Gender Differences Research Articles

Examining the relationship between emotion dysregulation and gender identity among adolescents in residential or partial hospital DBT treatment

ABSTRACT Past research exploring gender differences in relation to emotion dysregulation has shown mixed results. This study explores the extent to which gender differences in emotion dysregulation exist among adolescents in residential or partial hospital treatment settings after controlling for known variables that have demonstrated significant gender differences and have been linked to emotion dysregulation. Participants were 412 adolescents at admission to residential or partial hospitalisation DBT treatment. Participants self-identified their gender as: 28% (n = 116) cisgender male, 50% (n = 206) cisgender female, and 22% (n = 90) transgender and gender diverse (TGD). One-way ANOVA indicated TGD individuals and cisgender females scored significantly higher on emotion dysregulation than cisgender males. Hierarchical regression results indicated that gender overall explained only an additional 1.6% of the variance in emotion dysregulation after controlling for interpersonal competence, psychological distress, and interpersonal needs. Present findings underscore the importance of considering a range of psychosocial factors and pathways that may contribute to emotion dysregulation, and how gender groups may be differentially impacted.

Navigating Children's Risky Play: A Comparative Analysis of Saudi Mothers and Fathers.

Despite documented benefits for development, children are engaging in considerably fewer risky play activities. Research on parent gender and children's risky play is inconsistent. Gender and cultural context shape how individuals perceive and tolerate children's risky play. Little research exists on gender disparities in approaches to risky play in Eastern cultures, including Saudi Arabia. The study's objective was to examine gender variations in Saudi parents' willingness and tolerance for children's risky play. It included 85 parents: 41 fathers and 44 mothers. Differential Item Functioning analysis revealed a statistically significant difference between mothers and fathers on three Factors Affecting Tolerance of Risk in Play Scale items. While interaction effects and predictors were not significant (p = .22-.97), the overall multiple regression model significantly predicted parents' risk tolerance (p = .04). Within the context of other factors, gender appeared to play a complex and indirect role in determining parents' risk tolerance.

Gender Disparities and Lung Cancer Screening Outcomes Among Individuals Who Have Never Smoked.

Lung cancer in individuals who have never smoked (INS) is a growing global concern, with a rapidly increasing incidence and proportion among all lung cancer cases. Particularly in East Asia, opportunistic lung cancer screening (LCS) programs targeting INS have gained popularity. However, the sex-specific outcomes and drawbacks of screening INS remain unexplored, with data predominantly focused on women. To compare LCS outcomes between Asian women and men with no smoking history. This multicenter cohort study was conducted at health checkup centers in South Korea from 2009 to 2021. Participants included individuals aged 50 to 80 years with no smoking history who underwent low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening. Data were retrospectively analyzed from November 2023 to June 2024. Opportunistic LDCT screening for lung cancer. Participants were followed up until December 2022 for the outcome of death. Lung cancer diagnosis, diagnostic characteristics, clinical course, and lung cancer-specific deaths (LCSD) were compared between women and men. A total of 21 062 participants (16 133 [76.6%] women and 4929 [23.4%] men) with a mean (SD) age of 59.8 (7.2) years were included. From baseline screening, 176 participants (139 women [0.9%] and 37 men [0.8%]) were diagnosed with lung cancer (screen-detected); 131 of 139 women (94.3%) and 33 of 37 men (89.2%) were diagnosed with stage 0 to I disease, with 133 of 139 women (95.7%) and 36 of 37 men (97.3%) having adenocarcinoma. There were no significant sex-based differences in stage or histologic type distribution. Among the 21 062 screened individuals, LCSD was reported in 8 women and 3 men during a mean (SD) follow-up of 83.8 (41.7) months. Multivariable analyses found no significant association between sex and cumulative hazards of lung cancer diagnosis (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.90 [95% CI, 0.64-1.26] for men vs women) or LCSD (aHR, 1.06 [95% CI, 0.28-4.00] for men vs women). The estimated 5-year lung cancer-specific survival rate was 97.7% for women and 100% for men with screen-detected lung cancer, showing no significant sex differences. In this cohort study of Asian individuals with no smoking history who underwent LDCT screening, no significant sex-based differences were detected in lung cancer diagnosis, stage distribution, or LCSD. These findings suggest that men and women who have never smoked would experience similar risks of overdiagnosis with little to no benefit when exposed to indiscriminate screening.

