SH Compounds Research Articles

Efficiency of Fulvic Acid for Improving Physico-Chemical Properties of Albic Black, Gansu Desert and Shahjiang Black Soils

Fulvic acids are a crucial component of soil that influence various chemical, biological, and physical aspects of soils as well as increase nutrient availability. We examined that application of plant-derived liquid (PDL) fulvic acid on three low obstacle, typical Chinese soil can improve the soil fertility and enhance the plant growth and nutrients uptake. The pot experiments were carried out on three different Albic (AL), Irrigated Desert (IR) and Shahjiang Black (SH) soils, the Plant-derived Liquid (PDL) fulvic acid (FA) was applied at rates of 0.50% as well as control applied at 0% along with three replications. The results showed that PDL FA significantly increases the SOC content in three soils highest SOC was detected at SH, however the SOC fractions were significantly decreased in AL, SH and no-significant difference was recorded at IR. Similarly, the soil pH was significantly increased in AL and decreased at IR and SH, however, the electrical conductivity of IR decreased and increased in AL and SH comparing with initial soil pH and electrical conductivity. The results also examine that available nitrogen, phosphorus of AL, IR and SH soils were increased, however, available potassium content was decreased in IR and increased at AL and SH comparing with initial values. The highest Ca and Mg content was observed in SH and organic degree compound were found 26.7% AL, 49.2% IR and 18.2%, SH soil, conversely the organic-inorganic composite was observed lower. This study suggests that the PDL FA significantly increases the nutrient content of AL, IR and SH soils comparing with initial soil properties.

Multicomponent Heteroarylphosphorothiolation of Alkenes for Accessing β‐Phosphorothiolated Quinoxalinones

AbstractHerein, we present a (NH4)2S2O8 mediated difunctionalization reaction of aryl alkenes with quinoxalinones and P(O)SH compounds. This method enables the synthesis of various phosphorothioate‐containing quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐one derivatives (46 examples) in 37–79% yields. The reaction is compatible with a range of functional groups and is easily adaptable to large‐scale synthesis. Preliminary studies suggest the involvement of phosphorothioate radicals in these transformations.

Construction of Phosphorothiolated 2-Pyrrolidinones via Photoredox/Copper-Catalyzed Cascade Radical Cyclization/Phosphorothiolation.

A photoredox/copper-catalyzed cascade radical cyclization/phosphorothiolation reaction of N-allylbromoacetamides and P(O)SH compounds has been established. A broad range of novel nonfluorine- or difluoro-substituted 2-pyrrolidinones bearing the C(sp3)-SP(O)(OR)2 moiety can be conveniently constructed in moderate to good yields under mild conditions. Importantly, most of the tested phosphorothiolated 2-pyrrolidinones showed potent inhibitory effects toward both AChE and BChE.

Additive-free, N-chlorosuccinimide-promoted electrophilic phosphorothiolation/cyclization of alkynes with P(O)SH compounds to access heterocyclic phosphorothiolated molecules

A N-chlorosuccinimide-promoted electrophilic phosphorothiolation/cyclization of alkynes for the construction of phosphorothiolated heterocycles under metal- and additive-free conditions has been developed.

Therapy of post-COVID-19 syndrome: improving the efficiency and safety of basic metabolic drug treatment with tiazotic acid (thiotriazoline)

