Nocturnal Emissions Research Articles

Nocturnal isoprene emission from mature trees and diurnal acceleration of isoprene oxidation rates near Quercus serrata Thunb. leaves

Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray is a widespread deciduous oak in China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan, and a strong isoprene emitter. Establishing accurate inventories of this species and estimating net carbon budgets, including biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC), necessitates detailed evaluation of BVOC emission and oxidation characteristics. Emissions of isoprene, the most abundant BVOC, presumably contribute to atmospheric chemistry through the formation of photochemical oxidants and secondary organic aerosols. We built an isoprene flux monitoring system to simultaneously reveal characteristics of the flux and fate of isoprene at multiple locations in Q. serrata forests. We used proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) and an automated closed chamber to measure isoprene emissions from soil and leaves in a warm-temperate Q. serrata forest. We used a relaxed eddy accumulation system with PTR-MS to simultaneously measure the canopy flux. In continuous foliage chamber measurements, we observed daily variations of isoprene emissions and continuous nocturnal emissions from leaves. Nocturnal emissions exceeded 25 % of total daily leaf emissions and were relatively high at sunset and low at sunrise. These results suggest that nocturnal emissions from mature trees may not be negligible. When leaf emissions were high in the daytime, the canopy isoprene flux tended to plateau at an upper limit. Observations of isoprene concentrations and gradients suggest that the plateau was caused by acceleration of isoprene oxidation, and sequential formation of secondary organic aerosols may occur near the leaf just after emission. Elucidation of these linkages may require continuous field measurements with a simultaneous multi-flux monitoring system.

Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and pubertal development in sons. A follow‐up study of a birth cohort

Epidemiological studies have raised concern about the reproductive consequences of prenatal cigarette smoking exposure, possibly affecting semen quality and onset of pubertal development of the offspring. The aim of this study was to further investigate pubertal development in young men exposed to cigarette smoking in foetal life. In a Danish pregnancy cohort, information on maternal smoking during pregnancy was available from questionnaires administered in 1984-1987, and information on pubertal development, assessed by age at first nocturnal emission, acne, voice break and regular shaving, was obtained from a follow-up questionnaire administered in 2005 to the young men (age: 18-21). We found no significant association between prenatal cigarette smoking exposure and earlier onset of puberty, but we did observe a tendency towards earlier age of first nocturnal emission, acne and voice break, indicating an accelerated age of pubertal development. Men exposed to ≥15 cigarettes/day had 3.1 months (95% CI: -6.4; 0.2) earlier age at acne and 2.2 months (95% CI: -7.3; 3.0) earlier age at first nocturnal emission, 1.2 months (95% CI: -4.6; 2.2) earlier age at voice break, however, 1.3 months (95% CI: -1.6; 4.3) later age at regular shaving, compared with unexposed men. Prenatal cigarette smoking exposure may induce an earlier age at onset of puberty in young men, but larger studies with prospectively collected data on pubertal development are needed to explore this hypothesis further.

Seasonal variations in terpene emission factors of dominant species in four ecosystems in NE Spain

We studied the daily patterns in the rates of foliar terpene emissions by four typical species from the Mediterranean region in two days of early spring and two days of summer in 4 localities of increasing biomass cover in Northern Spain. The species studied were Thymelaea tinctoria (in Monegros), Quercus coccifera (in Garraf), Quercus ilex (in Prades) and Fagus sylvatica (in Montseny). Of the total 43 VOCs detected, 23 were monoterpenes, 5 sesquiterpenes and 15 were not terpenes. Sesquiterpenes were the main terpenes emitted from T. tinctoria. Total VOC emission rates were on average about 15 times higher in summer than in early spring. The maximum rates of emission were recorded around midday. Emissions nearly stopped in the dark. No significant differences were found for nocturnal total terpene emission rates between places and seasons. The seasonal variations in the rate of terpene emissions and in their chemical composition can be explained mainly by dramatic changes in emission factors (emission capacity) associated in some cases, such as for beech trees, with very different foliar ontogenical characteristics between spring and summer. The results show that temperature and light-standardised emission rates were on average about 15 times higher in summer than in early spring, which, corroborating other works, calls to attention when applying the same emission factor in modelling throughout the different seasons of the year.