Gender differentials in infant and under-five mortality in India

Perspective vista of child-health in India reclaim within the framework of Sustainable Development Goals to ensure healthy living and well-being for all at all ages. With significant young populace in India, health status of children becomes paramount undoubtedly. Study precisely traces gender differential in child mortality, highlighting role of pointers like IMR and UMR in the context of parental, socio-economic, and environmental settings. Commissioning a comprehensive approach, study evaluates data from National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) alongside Demographic Health Survey (DHS), USAID spanning over 2015-2016. Risk of mortality was higher among male infants and under-five children compared to female. Birth order, birth spacing, mother’s age at birth, maternal and parental education were observed valuable for child survival. Birth order higher than four with birth-spacing less than two years for mothers bearing child at 35 years of age and above were deleterious for child survival. Certain socioeconomic and environmental factors appeared significantly contributory in gender differences in child mortality. High-risk zone of Central India need critical and incisive surveillance to control child mortality due to preventable causes. Planning and implementation of health programs need to consider gender gap in child mortality for maternal and child health related policies and interventions. Study emphasizes attention of policymakers and public health entrepreneurs to foresee rewarding interventions targeting the cohort of children at risk.

Einfluss von Gender auf Parodontitis: Prävention, Prävalenz und Ätiologie in einer narrativen Übersicht

Periodontitis leads to a destruction of the tooth-supporting apparatus, which untreated may end up in tooth-loss. Key factor in the pathogenesis of periodontitis is the host immune response, genetic predisposition, and lifestyle factors (such as smoking, stress, and diabetes), all of which influence disease severity. Periodontitis is more common in men than women, this fact may point out that gender may have an influence on periodontitis. In addition, the incidence and severity seem to have a gender predilection with the incidence and severity of periodontal disease appearing to be greater in males than in females. The purpose of this narrative review was to summarize the existing literature on influence of gender in periodontology. The review included German and English articles and aimed to identify any gender differences in periodontitis. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines gender as the socially constructed characteristics, norms, behaviors and roles associated with being a woman, man, girl or boy, and the relationships between them. The topic of "gender" is not a new topic in dentistry. However, existing studies are relatively limited and further research is needed to improve our understanding of this topic. In fact, understanding gender and gender differences in oral health may be valuable for improving the effectiveness of preventive and therapeutic interventions. By recognizing and addressing these differences, healthcare professionals can tailor their approaches to better address the specific needs and challenges of individuals of different genders. This can help improve overall oral health outcomes.

Early Evaluation of the Interaction and Gender Differences in Combination of Apatinib and Metoprolol Using Humanized CYP2D6 Model.

Apatinib, a commonly used tyrosine kinase inhibitor in cancer treatment, can cause adverse reactions such as hypertension. Hypertension, in turn, can increase the risk of certain cancers. The coexistence of these diseases makes the use of combination drugs more common in clinical practice, but the potential interactions and regulatory mechanisms in these drug combinations are poorly understood. We used the humanized CYP2D6 mouse model to predict the effect of apatinib on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of metoprolol and investigated the interactional mechanism. The inhibitory effects and mechanisms of apatinib on metoprolol were investigated in vitro by using wild-type mouse liver microsomes (WT MLMs), humanized CYP2D6 mouse liver microsomes (hCYP2D6 MLMs), and human liver microsomes (HLMs). Molecular docking was utilized to explore the structural basis of the observed inhibitory mode. And in vivo interaction between apatinib and metoprolol was assessed by pharmacokinetics study using the humanized CYP2D6 mice. In vitro studies and molecular docking experiments indicated that apatinib competitively inhibited the metabolism of metoprolol. In vivo findings revealed that the administration of apatinib combined with metoprolol resulted in a significant increase in the AUC(0-t), AUC(0-∞) and Cmax of metoprolol; additionally, there was a reduction in the CLz/F and heart rate, indicating that apatinib strongly inhibited metoprolol metabolism. And the homologous CYP2D6 protein in WT mice was more sensitive to apatinib compared to the hCYP2D6 mice. Gender analysis revealed that metoprolol accumulation was more pronounced in male mice when combined with apatinib, indicating a higher susceptibility to cardiotoxicity in males.