COVID-19 leads to disruption of the blood coagulation system, to thrombosis, hypercoagulability, as a result, to an increased risk of strokes and heart attacks. During COVID-19, endothelial dysfunction develops associated with NO deficiency with decrease in the level of SH compounds. Tiazotic acid (Thiotriazoline) has immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-ischemic, cardio- and endothelioprotective, antiplatelet, hepatoprotective activity. Our studies conducted at the National Research Medical Center “University Clinic of ZSMU” with the participation of 57 patients (from 30 to 65 years old) with post-COVID syndrome, who received thiotriazol with basic therapy in either tablets (200 mg each) or suppositories Dalmaxin (0.2 g each) twice a day for 30 days. Inclusion criteria for the study were a positive PCR test for COVID-19; if the PCR test was negative, then the presence of IgM COVID-19 or IgG COVID-19 (with radiologically confirmed pneumonia). The following biochemical parameters were studied: C-reactive protein - by immunoturbodimetric method; D-dimer - by enzyme immunoassay; ferritin - by immunochemiluminescent method; endothelial NO-synthase (eNOS) - by ELISA method; alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), total bilirubin; international normalized ratio (INR) and determination of platelet aggregation. During treatment with thiotriazoline, significant increase in the eNOS content was recorded, which indicated the presence of endothelioprotective activity of the drug. Thiotriazoline significantly reduced the level of D-dimer in the blood of patients, and also led to the normalization of INR. The established effects testified to the presence of antiplatelet and fibrinolytic action of thiotriazoline and its ability to reduce the risks of heart attacks and strokes in post-COVID syndrome. Thiotriazoline led to an objective improvement in general clinical parameters in patients with post-COVID syndrome, complaints of palpitations disappeared, blood pressure stabilized.

Transition‐Metal‐Free C(sp2)−H Phosphorothiolation/Cyclization of o‐Hydroxyarylenaminones: Access to S‐3‐Chromon Phosphorothioates

AbstractThe C(sp2)−H phosphorothiolation involving cyclization process through a transition‐metal‐free strategy is reported. It provides an attractive approach for the construction valuable S‐3‐chromon phosphorothioates from o‐hydroxyarylenaminones and P(O)SH compounds in the presence of 1.0 equiv. of iodine at 60 °C. This novel protocol shows readily available chemicals, broad substrate scope, and mild reaction conditions.magnified image

CaM kinase phosphatase (CaMKP/PPM1F/POPX2) is specifically inactivated through gallate-mediated protein carbonylation

CaMK phosphatase (CaMKP/PPM1F/POPX2) is a Mn2+-dependent, calyculin A/okadaic acid-insensitive Ser/Thr protein phosphatase that belongs to the PPM family. CaMKP is thought to be involved in regulation of not only various protein kinases, such as CaM kinases and p21-activated protein kinase, but also of cellular proteins regulated by phosphorylation. A large-scale screening of a chemical library identified gallic acid and some of its alkyl esters as novel CaMKP inhibitors highly specific to CaMKP. Surprisingly, they caused specific carbonylation of CaMKP, leading to its inactivation. Under the same conditions, no carbonylation nor inactivation was observed when PPM1A, which is affiliated with the same family as CaMKP, and λ-phosphatase were used. The carbonylation reaction was inhibited by SH compounds such as cysteamine in a dose-dependent manner with a concomitant decrease in CaMKP inhibition by ethyl gallate. The pyrogallol structure of gallate was necessary for the gallate-mediated carbonylation of CaMKP. Point mutations of CaMKP leading to impairment of phosphatase activity did not significantly affect the gallate-mediated carbonylation. Ethyl gallate resulted in almost complete inhibition of CaMKP under the conditions where the carbonylation level was nearly identical to that of CaMKP carbonylation via metal-catalyzed oxidation with ascorbic acid/FeSO4, which resulted in only a partial inhibition of CaMKP. The gallate-mediated carbonylation of CaMKP absolutely required divalent cations such as Mn2+, Cu2+, Co2+ and Fe2+, and was markedly enhanced by a phosphopeptide substrate. When MDA-MB-231 cells transiently expressing CaM kinase I, a CaMKP substrate, were treated by ethyl gallate, significant enhancement of phosphorylation of CaM kinase I was observed, suggesting that ethyl gallate can penetrate into cells to inactivate cellular CaMKP. All the presented data strongly support the hypothesis that CaMKP undergoes carbonylation of its specific amino acid residues by incubation with alkyl gallates and the divalent metal cations, leading to inactivation specific to CaMKP.