Size distributions and temporal variations of biological aerosol particles in the Amazon rainforest characterized by microscopy and real-time UV-APS fluorescence techniques during AMAZE-08

Abstract. As a part of the AMAZE-08 campaign during the wet season in the rainforest of central Amazonia, an ultraviolet aerodynamic particle sizer (UV-APS) was operated for continuous measurements of fluorescent biological aerosol particles (FBAP). In the coarse particle size range (> 1 μm) the campaign median and quartiles of FBAP number and mass concentration were 7.3 × 104 m−3 (4.0–13.2 × 104 m−3) and 0.72 μg m−3 (0.42–1.19 μg m−3), respectively, accounting for 24% (11–41%) of total particle number and 47% (25–65%) of total particle mass. During the five-week campaign in February–March 2008 the concentration of coarse-mode Saharan dust particles was highly variable. In contrast, FBAP concentrations remained fairly constant over the course of weeks and had a consistent daily pattern, peaking several hours before sunrise, suggesting observed FBAP was dominated by nocturnal spore emission. This conclusion was supported by the consistent FBAP number size distribution peaking at 2.3 μm, also attributed to fungal spores and mixed biological particles by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), light microscopy and biochemical staining. A second primary biological aerosol particle (PBAP) mode between 0.5 and 1.0 μm was also observed by SEM, but exhibited little fluorescence and no true fungal staining. This mode may have consisted of single bacterial cells, brochosomes, various fragments of biological material, and small Chromalveolata (Chromista) spores. Particles liquid-coated with mixed organic-inorganic material constituted a large fraction of observations, and these coatings contained salts likely from primary biological origin. We provide key support for the suggestion that real-time laser-induce fluorescence (LIF) techniques using 355 nm excitation provide size-resolved concentrations of FBAP as a lower limit for the atmospheric abundance of biological particles in a pristine environment. We also show some limitations of using the instrument for ambient monitoring of weakly fluorescent particles < 2 μm. Our measurements confirm that primary biological particles, fungal spores in particular, are an important fraction of supermicron aerosol in the Amazon and that may contribute significantly to hydrological cycling, especially when coated by mixed inorganic material.

Pornography consumption and sexual behaviors as correlates of erotic dreams and nocturnal emissions.

Pornography consumption and sexual behaviors as correlates of erotic dreams and nocturnal emissions.

Statistical analysis of infrasound signatures in airglow observations: Indications for acoustic resonance

The detection of infrasonic signals in temperature time series of the mesopause altitude region (at about 80–100km) is performed at the German Remote Sensing Data Center of the German Aerospace Center (DLR-DFD) using GRIPS instrumentation (GRound-based Infrared P-branch Spectrometers). Mesopause temperature values with a temporal resolution of up to 10s are derived from the observation of nocturnal airglow emissions and permit the identification of signals within the long-period infrasound range.Spectral intensities of wave signatures with periods between 2.5 and 10min are estimated applying the wavelet analysis technique to one minute mean temperature values. Selected events as well as the statistical distribution of 40 months of observation are presented and discussed with respect to resonant modes of the atmosphere. The mechanism of acoustic resonance generated by strong infrasonic sources is a potential explanation of distinct features with periods between 3 and 5min observed in the dataset.

Influence of photoperiod on carbon dioxide and methane emissions from two pilot-scale stabilization ponds

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (CO(2), CH(4)) from pilot-scale algal and duckweed-based ponds (ABP and DBP) were measured using the static chamber methodology. Daylight and nocturnal variations of GHG and wastewater characteristics (e.g. chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH) were determined via sampling campaigns during midday (12:30-15:30) and midnight (00:30-03:30) periods. The results showed that under daylight conditions in ABP median emissions were -232 mg CO(2) m(-2) d(-1) and 9.9 mg CH(4) m(-2) d(-1), and in DBP median emissions were -1,654.5 mg CO(2) m(-2) d(-1) and 71.4 mg CH(4) m(-2) d(-1), respectively. During nocturnal conditions ABP median emissions were 3,949.9 mg CO(2) m(-2) d(-1), 12.7 mg CH(4) m(-2) d(-1), and DBP median emissions were 5,116 mg CO(2) m(-2) d(-1), 195.2 mg CH(4) m(-2) d(-1), respectively. Once data measured during daylight were averaged together with nocturnal data the median emissions for ABP were 1,566.8 mg CO(2) m(-2) d(-1) and 72.1 mg CH(4) m(-2) d(-1), whilst for DBP they were 3,016.9 mg CO(2) m(-2) d(-) and 178.9 mg CH(4) m(-2) d(-1), respectively. These figures suggest that there were significant differences between CO(2) emissions measured during daylight and nocturnal periods (p < 0.05). This shows a sink-like behaviour for both ABP and DBP in the presence of solar light, which indicates the influence of photosynthesis in CO(2) emissions. On the other hand, the fluxes of CH(4) indicated that DBP and ABP behave as net sources of CH(4) during day and night, although higher emissions were observed from DBP. Overall, according to the compound average (daylight and nocturnal emissions) both ABP and DBP systems might be considered as net sources of GHG.

