment duration and the power density being 6 min and 105 W/L, respectively. With the increment of power density, the bound water and free SH group content increased first and then decreased. Moreover, under ultrasound treatment, the β-sheet and random coil increased, while α-helix and β-turn decreased. Enhanced power density also caused the particle diameter and Young's modulus to plummet then increase. Free SH and Young's modulus correlated with Hm significantly (P < 0.05). Besides, SH, bound water, and the immobilized water displayed a strong correlation with Tx (P < 0.05). The results show that the appropriate ultrasound pretreatment can improve dough's gas retention capacity and enhance the gluten network structure's mechanical properties.

Development of Pd Supported Catalysts Using Thiol‐Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Frameworks: Application to the Chemo‐ and Regioselective C‐3 Arylation of Free‐Indole

AbstractWe report here the development of Pd‐supported catalysts for the selective C‐3 arylation of free‐indole using thiol‐functionalized silica supports to anchor the palladium centers. The palladium (II) complex, Pd(OAc)2, was efficiently loaded into various thiol‐functionalized mesostructured silicas at room temperature. These materials exhibit different contents of surface SH groups (0.3 to 1.8 SH/nm2) and various SH/Pd molar ratios from 6 to 65. It was found that the catalysts containing the most isolated surface SH groups (0.3 SH/nm2) and the highest loading of Pd were the most active, reaching 70 % of conversion, 1400 as turnover numbers and 100 % selectivity in the C‐3 arylated product using only 0.05 mol % of Pd. However, a leaching of active Pd species (1.7 ppm) was detected. The best compromise was found for a specific solid containing isolated surface thiol groups (0.3 SH/nm2) and a very low loading of Pd (SH/Pd=65). It exhibited a high TON (608) with a very low Pd leaching of 0.5 ppm in the course of the catalytic reaction. These results thus illustrate that both surface SH sites isolation and concentration, as well as the SH/Pd molar ratio are key parameters to access high catalytic performances and very low leaching of metal during catalysis.

The Role of P-Glycoprotein in Decreasing Cell Membranes Permeability during Oxidative Stress.

P-Glycoprotein (P-gp) is one of the most clinically significant representatives of the ABC transporter superfamily due to its participation in the transport of biotic components and xenobiotics across the plasma membrane. It is known that various chemicals, environmental factors, and pathological processes can affect P-gp activity and expression. In this study, we investigated the role of P-gp in limiting the cell membrane permeability during oxidative stress. Human adenocarcinoma colon cells (Caco-2) overexpressing P-gp were cultured for 72 h in the medium containing hydrogen peroxide (0.1-50 µM). The transport of the P-gp substrate fexofenadine was evaluated in a special Transwell system. The amounts of P-gp and Nrf2 transcription factor were analyzed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The concentration of SH-groups in proteins and the contents of lipid peroxidation products and protein carbonyl derivatives were determined spectrophotometrically. Hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 0.1-5 µM did not significantly affect the studied parameters, while incubation with 10 µM H2O2 decreased in the level of SH groups in cell lysates and increased in the amount of Nrf2 in the cell lysates. Nrf2, in its turn, mediated an increase in the content and activity of the P-gp transporter, thus limiting the increasing permeability of the cell membrane. Hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 50 µM promoted oxidative stress, which was manifested as a decrease in the content of SH-groups, increase in the concentration of lipid peroxidation products and protein carbonyl derivatives, and decrease in the P-gp level, which led to a significantly increased permeability of the plasma membrane. These results show that the transport and protective roles of P-gp, in particular, reduction of the cell membrane permeability, are affected by the intensity of oxidative stress and can be manifested only if the extent of membrane damage is insignificant.