Photoredox/copper-catalyzed coupling of terminal alkynes with P(O)SH compounds leading to alkynyl phosphorothioates

The first pathway for the formation of alkynyl phosphorothioates via a visible-light-induced cross-dehydrogenative coupling reaction is reported.

Copper and Photocatalytic Radical Relay Enabling Fluoroalkylphosphorothiolation of Alkenes: Modular Synthesis of Fluorine-Containing S-Alkyl Phosphorothioates and Phosphorodithioates.

A photoredox and copper-catalyzed fluoroalkylphosphorothiolation of activated and unactivated alkenes via a radical relay mechanism is reported. By employing fluoroalkyl halides as radical precursors and P(O)SH or P(S)SH compounds as coupling partners, a wide range of β-monofluoroalkyl-, -difluoroalkyl-, -trifluoromethyl-, or -perfluoroalkyl-substituted S-alkyl phosphorothioates and phosphorodithioates can be easily constructed under mild conditions with good functional group tolerance. Furthermore, this modular reaction system can be successfully applied to late-stage functionalization of bioactive molecules.

The Effects of Potassium Applications on Drought Stress in Sugar Beet

Drought is a major environmental stress affecting agricultural productivity around the world. Application of potassium to plants can increase the ability of plants to tolerate drought stress while maintaining turgor pressure at low leaf water potentials. In this research, the effect of potassium applications under drought stress on some physiological parameters of sugar beet, which is a strategic plant, was investigated. In the experiment, irrigation levels were kept at 33%, 66% and 100% of field capacity. Different doses (10–20–40–80 mg kg−1) of potassium were applied to the plants. The plants were grown with Hoagland nutrient solution in the growth chamber. Relative water content increased at the 33% irrigation level with potassium applications to 67.39, 68.93, 68.20 and 74.41%, respectively, while membrane damage and MDA content decreased (70.66, 71.10, 65.91, 68.43% and 35.94, 25.38, 21.74, 18.84 nmol g−1). In addition, vitamin C and SH compounds decreased at the 33% irrigation level with potassium applications to 252.15, 198.40, 125.06, 134.25 µg g−1 and 69.16, 66.94, 55.89, 54.59 µg g−1, respectively. According to the results obtained from the experiment, the potassium applied to the plants under drought stress led to an increase in the relative water content and the reduction of membrane damage, and especially to the reduction of non-enzymatic antioxidants produced for defence purposes when faced with plant stress. Therefore, it can be said that potassium may play a critical role in reducing the negative effect of drought stress in sugar beet.

BACOSIDE A, WITHANOLIDE A, AND SHATAVARIN IV ARE BENEFICIAL ULCER AND ULCER HEALING ACTIVITY BY MODULATING INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS IN RATS

In addition to providing effective antiulcer medicines, their suboptimum safety and efficacy also stirs the search for alternative therapies. Repositioning of drugs is an attractive, convenient, and low risk strategy. The Phytoconstituents Bacoside A, Withanolide A and shatavarin IV obtained from the medicinal plants. The purpose of this analysis was to look at the mechanism of action underling the ulcer protective and ulcer healing capability of these phytoconstituents. The acute toxicity experiment was performed to look for the toxicity of the phytoconstituents, gastro protective effect determined using pylorus ligation induced ulcer model, connection of NO, SH and PGE2 were also tested. Peptic ulcer induced by acetic acid model, Western blotting assay (COX-1 and COX-2) was also performed to elucidate the mechanism of action of Phytoconstituents. No mortality was detected at given dosage in the acute toxicity study. In ulcer protective activity the phytoconstituents, Bacoside A and Shatavarin IV at the dose of 200µg/ml/kg, Withanolide A at the dose of 20µg/ml/kg appreciably reduced the ulcer index and ulcer severity in pylorus ligation induced ulcer model, the antiulcer ability involves several mechanisms like, non participation of NO and SH compounds. Improvement of PGE2 range and the up regulation of COX-2 seems to be directly related to the phytoconstituents antisecretory, ulcer-protective effects. These findings accentuate the gastro protective and gastric healing potency of the Phytoconstituents were mediated via concerted multi-pronged actions, including promotion of gastric protection, augmentation of PGE2, up regulation of COX-II.