Dreams with Sexual Imagery: Gender Differences in Content between Canadians and Italians

This research extends previous investigations on dreams with sexual imagery while beginning the empirical investigation across cultures and between genders. To extend previous cultural research, sexual dream imagery and frequency between Italian and Canadian men and women were examined. The first study consisted of two samples of 267 dreams (112 male and 155 female) from Trent University, Canada and Tor Vergata University, Italy. The second study consisted of two samples of 100 dreams with sexual content (50 male and 50 female) from Canadian and Italian students. Computer textual analysis of dream content categories revealed that sexual imagery and frequency of sexual dream content was consistent with previous research. New findings were found between the two cultures and across gender. For dreams in general, differences were found between Italian males and Italian females, and, between Italian females and Canadian females. These studies show that both cultural and gender differences are relevant for dreams with sexual imagery. Further investigations are warranted and should be extended to other cultural groups now that the protocol has been established through these studies. Limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Adolescents’ Reproductive Health Status In Urban Slums In The Khon Kaen Municipality, Thailand

This descriptive study aimed to explain the reproductive health of urban slum adolescents in the Khon Kaen Municipality area of Khon Kaen, Thailand. A self-reported questionnaire that took about 20 minutes to complete was used for data collection. Multi-stage simple random sampling was adopted in the selection of five target communities to recruit 277 male and female adolescents aged 10–19 years in accordance with the proportion of male and female adolescents in the area. Frequencies, percentages, standard deviations, and means were used for the data analysis. The female and male participants had an average age of 14.62 ± 2.66 years and 14.58 ± 2.84 years, respectively. The average menarcheal age was 12.96 ± 1.58 years, while the age at which the first wet dream was experienced for boys was 14.12 ± 1.44 years. Most of the participants were in elementary school, while 5.7% of female and 2.4% of male adolescents did not attend school. Most girls and boys knew about contraceptive pills and condoms, but not other birth control methods. Contraceptive pills were used by 26.4% of female adolescents and condoms were used by 39.8% of male adolescents. However, it was reported that less than 10% of males and females regularly used condoms. The lowest age of the 36.5% of girls who had had a sexual experience was 10 years, whereas the lowest age of the 40.7% of sexually experienced boys was 11 years. The average age of the group of females who had started to have sexual intercourse was 14.81 ± 1.71 years, and the average age of the group of males who had had sexual intercourse was 15.23 ± 1.32 years. Most of the sample had had intercourse with their girlfriends or boyfriends. It was found that 1.3% of the girls and 1.8% of the boys were prostitutes and that 10.9% of the boys had visited brothels. Twenty-two percent of the girls admitted that they had masturbated, while 41.0% of the males did. About 17.8% of the female adolescents had been pregnant; 50% of those pregnancies ended in abortion and 50% of the females had been pregnant more than once.

Association of Sexual Maturation and Body Size of Arfak Children

Gonad maturation in pubertal girls and boys is accompanied with somatic growth spurt, changes in quantity and distribution of body fat (BF), development of secondary sex characters, and relevant physiological events. Menarche (first event of menstruation) and spermarche (first event of nocturnal sperm emission) are usually used as indicators of gonad maturation. We found that median age at menarche of Arfak girls in Manokwari, West Papua is 12.2 years, while median age at spermarche of boys is 13.6 years. A possible factor causing young age at menarche is due to adaptation to unstable environmental conditions because of high risk of mortality by malaria disease during childhood. The events of menarche and spermarche achieved one year after the peak body height (BH) velocity, and just before or at the same time with the time of maximum growth rate of body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), and BF. The average BMI of Arfak girls was big at 21.9 kg/m2 at the time of their menarche. Bigger average BMI might be caused by prepubertal slowing down of BH growth compare to growth of BW whichis still increasing. Girls accumulate BF before puberty to be used as an energy reserve for the occurrence of menarche. At the time of development of secondary sexual characters girls use the fat reserve so it decline sharply after puberty. In boys, growth rate of BF was stopped at 11 years old, and then growing negatively presumably because boys use fat mass for the occurence of spemarche. BF growth rate reached the lowest point at the age 16 years old, and then increase linearly with age through adolescence until adulthood at age 23 years old.