Are Women More Risk Averse? A Sequel

This paper reexamines the question of gender differences in financial relative risk aversion using updated methods and data. Specifically, the paper revisits the 1998 work “Are women more risk averse?” by Jianakoplos and Bernasek, suggests refinements in their model in relation to the database used, namely the U.S. Federal Reserve Board’s Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF), and performs new tests on the latest SCF from 2022. The suggested refinements pertain first to an enhanced computation of wealth, which includes additional categories of assets such as 401(k)s or other thrift savings accounts, and second to the more subtle handling and consideration of specific demographic data of the SCF respondents. Unlike the original study, which also included married couples, the new study focuses exclusively on single-headed (never-married) households. This eliminates ambiguity about the actual financial decision maker in households, enabling a clearer assessment of individual gendered behavior. Following the refinements, the new tests reveal a continuing pattern of decreasing relative risk aversion; however, contrary to the 1998 findings, there is no significant gender difference in financial relative risk aversion in 2022. This study also documents that education levels strongly influence risk-taking: single women with higher education levels are more likely to hold risky assets, while for men, higher education correlates with less risk-taking. The paper concludes by informing policymakers and financial educators so as to further tailor their strategies for promoting gender equality in financial decision-making.

Gender Differences in the Association between Pornography Use and Sexual Satisfaction: Further Meta-Analytic Evidence

ABSTRACT Sexual satisfaction has been identified by public health experts as essential for sexual health, overall health, and well-being. The first meta-analysis of the association between pornography use and sexual satisfaction found a statistically significant negative correlation among men but not among women (i.e. men who consumed pornography more often were less sexually satisfied, while women’s sexual satisfaction was not significantly related to their pornography use). A recent meta-analysis reported the opposite pattern of results. This brief report attempted to replicate this recent meta-analysis. Only one study from the original meta-analysis overlapped with the corpus of studies utilized for the recent meta-analysis. Despite this differential base of studies, the present reanalysis of the recent meta-analysis’ data points confirmed the findings of the original meta-analysis. Pornography use is significantly and negatively related to men’s, but not women’s, sexual satisfaction.

Comparison of Different Methods for Reducing Pain during Vaccination: A Randomized Study with Placebo and Control Groups

Background: Pain can cause deterioration in physiological, behavioural, and cognitive functioning. It is important to reduce perceived pain during painful procedures such as vaccination using pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. Objectives: The study was carried out to compare the effectiveness of different non-pharmacological methods in pain management during vaccination. Methods: This randomised controlled study with placebo and control groups was conducted with 175 infants, who were randomly assigned to one of the ShotBlocker® (n = 35), ShotBlocker®-placebo (n = 35), sucrose (n = 35), sucrose-placebo (n = 35) or control (n = 35) groups. Pain levels of the infants were determined by assessors (nurses, parents, and observer) using the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) before and during vaccination. Results: There was no significant difference in infant age, weight, length, and gender among the five groups. There were statistically significant differences between the pain scores determined by the parents, nurses, and observer for the ShotBlocker®, sucrose, ShotBlocker®-placebo, sucrose-placebo, and control groups. The pain scores of infants in the ShotBlocker® and sucrose groups were statistically lower than those in the placebo and control groups (p < .001). Conclusion: It was concluded that the use of ShotBlocker® and sucrose reduced pain levels during vaccination according to all observers and that there was no statistically significant difference between these two methods. In order to minimize the perceived pain in infants during vaccination it is recommended that healthcare professionals (nurses and midwives) would use these methods in clinical practice.

Beliefs About Autonomic Arousal Sensations Help Explain Differences in Paraphilic Interests in Young Men and Women.

We examined whether beliefs about autonomic arousal sensations and sexual sensation seeking explain some of the gender differences in self-reporting paraphilic sexual interests in 672 university students. A serial mediation model was used to test the direct association of gender and the indirect associations of positive interpretations of autonomic arousal sensations and sexual sensation seeking on paraphilic sexual interests. Anxiety sensitivity (e.g., the belief that anxiety sensations are dangerous) was included in the serial mediation model to evaluate the relationship between negative interpretations of autonomic arousal sensations and paraphilic interests. As predicted, men reported more paraphilic interests, sexual sensation seeking, positive beliefs about autonomic arousal sensations, and lower anxiety sensitivity than women. Participants' gender was indirectly related to paraphilic interests through positive beliefs about autonomic arousal sensations and sexual sensation seeking. Notably, positive interpretations of autonomic arousal sensations had a greater association with paraphilic sexual interests than anxiety sensitivity. When autonomic arousal sensations are interpreted positively, they may facilitate sexual sensation seeking, and people may endorse more paraphilic sexual interests. Future research on paraphilias should further examine positive interpretations of autonomic arousal sensations as they may relate to sexual sensation seeking and the endorsement of paraphilic interests.