Antioxidant and Antiulcerogenic Activity of the Dry Extract of Pods of Libidibia ferrea Mart. ex Tul. (Fabaceae).

Ethnomedicinal studies in the Amazon community and in the Northeast region of Brazil highlight the use of Libidibia ferrea fruits for the treatment of gastric problems. However, there are no data in the literature of this pharmacological activity. Thus, the aim of this paper is to provide a scientific basis for the use of the dry extract of L. ferrea pods (DELfp) for the treatment of peptic ulcers. Phytochemical characterization was performed by HPLC/MS. In vitro antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH, ABTS, phosphomolybdenum, and superoxide radical scavenging activity. The gastroprotective activity, the ability to stimulate mucus production, the antisecretory activity, and the influence of -SH and NO compounds on the antiulcerogenic activity of DELfp were evaluated. The healing activity was determined by the acetic acid-induced chronic ulcer model. Anti-Helicobacter pylori activity was investigated. HPLC/MS results identified the presence of phenolic compounds, gallic acid and ellagic acid, in DELfp. The extract showed antioxidant activity in vitro. In ulcers induced by absolute ethanol and acidified ethanol, the ED50 values of DELfp were 113 and 185.7 mg/kg, respectively. DELfp (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) inhibited indomethacin-induced lesions by 66.7, 69.6, and 65.8%, respectively. DELfp (200 mg/kg) reduced gastric secretion and H+ concentration in the gastric contents and showed to be independent of nitric oxide (NO) and dependent on sulfhydryl (-SH) compounds in the protection of the gastric mucosa. In the chronic ulcer model, DELfp reduced the area of the gastric lesion. DELfp also showed anti-H. pylori activity. In conclusion, DELfp showed antioxidant, gastroprotective, healing, and antiulcerogenic activities. The mechanism of these actions seems to be mediated by different pathways and involves the reduction of gastric secretion and H+ concentration, dependence on sulfhydryl compounds, and anti-H. pylori activity. All these actions support the medicinal use of this species in the management of peptic ulcers.

Use of cobalt(II) chelates of monothiol-containing ligands for the removal of nitric oxide.

It is first reported herein that cobalt(II) complexes solution of monothiol-containing multidentate ligands are used to remove low concentration of nitric oxide (NO). These chelating ligands are water-soluble amines, alcohols or acids which containing at least one -SH group, include those of cysteine, mercaptosuccinic acid, mercaptoethanesulfonate, mercaptopropionic acid and the like. These -SH compounds when coordinated with cobalt ions, forming complexes are very effective for NO removal. The results indicate that the side group (methyl, carboxyl, carboxymethyl) on α-carbon atom of ligands contribute to the denitration of the chelate solution, whereas the substituents on sulfur atom of ligands deactivate the complexation system. In addition, we have found that several monothiol compounds with simple molecule structure and low cost exhibit good performance in denitration, and some of cobalt thiol complexes are more valuable in removing NO than ferrous thiol complexes.

Exogenous Sulphydryl Improves Membrane Stabilization, Photosynthesis and Antioxidant Defense Systems in Vigna aconitifolia L. Under Water Stress

A 2-year (2010–2011) field experiment was conducted under hot arid environment at Bikaner, India to investigate the effects of exogenous sulphydryl (–SH) compounds (thioglycolic acid and thiourea) on the water relation, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, membrane stability, photosynthetic pigment contents, gas exchange parameters and antioxidant enzyme activities in moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia L.) under water limiting environment. Foliar application of –SH compounds significantly reduced MDA content and increased membrane stability, photosynthetic pigment content, gas exchange parameters and antioxidant enzyme activities. The –SH treated plants had 9–14, 10–14, 17–25, 16–74, 14–37% higher relative water content, membrane stability index, total chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme activities, and net photosynthetic rate (PN), respectively, whereas the MDA content was 12–21% lower, as compared to non-treated plants. Results suggest that under water limiting situation, exogenous –SH compound application improves photosynthesis, protects plants against oxidative damage by scavenging ROS and minimizing MDA content by elevated antioxidant enzyme activities. Results indicate that exogenous –SH application enhances the activities of antioxidant enzymes and maintains higher photosynthetic rate under water limiting environment and thus helps to improve drought tolerance in moth bean.