Diel cycles of isoprenoids in the emissions of Norway spruce, four Scots pine chemotypes, and in Boreal forest ambient air during HUMPPA-COPEC-2010

Abstract. Branch enclosure based emission rates of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes from four Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris) and one Norway spruce (Picea abies), as well as the ambient mixing ratios of monoterpenes were determined during the HUMPPA-COPEC 2010 summer campaign. Differences in chemical composition and in emission strength were observed between the different trees, which confirmed that they represented different chemotypes. The chemotypes of Scots pine can be classified according to species with high, no and intermediate content of Δ-3-carene. The "non-Δ-3-carene" chemotype was found to be the strongest emitter of monoterpenes. From this chemotype, β-myrcene, a very reactive monoterpene, was the dominant species accounting for more than 32 % of the total emission rates of isoprenoids followed by β-phellandrene (~27%). Myrcene fluxes ranged from 0.8 to 24 μg g−1 (dw) h−1. α-Farnesene was the dominant sesquiterpene species, with average emission rates of 318 ng g−1 (dw) h−1. In the high Δ-3-carene chemotype, more than 48% of the total monoterpene emission was Δ-3-carene. The average Δ-3-carene emission rate (from chemotype 3), circa 609 ng g−1 (dw) h−1 reported here is consistent with the previously reported summer season value. Daily maximum temperatures varied between 20 and 35 °C during the measurements. The monoterpene emissions from spruce were dominated by limonene (35%), β-phellandrene (15%), α-pinene (14%) and eucalyptol (9%). Total spruce monoterpene emissions ranged from 0.55 up to 12.2 μg g−1 (dw) h−1. Overall the total terpene flux (monoterpenes + sesquiterpenes) from all studied tree species varied from 230 ng g−1 (dw) h−1 up to 66 μg g−1 (dw) h−1. Total ambient monoterpenes (including α-pinene, Δ-3-carene, β-pinene and β-myrcene) measured during the campaign varied in mixing ratio from a few pptv to over one ppbv. The most abundant biogenic VOC measured above the canopy were α-pinene and Δ-3-carene, and these two compounds together contributed more than 50% of the total monoterpenes. The ambient data reflect the emission rate, atmospheric reactivity and tree type abundance. The diel cycles of isoprenoid mixing ratios showed high levels during the night-time which is consistent with continued low nocturnal emission and a low and stable boundary layer. The chirality of α-pinene was dominated by (+)-enantiomers both in the direct emission and in the atmosphere. The two highest emitters showed no enantiomeric preference for α-pinene emissions, whereas the two lowest emitting pines emitted more (+)-enantiomer. The spruce emissions were dominated by (−)-enantiomer. The exceptionally hot temperatures in the summer of 2010 led to relatively strong emissions of monoterpenes, greater diversity in chemical composition and high ambient mixing ratios.

Nocturnal Emissions: A Failure to Replicate

A time series of nocturnal emissions was presented in The American Journal of Psychology in 1904. The anonymous author of this remarkable article provided the time series to support his contention that his nocturnal emissions exhibited a seasonal pattern of variation. Specifically, he claimed to have heightened emissions during spring and summer, with dampened emissions later. The basis for this claim was a time series graph of average emissions by month across an 8-year period. The purpose of this article is to reanalyze these data with statistical procedures developed in the past century to validate the original conclusion drawn by the author. After analyses of the data with several state-of-the-art methods, no statistical support was found for a seasonal pattern of nocturnal emissions.