Gender inequality and cultural values in explaining gender differences in positive and negative emotions: A comparison of 24 countries during the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract The coronavirus pandemic posed a major challenge to mental health. Existing evidence shows that COVID-19 is related to poor emotional well-being, particularly among women. However, most work on the subject uses single-country samples, limiting the ability to generalize the disparity or explain it as a function of societal variables. The present study investigates the expression of positive and negative emotions during the pandemic as a function of gender and across 24 countries (N = 49,637). Strong gender differences emerged across countries, with women reporting more negative emotions (anxious, depressed, nervous, exhausted) and less positive emotions (calm, content, relaxed, energetic) than men. The gender gap in positive emotions was significantly wider in countries higher in individualism and narrower in countries higher in power distance. For instance, differences in emotions were larger in Western countries high in individualism, such as the USA, the UK, Italy, and France, and smaller in countries with higher collectivism and power distance, such as China, Malaysia, and South Korea, with a few exceptions like Japan and Brazil. These gender differences across countries were not explained by country-level gender inequalities indicators (GGGI and GII). Interestingly, the national severity of the pandemic, an epidemiological factor, reduced gender differences in positive emotions. These results underscore the importance of considering cultural and national factors when assessing gender differences in well-being.

Age and gender differences in the recognition, use and perception of a selection of Anglicisms

It is undeniable that, in recent years, the English language has had a considerable and growing impact on the language and culture of Spain. The present research aims to explore and examine the knowledge, use and perception of a specific selection of Anglicisms, taking into consideration age and gender variables, in a group of one hundred randomly chosen native Spanish individuals. Firstly, a theoretical framework that defines the concept of Anglicism, is presented emphasising its pragmatic functions, in order to understand the purpose behind their use and the general population’s perception of them. The influence of English on Spanish society throughout history is also addressed, along with potential factors that have contributed to the increase of English terms in the Spanish vocabulary. For the implementation of this study, a survey was designed and distributed online targeting one hundred individuals. The first part of the survey included questions about personal traits: age within a suggested range, gender, highest level of education, and English proficiency level. On the other hand, the second part focused on answering questions about a selection of eight Anglicisms with the aim of gathering relevant information. These eight terms were grouped into four categories: curvy and outfit for fashion; gadget and streaming for technology; bagel and detox for gastronomy; and finally, red flag and staff for society. In this way, the aim was to determine the frequency, context and reasons for the use of these terms, as well as the opinions they elicit, taking into account potential age and gender differences. The main findings reveal that young people, for the most part, show a largely positive attitude towards Anglicisms, preferring to use them primarily in oral and informal contexts. Additionally, significant differences were observed between genders in the familiarity with certain Anglicisms, and it was found that context influences and plays an important role in their knowledge and use. Therefore, the findings obtained in this study can be useful for future research on Anglicisms and for broadening the understanding of this current phenomenon.

Gender Differences in English Language Anxiety among Moroccan University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

This study focuses on gender differences in English Language anxiety among Moroccan students. A structured questionnaire was employed for data collection by adopting a cross-sectional research design. The respondents comprised 240 university students; the questionnaire included respondents’ demographic data and the English Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (ELCAS). The study aimed to answer three research questions: (1) Does gender significantly influence English language anxiety among Moroccan students? (2) What variables cause male and female students’ English language anxiety? (3) How does English language anxiety affect male and female students’ academic achievement and well-being? The study affirms that the level of English anxiety significantly differs by gender, and the female students had higher English anxiety. Some significantly identified factors include fear of negative evaluation and communication apprehension. The study thus advocates for tailored intervention to address gender-specific language anxiety and promote the student’s academic achievement and well-being.

In vivo imaging of mitochondrial function in normal, glaucoma suspect, and glaucoma eyes.