ENHANCING YIELD OF CLUSTERBEAN (CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBA L. TAUB) WITH FOLIAR APPLICATION OF SULPHYDRYL COMPOUNDS UNDER HOT ARID CONDITIONS

SUMMARYWater stress is one of the main environmental stress conditions that adversely affect growth and yield of crops. Sulphydryl (-SH) compounds have been reported to induce tolerance to abiotic stress conditions. A two-year (2010 and 2011) experiment was conducted at Bikaner, Rajasthan, India to test whether the exogenous applications of thiourea (500, 750 and 1000 mg L−1) and thioglycolic acid (200, 300 and 400 mg L−1) as a foliar spray would alleviate deleterious effects of water stress on clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.). The -SH-treated plants showed higher membrane stability index, photosynthetic pigment content, photosynthetic capacity and antioxidant enzyme activities and lower lipid peroxidation compared with untreated plants. Compared with untreated plants, the -SH-treated plants had 11–18, 18–30, 17–57, 25–47, 14–22% higher membrane stability index, total chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme activities, net photosynthetic rate and seed yield, respectively; whereas the malondialdehyde content was 10–19% lower. These data suggest that under water deficit stress, exogenous -SH compound application improves photosynthesis by increasing photosynthetic pigment, protects plants against oxidative damage by scavenging reactive oxygen species and minimizing lipid peroxidation by elevated antioxidant enzyme activities. These results indicated the role of -SH compounds in diminishing the negative effects of water deficit on clusterbean and suggest that -SH compounds could be used as a potential bioregulator to improve plant growth and yield under water deficit conditions.

Effect of application of SH-compounds on yield, protein and economics of summer green gram [Vigna radiata(L.) WILCZEK] under moisture stress in north Gujarat conditions

A quadreplicated split plot design field experiment with two main plot treatments and weight subplot treatments were conducted during summer 2011. Both the SH compounds and water was sprayed twice i.e., 25 and 45 DAS. Seed yield was not influenced but stover yield was significantly reduced due to moisture stress at vegetative stage (M2). Moisture stress did not influence protein content and protein yield. Crop without moisture stress (M1) produced higher net return and cost benefit ratio (CBR). Use of Thiourea 500 ppm (S4) increased seed and stover yield by 58 and 84% respectively over control (S1). Protein content and yield also increased with thiourea application @ 500 ppm (S4) over the SH compounds. Net return and CBR was highest with Thiourea 500 ppm. Use of thiourea @ 500 ppm without moisture stress earned maximum while moisture stress with control recorded the lowest net return and CBR. Foliar spray of thiourea@ 500 ppm twice at 25 and 45 DAS proved most effective to get higher yield and net return from summer greengram.

Antiulcerogenic Activity and Toxicity of Bauhinia holophylla Hydroalcoholic Extract.

Several species of Bauhinia are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, diabetes, and inflammation, among other conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the antiulcer effect of a hydroalcoholic extract from the leaves of B. holophylla. The chemical profile of the extract was determined by HPLC-PAD-ESI-IT-MS. A dose-effect relation was constructed using the ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model in male Wistar rats. Histological analyses and studies of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were performed in stomach samples. The involvement of SH compounds, NO, K+ ATP channels, and α 2-adrenergic receptors in the gastroprotective effect was evaluated. A toxicity study was performed with a single oral dose of 5000 mg/kg. The extract was composed mainly of cyanoglucoside and flavonol-O-glycosides derivatives of quercetin and myricetin. SH compounds, NO release, K+ ATP channel activation, and presynaptic α 2-adrenergic receptor stimulation each proved to be involved in the antiulcer effect. The levels of GSH and activity of GR and GPx were increased, and the levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 were modulated. There was an antidiarrheal effect and there were no signs of toxicity. B. holophylla presents antiulcer activity mainly by decreasing oxidative stress and attenuating the inflammatory response, without inducing side effects.