1149 A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF SEXUAL FUNCTIONS IN HYPOSPADIACS OPERATED IN ADULTHOOD

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Hypospadiacs have been reported to be sexually less active, make their sexual debut later,have negative genital appraisal & less qualified profession than other men.Currently no such prospective study is reported.Our objective was to assess sexual functions of hypospadiacs operated in adulthood. METHODS: Sixty four adult operated hypospadiacs (mean age at evaluation 23 & at surgery 21 years) with twenty controls(mean age 22.8 years) operated for appendicitis & medical volunteers were evaluated prospectively to analyze sexual functions between 2006 to August 2011.Evaluation was done by history, clinical examination, laboratory investigations, type of surgery and questions in a proforma for sexual functions. RESULTS: Type of hypospadias were coronal 34,distal penile 11,mid shaft6,proximal penile 7, penoscrotal3,Perineal2 & MIP-1. Procedure done was TIP with Spongioplasty in 35, TIP with spongioplasty and dorsal dartos in 22, modified Duckett’s 3, and modified Duckett’s with TIP in 3. Associated anomalies were Cryptorchidism2, both atrophic testis1 right undescended testis-2 ectopic,absent kidney-1 each & poor secondary sexual characteristics-2. Age at first sexual contact was delayed in study group (by 18 years control 45%: study 15.92%) and sexual contact was lesser (control 95%: study 60.93%). Age at first erection noticed varied since childhood to 15 years with an average of (control 13.66: study 13.20). First emission was noticed at 13 to 17 years with an average of control 14.10: study 15.47; and by the age of 15 years 90% controls & 45% study patients had emission. Age at first masturbation was 13 to 18 years (average Control 13.90: study 15.59) and by the age of 15 years 90 % control & 60 % study patients had masturbation. Penile erection in study group was of grade IV in 56, III in 4, II in 3 and I in one whereas grade IV in all controls. Size of penis after surgery was perceived to be small in 12 patients (4 partners not satisfied). SHIM score was 21 in 22 out of 36 patients in study group & normal in all controls. In study group 34 (28 married) out of 39 who had sexual contact & 19 (14 married) controls were able to ejaculate into partner’s vagina with adequate sexual performance & satisfaction of both partners. CONCLUSIONS: Significant difference was seen in age at first sexual contact (p 0.01) & in number of subjects having sexual contact (p 0.001).Nocturnal emission and masturbation was delayed in the study group. Sexual dissatisfaction was seen in 13.15% patients (5.2% due to small penis)in the study group but overall sexual satisfaction of both partners was similar in both groups.

Perspective Taking Shapes the Impact of Significant-other Representations

Past research has shown that people's reported beliefs come to correspond with the apparent beliefs of salient significant others (e.g., Andersen & Chen, 2002; Baldwin, 1997). The current research extends this work by examining the degree to which such effects are influenced by perspective taking. In a modification of the classic paradigm used by Baldwin and Holmes (1987), 96 undergraduates (33 males, 62 females, and 1 unreported) were primed to perspective take or given a neutral prime before visualizing an older family member and reading an article about sexual dreams. As predicted, perspective taking enhanced the effect of significant other priming; participants who took the perspective of an older family member liked the sex article less than those who did not perspective take. Experiment 2 (39 males and 28 female undergraduates) demonstrated that this consequence of perspective taking was limited to significant others and did not extend to category exemplars.

Spontaneous ejaculation with the use of noradrenergic reuptake inhibitors

The Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb maintainsthe spontaneous adverse drug reaction (ADR) reportingsystem in the Netherlands. The primary aim of this systemis to detect ADRs that were not identified prior to drugmarketing [1]. Physicians, pharmacists, and patients canreport suspected ADRs to the pharmacovigilance centre.We describe three case reports of spontaneous ejaculation,without sexual arousal, after micturition associated with theuse the noradrenergic reuptake inhibitors methylphenidate,atomoxetine, and venlafaxine reported by Lareb betweenJanuary 1996 and December 2011.Thefirstreport,fromapsychiatrist.concernsa40-year-oldman who received atomoxetine. After 3 weeks, the patientdeveloped spontaneous ejaculations following micturitionurgency up to eight times a day without sexual arousal. Thepatientrecoveredafterwithdrawalofatomoxetine.Thepatientpreviously used dexamphetamine, which also gave spontane-ous ejaculations. He recovered upon cessation of dexamphet-amine. Concomitant medication is not reported.The second report, from a consumer, concerns a 25-year-old man who experienced spontaneous ejaculation withoutsexual arousal following testicular pain after micturitionwith the use of methylphenidate. The use of concomitantmedication was not reported. Past drug therapy includedatomoxetine, which also gave spontaneous ejaculations fol-lowing micturition.After 2years, thepatientuses mainlythelong-acting variant of methylphenidate (Concerta®) andsometimes the shorter-acting variant of methylphenidate(Ritalin®). Although spontaneous ejaculations are still pres-ent, they are less frequent with this drug regimen.The third report, from a psychiatrist, concerns a 60-year-old man who experienced spontaneous ejaculations withoutsexual arousal one to two times a week within a day aftercommencing venlafaxine for depression. The ADR wors-ened after a dose increase from 225 to 375 mg. The outcomeof this report is unknown.In the literature, there are two case reports of spontaneousejaculation with sexual arousal with the use of reboxetine.Both patients recovered within 2 weeks of reboxetinewithdrawal [2, 3]. Case reports concerning spontaneousejaculation without sexual arousal with the use of othernoradrenergic reuptake inhibitors were described with theuse of milnacipran [4], zotepine [5], and nefazodone [6].Spontaneous ejaculation occurred after micturition [6] anddefecation [4], with a frequency varying from once per 2 or3weeks[4] to several [5] to seven times daily [6]. Allpatients recovered after drug withdrawal [4–6].The exact mechanism of spontaneous ejaculation is un-known. Ejaculation is controlled by both the sympathic andparasympathic system and consists of an emission and expul-sion phase [3]. Ejaculation latency time is regulated by thesympathic system. Hypothetically, by reducing ejaculatory la-tency time, spontaneous ejaculation can occur [3]. Adrenergicdrugs are sometimes used as treatment for delayed ejaculation[3].Inrats,ejaculationwasinducedbysystemicadministrationofamphetamine[7].Also,stimulationofnoradrenaline(rebox-etine [2], milnacipran [4]), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT2)antagonists (nefazodone) [6] could lead to decreased ejacula-tion latency time. On the other hand, selective serotonin reup-take inhibitors (SSRIs) [3, 4] and 5-HT1a antagonists couldlead to increased ejaculation latency time [2, 3].