To investigate macula and optic nerve head (ONH) mitochondrial metabolic activity using flavoprotein fluorescence (FPF) in normal, glaucoma suspect (GS), and open-angle glaucoma (OAG) eyes we performed a cross-sectional, observational study of FPF in normal, GS, and OAG eyes. The macula and ONH of each eye was scanned and analyzed with a commercially available FPF measuring device (OcuMet Beacon, OcuSciences Inc., Ann Arbor, MI). One-way analysis of variance was used to compare macula and ONH FPF scores between groups. Linear regression models investigated the correlation between FPF scores and structural and functional parameters. We included 25 normal, 16 GS, and 54 OAG eyes. The average age in years ± SD for normal, GS, and OAG groups was 60.6 ±17.4, 67.8 ± 10.3, and 67.9 ± 11.6, respectively (P = 0.064). There was no significant difference in gender, race/ethnicity, visual acuity, and intraocular pressure between groups. OAG eyes had larger cup-to-disc ratio, thinner retinal nerve fiber and macula thicknesses, and worse visual field indices compared to normal and GS eyes (P ≤ 0.018). There was no significant difference in any FPF metric between the study groups in either the macula or the ONH, despite normalizing FPF data for structural differences between groups (e.g. retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness). In conclusion, no significant differences in metabolic activity as measured by FPF were found in macula and ONH FPF scores using the integrated clinician report generator between normal, GS, and OAG eyes. Further research is needed to evaluate the role of mitochondrial metabolic activity measurements in glaucoma.

Analysis of faculty readiness for online teaching: assessing impact and adaptability in diverse educational contexts

In recent years, educators have encountered significant shifts in teaching methodologies driven by rapid technological advancements and evolving demands in higher education. This transition has prompted adaptations in teaching practices and digital approaches, resulting in a broader paradigm shift across institutions. This study explores faculty perceptions and attitudes toward emerging pedagogies, focusing on their preparedness for digital and hybrid learning environments and the dynamics of teacher-student collaborative learning in these contexts. The research examines how faculty readiness can enhance adaptation to modern educational demands beyond any specific event or period. Utilising the FROCT scale—measuring readiness through comfort with risk, identity disruption, teaching norms, and equity and tenure norms—this research, conducted among Spanish university teachers, that highlight significant shifts in readiness perceptions after 2 years of compulsory online education. Furthermore, the study identifies gender and age disparities in teachers’ perceptions of online education readiness. These findings contributing to a better understanding of teacher preparation and performance in the post-pandemic educational landscape, specifically in online and blended education, where cognitive, metacognitive, and emotional dimensions play integral roles in fostering socialisation online and collaborative learning between educators and students.

Independent State, Federal State, or Unitary State? Age, Gender, and Regional Differences Among Anglophone Cameroonians

For the past 8 years, Cameroon has been witnessing a deadly conflict between anglophone separatist fighters and the Cameroon military over the form of governance. This study seeks to highlight anglophone attitudes and preferences towards forms of governance, as well as the differences between men and women and between northwesterners and southwesterners, i.e., the inhabitants of the two English-speaking regions in Cameroon, with respect to this question. In addition, it explores the relationship between age and attitudes toward the form of state. In a sample of 314 participants, the results show that men were more supportive of an independent state than women, but women were more supportive of a federal state than men. On the other hand, support for a unitary state, the current form of state, was extremely low, and there was no significant difference between men and women. Also, this study shows that there is no significant difference between anglophones from the northwest region and anglophones from the southwest region in terms of their support for an independent state, a federal state, and a unitary state. Lastly, the results indicate that there is a significant positive correlation between age and support for an independent state, a significant negative correlation between age and support for a federal state, and a nonsignificant negative correlation between age and support for a unitary state. The implications, limitations, and recommendations of this study are discussed as well.

An examination of women leaving computational STEM careers

The attrition of women in technology and computational fields, combined with the persistence of gender disparities in retention, remains a critical issue. This paper discusses the experiences and perceptions of early career female researchers to explore the underlying factors contributing to this trend. Drawing from personal experiences and interviews with peers, we explore the multifaceted reasons for women’s departure from these professions.