Physiological Responses and Tolerance Mechanisms to Cadmium in Conyza canadensis

Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of different concentrations of Cd on the performance of the Cd accumulator Conyza canadensis. Cd accumulation in roots and leaves (roots > leaves) increased with increasing Cd concentration in soil. High Cd concentration inhibited plant growth, increased the membrane permeability of leaves, and caused a significant decline in plant height and chlorophyll [chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b, and total Chl] content. Leaf ultrastructural analysis of spongy mesophyllic cells revealed that excessive Cd concentrations cause adverse effects on the chloroplast and mitochondrion ultrastructures of C. canadensis. However, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, total non-protein SH compounds, glutathione, and phytochelatin (PC) concentrations, showed an overall increase. Specifically, the increase in enzyme activities demonstrated that the antioxidant system may play an important role in eliminating or alleviating the toxicity of Cd in C. canadensis. Furthermore, results demonstrate that PC synthesis in plant cells is related to Cd concentration and that PC production levels in plants are related to the toxic effects caused by soil Cd level. These findings demonstrate the roles played by these compounds in supporting Cd tolerance in C. canadensis.

The contribution of glutathione to the destabilizing effect of yeast on wheat dough

Any factor which impairs the development of the gluten network affects the gas retention capacity and the overall baking performance. This study aimed to examine why rising yeast concentrations (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) decrease the dough elasticity in an asymptotic manner. Since in 27 commercial fresh and dry yeasts up to 81mg glutathione (GSH) per 1g dry sample were found. Through the addition of reduced GSH in dough without yeast, the extent of dough weakening was analysed. Indeed rheological measurements confirmed that yeast-equivalent levels of GSH had a softening effect and during 3h fermentation the weakening coefficient increased from 0.3% to 20.4% in a Rheofermentometer. The present results indicate that free –SH compounds, as represented by GSH, considerably contribute to the softening of dough through dead yeast cells.

Antioxidant response of Phragmites australis to Cu and Cd contamination

Metals are known to induce oxidative stress in plant cells. Antioxidant thiolic compounds are known to play an important role in plants׳ defence mechanisms against metal toxicity but, regarding salt marsh plants, their role is still very poorly understood. In this work, the involvement of non-protein thiols (NPT), such as cysteine (Cys), reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidised glutathione (GSSG) and total acid-soluble SH compounds (total thiols), in the tolerance mechanisms of the marsh plant Phragmites australis against Cu and Cd toxicity was assessed. Specimens of this plant, freshly harvested in an estuarine salt marsh, were exposed, for 7 days, to rhizosediment soaked with the respective elutriate contaminated with Cu (0, 10 and 100mg/L) or Cd (0, 1, 10mg/L).In terms of NPT production, Cu and Cd contamination induced different responses in P. australis. The content of Cys increased in plant tissue after plant exposure to Cu, whereas Cd contamination led to a decrease in GSSG levels. In general, metal contamination did not cause a significant variation on GSH levels. Both metals influenced, to some extent, the production of other thiolic compounds. Despite the accumulation of considerable amounts of Cu and Cd in belowground tissues, no visible toxicity signs were observed. So, antioxidant thiolic compounds were probably involved in the mechanisms used by P. australis to alleviate metal toxicity. As P. australis is considered suitable for phytostabilising metal-contaminated sediments, understanding its tolerance mechanisms to toxic metals is important to optimise the conditions for applying this plant in phytoremediation procedures.