The role of recovered thiols in venous endothel adaptation in case of autovenous reconstruction of lower limb arteries

Purpose. To evaluate the role of thiol status and its correlative relationship with the level of nitric oxide metabolites and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) in the blood plasma of patients with critical lower limb ischemia (CLI) after autovenous reconstructions of femoropopliteal segment’s arteries in the setting of venous endothelium of the arterial bed. Materials and methods . 54 patients with critical lower limb ischemia had been examined and divided into groups: synthetic prosthesis, in situ autovenous bypass procedure and reversed vein autovenous bypass procedure. Peripheral venous blood was taken on the 1 st and 10th days, and in 1, 3 and 6 months after the operation. Nitric oxide metabolites level was examined with photocolorimetric method by reaction with Griess reagent on a microplate analyzer (Awareness Technology, USA). VEGF-A number estimation was done by ELISA test (PersonalLab, Italy) with the use of Human VEGF-A Platinum ELISA. The level of thiol (SH-) groups was estimated with the use of Ellman’s reagent (SERVA, Germany) on spectrophotometer (Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation). Results. The concentration of VEGF-A and the level of SH-groups increase on the 10th day and after 1 month in the group of patients operated on using a synthetic prosthesis. The level of NO metabolites, the concentration of VEGF-A, and the content of SH-groups increase statistically significantly and then decrease to the initial values in the group of patients operated on by reversed vein autovenous bypass procedure. In the group of patients operated on by the in situ method, the level of nitric oxide metabolites increases, the concentration of VEGF-A increases on the 10th day, the level of SH-groups increases, and a positive correlation was found between the content of SHgroups and the concentration of VEGF-A. Conclusion . NO metabolites contribute to the build-up of SH groups and VEGF-A in patients operated by the “reversed vein” method, and in patients in the in situ group, the concentration of VEGF-A and the level of SH groups are not affected, which may be of clinical importance when prescribing NO donors. The revealed patterns of change in the level of recovered thiols, nitrogen oxide metabolites, VEGF-A in combination with analysis of early and late postoperative complications make it possible to conclude the advantage of autovenous reconstruction of the femoropopliteal segment due to functional adaptation of the venous endothelium compared to the group of patients, operated on by the method of “synthetic prosthesis”. Method in situ on biochemical and angiological indicators proved to be more favorable in terms of the clinical course, than the “reversed vein” method.

Antioksidativna, antiinflamatorna i anti-hiperlipidemična svojstva speltinog soka

Spelt is a grain rich in bioactive compounds - different phytochemicals, so it is often mentioned in the context of being beneficial to human health. We aimed to investigate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hyperlipidemic properties of the spelt grass juice. Twenty volunteers consumed a beverage once a day, by dissolving one dose in 200 ml of still water, for 2 months. All individuals were clinically and biochemically examined. The individual profiles of LDL and HDL particles were determined by polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis, while the concentrations of non-cholesterol sterols were measured using the gas chromatography - flame ionization detector. High-sensitivity Creactive protein (hsCRP) was measured using the commercially available kit. Concentrations of oxidative stress status parameters were measured spectrophotometrically. Though no change was observed in lipid profile parameters, values of coronary risk (CRI) (p &lt; 0.05) and the atherogenic indexes (AI) (p &lt; 0.05) after the supplementation were lower compared with values before the dietary intervention. After analyzing the markers of cholesterol synthesis and absorption, we only noticed a significant increase in campesterol concentrations (p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, we found a statistically significant reduction in hsCRP concentrations in subjects who underwent spelt juice supplementation (p &lt; 0.001). A significant decrease in PAB (p &lt; 0.001), AOPP (p &lt; 0.05) and PON1 (p &lt; 0.001) was recorded after supplementation. On the other side, TAS values and concentration of SH groups were significantly higher after the dietary intervention (p &lt; 0.001, both). We suggested a possible beneficial effect of the spelt grass supplementation on the overall lipid profile, the prooxidant-antioxidant balance, and inflammatory parameters.