The relationship between malocclusion and speech patterns: a cross-sectional study

ObjectiveDental occlusion and the alignment of the dentition play crucial roles in producing speech sounds. The Arabic language is specifically complex, with many varieties and geographically dependent dialects. This study investigated the relationship between malocclusion and speech abnormalities in the form of misarticulations of Arabic sounds.Materials and methodsOne hundred native subjects (28.92 ± 12.09 years old) were recruited for this cross-sectional study. The Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index was used to describe malocclusion pattern. A standard speech sample was recorded for each subject and evaluated by a blinded speech therapist to judge misarticulations and indicate the misarticulation classification. The Jeddah Institute for Speech and Hearing Centre (JISH) articulation test was used to assess the phonologic abilities of the participants. Mann-Whitney U test was utilized for the statistical analysis. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsThe PAR score ranged from 0 to 15, with an average of 4.87. The descriptive statistics of the included sample demonstrated that twenty-seven subjects showed improper articulation of sounds, with 25 being distortions and 2 substitutions. No significant gender differences were reported. A statistically significant association between PAR scores was recorded for the sounds / ص/ (p = 0.004), / ز/ (p = 0.017), and / س/ (p = 0.010).ConclusionsThere was an evident pattern of partial association of PAR index scores and speech abnormalities including improper articulation. To provide optimal care for involved subjects, collaboration between orthodontists and speech therapists, in pre- and post-treatment evaluations, is crucial.

Pro-Environmental Behaviors and Their Limitations in A Sample of Chilean Adults

Objective: To analyze pro-environmental behaviors (PEB), their level of awareness, and the limitations that reduce their frequency. Secondary objectives included evaluating the psychometric properties of the instrument used and examining gender differences across the dimensions analyzed. Theoretical Framework: Climate change is the main challenge of our time. To mitigate its negative impact, it is essential to promote PEB, defined as actions that effectively contribute to environmental protection. These behaviors can be grouped into five dimensions: recycling, sustainable mobility, energy and water conservation at home, environmentally responsible purchasing, and social and political participation for environmental purposes. Method: A mixed-method descriptive design was employed with non-probabilistic sampling. The “Characterization of Pro-Environmental Behaviors Survey (ECCP)” and open-ended questions about limitations were administered to 284 participants. Analyses included factorial analysis, descriptive statistics, group comparisons, and emergent coding of qualitative data. Results and Conclusions: The ECCP demonstrated adequate psychometric properties. Participants reported being aware of the relationship between PEB and environmental protection. The most frequent dimensions were energy and water conservation, recycling, and sustainable mobility, while environmentally responsible purchasing and social/political participation were less common. The main limitations identified were lack of time, insufficient infrastructure, comfort, and habit, with differences observed across specific dimensions. Originality/Value: The findings provide insights into the prevalence of pro-environmental behaviors and their limitations, offering valuable information for the targeted development of strategies to promote these behaviors effectively.

Motivation to Clinical Trial Participation: Health Information Distrust and Healthcare Access as Explanatory Variables and Gender as Moderator

Background: There is significant underrepresentation in clinical trials across diverse populations. Less is known about how health system-related factors, such as relationships and trust, mediate the motivation for clinical trial participation. We aimed to investigate whether health system-related factors explain the association between sociodemographic factors and motivation for participation. Additionally, we explored whether the mediating effects differ by gender. Methods: We used the Health Information National Trends Survey 2020 cycle-4 data. Motivation for clinical trial participation, assessed through eight items, was the outcome variable (range 1–4). Predictors included age, race, ethnicity, education, general health, and depression. The health system-related explanatory variables were health information distrust, having a regular provider, and the frequency of healthcare visits. Gender was the moderator. A structural equation model (SEM) was used for the overall and gender-stratified analyses. Results: Among the 3865 participants (mean [SE] age of 48.4 [0.53] years, 51.4% women, and 24.3% non-White), older age (β = −0.170; p &lt; 0.001) and non-White race (β = −0.078; p &lt; 0.01) were negatively associated, and higher education (β = 0.117; p &lt; 0.001) was positively associated with motivation. Higher distrust (β = −0.094; p &lt; 0.01) decreased motivation, whereas having a regular provider increased motivation (β = 0.087; p &lt; 0.01). The gender-stratified SEM revealed that women, but not men, with higher distrust showed lower motivation (β = −0.121; p &lt; 0.01), and men, but not women, with a regular healthcare provider showed higher motivation (β = 0.116; p &lt; 0.01). Conclusions: Our study found that women with higher distrust showed lower motivation, while men with a regular healthcare provider demonstrated higher motivation. These gender differences highlight the need for tailored recruitment approaches that account for their distinct relationships with the health system.