The Absence of Sin in Sexual Dreams in the Writings of Augustine and Cassian

Abstract Despite being an embarrassing and rarely-addressed issue in the early Church, sexual dreams were ardently discoursed by Augustine and Cassian. In their discussions, not only sexual dreams became an indicator of the dreamer’s moral disposition but a moral hierarchy of dreamers was created for the first time in Christianity. Moreover, while many early and modern Christians consider dreaming of concupiscent images or having a nocturnal emission as sinful, surprisingly these two church fathers doctrinally justified oneiric sexual sinners as innocent. Their doctrine of sin converted the dominion of dreams into the only place where people were inculpable for their ‘sinful deeds’. This article examines their conception of sexual dreams and their articulation of the doctrine of sin by them.

An Unusual Presentation of Dhat Syndrome

An Unusual Presentation of Dhat Syndrome

P-1341 - Drugs and sex - an indian scenario

The Indian male suffers a unique dilemma regarding his sexual health thanks to the courtesy of quacks. The normal stages of adolescent development such as masturbation and night emissions are misinterpreted as signs of severe internal disease. By the time he has his first real sexual encounter he is under tremendous psychological pressure. Under these circumstances he may fail to perform which aggravates his self doubt. Drugs seem to be an easy solution for this problem. He takes shelter under the deadly influence of drugs to overcome his sexual problems. When he starts using drugs, initially his problems seem to be solved but in no time he gets trapped in the web of drug addiction. At this point all his time, money and energy are directed to procure drugs rather than seek pleasure from sexual activity. Once he is dependent on drugs his simple psychological problems become serious organic disease. In our center we have experience with more than a 3000 detoxification procedures with drug addicts. Approximately 25% of these addicts started experimenting with drugs because of sexual problems. When they present for the treatment of drug addiction over 70% of drug dependent patients have erectile dysfunction (ED). ED is independent of the reason that these individuals started using drugs for the first time. This paper stresses the need for adequate scientific and sex education of the youth at the right time. The concerned authorities need to impose a ban on unqualified individuals, spurious medications and misleading advertisement.

ACUTE TOXICITY AND HIGH PERFORMANCE THIN LAYER CHROMOTOGRAPHY STUDY OF CASSIA AURICULATA FLOWERS

Cassia auriculata plant belonging to Fabaceae grows on black cotton soil and dry stony ground throughout the savannah and thorn forests of the Deccan and Guzerat, also in the Southern Mahratta country and the Latteriate region along the sea coast. It has great importance to tanner and workers. Tea and compound syrup prepared from flowers is being prescribed for diabetes, nocturnal emissions and inflammation. The methanolic extract of Cassia auriculata flowers(MECA) was screened for acute toxicity at three different doses levels and it did not show any toxic or deleterious effects for any of the symptoms as per OECD guidelines indicating low toxicity of the extract at high doses. High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic studies of the extract revealed the presence of rutin in minute amounts proving its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Thus, the studies enlighten the flowers seems to high content of flavanoids and bioflavonoids.

Sex dreams, wet dreams, and nocturnal emissions.

Sex dreams, wet dreams, and nocturnal emissions.