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ДИАТОМИТА ПРИ ИНТОКСИКАЦИИ ЖИВОТНЫХ КАДМИЕМ И СВИНЦОМ

The combination of cadmium and lead in doses at the level of 10 MPC for feed caused in white rats a decrease in body weight and immunoglobulin content in blood serum, an increase in the summation threshold indicator, a decrease of the amount of protein in urine and SH-groups in blood serum, a significant increase in mass coefficients of the liver and kidneys. The use of diatomite as a means to reduce heavy metal intoxication slightly increased body weight. The use of means did not lead to normalization of the summation threshold indicator, did not significantly affect the content of SH-groups. In the group of animals treated with diatomite, the mass coefficients of the liver remained significantly higher than the control values. The obtained results indicate that diatomite did not show protective properties as a feed additive to reduce lead and cadmium intoxication.

Співвідношення редокс-форм убіхінону в мітохондріях печінки щурів за умов різної забезпеченості раціону нутрієнтами

The relationship between the quantitative ratio of redox forms of ubiquinone and the degree of free radical damage to mitochondrial proteins in rat liver against the background of nutritional imbalance was investigated. The animals were divided into the following experimental groups: I – animals receiving full-value semi-synthetic ration (control group); II – animals receiving high-sucrose diet; III – animals receiving low-protein high-sucrose diet. The content of total and oxidized ubiquinone was determined spectrophotometrically at 275 nm, the content of reduced ubiquinone was determined by the difference between the content of total and oxidized ubiquinone. The intensity of the oxidative modification of proteins was assessed by the accumulation of carbonyl derivatives in the reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH), the content of free SH-groups was assessed by using the Elman reagent. It was found that the most pronounced decrease in the content of total ubiquinone (almost twice) and the redistribution of its redox forms (reduction of the content of reduced ubiquinone by 7.2 times against the background of an increase in the level of oxidized ubiquinone by 2 times) in rat liver mitochondria is observed in animals that received a diet high in sucrose against the background of alimentary protein deprivation. In addition, the animals of this group showed the most pronounced free radical oxidation of mitochondrial proteins, as evidenced by a 3.5-fold increase in the content of carbonyl derivatives and a 2.6-fold decrease in the content of free protein SH- groups. It was shown that nutritional protein deficiency is a critical factor affecting the intensity of free radical processes in mitochondria. The established changes in the ratio of the redox forms of ubiquinone and the degree of oxidative modification of mitochondrial proteins in rat liver could be considered as prerequisites for deepening the energy imbalance and violation of the functional activity of mitochondria under conditions of nutritional imbalance.

THE ACID-BASE PROCESSES' CHANGES IN THE BODY OF WHITE RATS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN-CONTAINING SURFACE-ACTIVE MATERIAL

Relevance. Everyday contact of the population with surfactants (SAS) in drinking water poses the problem of timely and prompt substantiation of pre-nosological highly sensitive indicators of early manifestations of biological activity of detergents and operational control over the health of the population and the environment. But today the mechanisms of biotransformation, toxicodynamics, toxicokinetics, and metabolic processes that underlie the formation of structural and metabolic disorders when exposed to a surfactant, taking into account possible long-term effects, have not yet been fully elucidated.&#x0D; Objective: to investigate the effect of nitrogen-containing surfactants on redox processes in the body of experimental animals.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The experiments were carried out on 620, and acute experiments on 128 white rats (weight 180-220 g). We used four ionic nitrogen-containing surfactants with specified technical and physicochemical characteristics: FOM 9, FOM 9-4, FOM 9-12, and FOM 9-20. Doses were chosen so as to determine the lethal effect in the lethal dose (LD) range from 0 to 100. The LD50 was calculated. The substances were introduced into the stomach in pure form using a metal probe. The animals were observed for up to 15 days. The time of death of the animals and the total amount of the introduced substance was recorded. The animals were subjected to postmortem examination. Redox processes were qualitatively assessed by the activity of enzymes: cholinesterase, cerulose plasmin, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, peroxidase, catalase, cytochrome oxidase, by the content of SH-groups in the blood, by the concentration of biogenic monoamines.&#x0D; Results. Nitrogen-containing surfactants caused a change in peroxidase activity both upwards and downwards. In all cases, 1/1000 LD50 was inactive. On the 15th day of the experiment, neonol FOM 9-12 reduced the activity of the enzyme, and other substances did not affect it. By the end of the subacute experiment, neonol FOM 9-4 and neonol FOM 9-12 were reduced, and neonol FOM 9-20 increased peroxidase activity. A similar effect was on the activity of catalase: in all groups, except 1/1000 LD50, on day 30 there was a decrease in its activity. Cholinesterase activity increased. For the content of SH-groups in the blood on the 15th day, there was a tendency to decrease, which turned into significant differences on the 30th day in 1/10 LD50. The effect of 1/100 and 1/1000 LD50 did not violate the content of SH-blood groups. A similar effect was on the content of glutathione in the blood. In a subacute experiment, in groups, 1/10 and 1/100 LD50, the content of norepinephrine, tryptophan, serotonin in the liver increased and DOPA and dopamine decreased. The dynamics of adrenaline did not change. The content of dopamine and norepinephrine increased to a lesser extent in the brain; DOPA and adrenaline did not differ from the control; tryptophan increased only under the influence of FOM-9. 1/1000 LD50 did not affect the dynamics of the content of biogenic monoamines. The tested drugs have a similar effect on the body.&#x0D; Conclusions. A more toxic substance in a subacute experiment is FOM-9. The severity of violations in the dynamics of monitoring the activity of enzymes has a close dose-dependence. The effective dose is set at 1/10, the threshold – 1/100, and the inactive – 1/1000 LD50. Common features of the biological action of nitrogen-containing surfactants are the violation of redox processes, bioenergy, oxidative phosphorylation, which under appropriate conditions lead to the pathology of vital organs, functions, and systems of the body.

Physicochemical properties of Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) protein nanoparticles fabricated by cold atmospheric-pressure plasma

In the present study, the potential of cold atmospheric-pressure plasma (CAPP) for fabrication of Grass pea protein isolate nanoparticles (GPPINPs) was investigated. The size of nanoparticles decreased and their morphology became more non-uniform when higher voltage and longer processing time were applied. The lowest z-average was observed for GPPINP fabricated at 18.6 kVpp after 600s of plasma treatment. The FTIR spectra for amid I and amid II bands were changed after the plasma treatment. The content of carbonyl groups and dityrosine crosslinks in GPPINPs were higher, while the content of free SH groups was lower than the native GPPI. The main subunits of 7S and 11S retained in GPPINPs after plasma treatment. GPPINPs fabricated at 9.4 kVpp had more ordered secondary structure while partial unfolding was observed for the GPPINPs fabricated at 18.6 kVpp. Except for GPPINPs fabricated at 18.6 kVpp for 600s, 3rd structures of nanoparticles were more compact. With increasing the treatment time and voltage, the surface hydrophobicity of GPPINPs increased while their solubility decreased. The hydrophobic interactions in GPPINPs increased and the hydrogen bonding decreased as the plasma treatment time and voltage increased. However, GPPINPs were much more efficient in achieving an absorption equilibrium at oil-water interface, indicating the great potential for application as surface active particles. Protein nanoparticles did not show any cytotoxicity in Human Dermal Fibroblasts (HDF) cells, however, their biological activities depended on the concentration used. Overall, these findings indicate that CAPP can be used for fabrication of protein nanoparticles with new functional property for food and pharmaceutical applications.

Hoof deformity and its influence on the occurrence of chronic aseptic pododermatitis in cows

It is known that deformity of the hooves is one of the most common lesions, the main cause of which is a violation of the relationship between the speed of regrowth and abrasion of the hoof horn. It develops gradually and initially does not cause changes in the organism of cows, but later leads to various diseases, including orthopedic. It is determined that in alimentary osteodystrophy (results of multifactorial mass-volume analysis and prolonged osteotendinitis of the finger flexors) and irregular corrective cleaning of the hooves and formed triggered deformation of the hooves, which leads to a violation of the support-force interactions contributes to the emergence and development of aseptic subdermatitis of chronic genesis, which is clinically appeared by lameness animals addiction, careful stepping from limb to limb, fatigue, shortening of step, etc. Simultaneously, there are changes from a bone tissue. Thus, in the area of the sole of the hoof bone, single or multiple osteophytes and exostoses are formed, which are formed in the process of ossification and metabolic disorders. According to chronic aseptic pododermatitis in cows there is a deterioration in the quality of the hoof horn, as indicated by the results of biochemical and biophysical searches. In particular, there is a decrease in calcium, sulfur, an increase in the concentration of SH-groups, a decrease in the concentration of copper, zinc, cobalt, which leads to a decrease in the density and hardness of the hoof horn, as well as an increase in abrasion resistance and a decrease in the intensity of abrasion of the horn of the animal sole, which leads to an accruing in the horn of the sole and dysfunction of the musculoskeletal system.

Assessment of low intensivities γ-irradiation chronic influence on the state of thiol-disulphide exchange in the small intestine of rats

Today considerable attention is paid to the effects of ionizing radiation.chronic exposure in low doses and intensivity to humans and other bio-objects. The changes in the structural characteristics of the genome, nuclear, microsomal, mitochondrial, plasma membranes, cell proliferation, and the processes underlying radioresistance / radiosensitivity caused by irradiation have been experimentally studied. prolonged exposure to ionizing rays in small doses gradually causes a decrease in the endogenous reserve of thiol-dependent systems, and their complete depletion, which negatively affects the body's resistance to adverse environmental factors. There is a possibility of disturbances in the synthesis of thiol disulfide high molecular weight components. The objective: to study the state of thiol disulfide, glutathione redox system and acetylcholinesterase activity in the small intestine of rats of different sexes and ages under physiological conditions and under conditions of prolonged γ-irradiation in a total dose of 0.75 and 1.0 Gy. Results. It has been established that in a small bowel of intact mature rats after prolonged total γ-irradiation with a dose of 1.0 Gy, there were quite significant changes in the content of thiol compounds in the tissues of the small intestine. It was found that the content of SH-groups of protein origin in the tissues of the small intestine decreased relative to the age of control group animals by 28.8% and at the same time was lower than the value of males of the previous stage by 32.8%. The number of disulfide groups of protein origin in the small intestine of males three months after irradiation at a total dose of 1.0 Gy, relative to the same age control group animals, was 85.6% and at the same time was lower than the previous stage by 31.8%. Conclusions: 1.Under physiological conditions there are clear gender and age differences in the functional state of thiol-disulfide, glutathione redox system and acetylcholinesterase activity.Prolonged total γ-irradiation in the total dose of 0.75 and 1.0 Gy causes quite stable and profound changes in the functional state of the systems under study.The dependence of the detected changes on the time elapsed after radiation damage, the dose of γ-irradiation and the sex of the animals is clearly monitored.4. Females have been shown to be more radioresistant than males.

Вплив лазерного опромінення на ксантиноксидазну активність та генерацію супероксидного радикала в цитозольній фракції печінки щурів-пухлиноносіїв

The effect of tumor growth in the body and laser irradiation on the enzymatic activity of xanthine oxidase, in particular its D- and O-forms, and also the rate of generation of the superoxide radical (O2–) and the level of protein sulfhydryl groups in the liver rat cytosolic fraction has been investigated. It has been found that in the cytosolic fraction of rats with transplanted Guerin’s carcinoma decreases the enzymatic activity of the D-form of xanthine oxidase with a simultaneous increase in its O-form during the period of intensive (14 days, which corresponds to the logarithmic phase of on cogenesis) and the period of final tumor growth (21 days, which corresponds to the stationary phase of oncogenesis). The increase in the enzymatic activity of the O-form of xanthine oxidase was accompanied by an increase the rate of superoxide radical generation and a decrease in the level of protein SH-groups in the liver cytosolic fraction of tumor-bearing rats. Daily directed action of laser irradiation on the area of growth of Guerin’s carcinoma leads to less destructive changes in the liver. Thus, there is an increase in the enzymatic activity of the D-form of xanthine oxidase, a decrease the rate of superoxide radical formation and an increase the content of protein SH-groups in the cytosolic fraction of the liver of experimental animals compared with non-irradiated tumor-bearing rats.