Gender Differences Research Articles

Gender disparities in authorship across top-ranked otolaryngology journals over last 10 years

Gender disparities in authorship across top-ranked otolaryngology journals over last 10 years

Gender differences in clinical characteristics and influencing factors of suicide attempts in first-episode and drug-naïve major depressive disorder patients with comorbid metabolic syndrome

Gender differences in clinical characteristics and influencing factors of suicide attempts in first-episode and drug-naïve major depressive disorder patients with comorbid metabolic syndrome

Evaluating didactic strategies for teaching mathematics: A Policy–Driven approach to gender equity in Panama’s education system

This article evaluates the Didactic Strategies for Teaching Mathematics (DSTM) program, designed to enhance the teaching of mathematical content in primary and secondary education in a hybrid modality. In alignment with SENACYT’s Gender-STEM-2040 Policy, which emphasizes gender equality as a foundational principle of education, this study aims to assess whether initial teacher training aligns with this policy through the use of mathematical strategies promoting gender equality. A descriptive-correlational approach was applied to a sample of 64 educators, selected based on their responses during the training, with the goal of improving teaching and data collection methodologies. Findings indicate that, although most teachers actively engage in training, an androcentric approach persists, with sexist language and a curriculum that renders girls invisible, hindering the fulfillment of the National Gender Equality Policy in Science, Technology, and Innovation of Panama (Gender-STEM Policy 2040). Additionally, through a serendipitous finding, a significant gap in student activity levels, especially in secondary school, was discovered. While in primary school, activity levels were similar between genders, a decline in active participation among girls in secondary school was observed. This discovery, not initially contemplated in the study’s objectives, provides valuable insights into gender differences in active participation, particularly in higher educational stages. The serendipity suggests the need for further exploration of social, environmental, and family factors that may influence this decrease in girls’ active participation. The article concludes with a preliminary diagnosis and a call to deepen gender equality training and the effective implementation of coeducation in Panama’s educational system.

A dyadic multimethod study of “partner phubbing”, smartphone conflict, and relationship quality in opposite-sex couples from Belgium

Abstract Existing research indicates that ‘partner phubbing’ is associated with heightened conflict and lower relationship satisfaction. However, previous studies have relied on cross-sectional designs involving subjective self-reports of only one partner. In this study, the main hypothesis entailed that the link between partner phubbing and relationship quality will be mediated by conflict over smartphone use. We utilized experience sampling (ESM) with objective smartphone logging measures collected over 14 days from 35 mixed-gender intimate dyads from Belgium (N = 70). An Actor-Partner Interdependence Model revealed that perceived relationship quality was negatively predicted by partner’s smartphone use in husbands only, but there were no indirect effects via smartphone conflict. We reported a low occurrence of smartphone frustration and conflict in couples. An outstanding dyad analysis revealed some incongruencies between partner’s smartphone use and its perception within couples. The design allowed us to distinguish between phone use frequency and screen time, which facilitated a nuanced understanding of smartphone use impact, and gender differences, to some extent refuting the previous literature. The findings prompt us to debate whether co-present smartphone use ought to be associated with negative outcomes exclusively, a rare notion to be explored in future research.

Bridging the Gap: Enhancing Career Readiness for Agricultural Graduates in India

Agricultural Educational institutions are striving to enhance their methodologies to equip graduates with skills that meet diverse industry demands. While graduates are trained in foundational agricultural science, there is a growing recognition that securing suitable employment requires competencies beyond technical expertise. The study identifies notable gaps in these skill sets among graduates, indicating that while educational programs assess technical abilities rigorously, there is room for improvement in developing broader employability skills. The research involved final-year undergraduate students, alumni, and employers from Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU). A 67-item questionnaire was administered to students, alumni and employers. The 67 items were grouped into 16 skill categories and percentage analysis was carried out for better understanding. The analysis revealed that a significant portion of students (67.12%) are female, reflecting a positive trend in gender participation in agricultural education. However, the preference for government jobs among 85% of students raises concerns about their willingness to explore opportunities in the private sector, which may limit their career options. The study’s findings also reveal discrepancies in perceptions of essential employability skills among students, alumni, and employers. Students and alumni rated "Listening" as the most critical skill, while employers prioritized "Problem Solving and Analytic" skills. Furthermore, the study advocates for robust career guidance programs that encourage students to consider diverse career paths, including the private sector. Additionally, addressing gender disparities in the workforce is crucial to ensure equitable opportunities for all graduates.

Leveraging AI-enhanced and emerging technologies for pedagogical innovations in higher education

AbstractThis study examines the influence of AI-powered and emerging technologies on pedagogical practices in higher education, focusing on their role on behavioural intention (BI) and actual usage among educators and students. The research hypothesises that the relationship between each Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) constructs - Performance Expectancy (PE), Effort Expectancy (EE), Social Influence (SI), and Facilitating Conditions (FC) - and BI to use AI is mediated by Attitude towards AI. Additionally, it explores the mediation of the relationship between Technological, Organisational, and Environmental (TOE) framework and BI to use AI by Attitude towards AI. Furthermore, it hypothesises that the relationship between UTAUT constructs, and the actual Usage of AI is mediated by BI. Data were collected from 115 respondents through a survey measuring perceptions of UTAUT and technology-organisation-Environment (TOE) constructs. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed to analyse the data, alongside PLS-Multi-Group Analysis (PLS-MGA) to explore gender differences. The key results indicated that PE and EE significantly influenced Attitude towards AI (F = 14.861 and F = 33.887, respectively), which in turn significantly influenced BI (β = 0.468, t = 5.106). However, SI had an insignificant effect (F = 0.346), and FC had a minimal influence (F = 2.225). The study found that Organisational Context played a significant role in shaping Attitude towards AI, influencing BI, whereas the direct influence of TOE on BI was not significant (F = 1.356), indicating full mediation by Attitude. Additionally, higher BI did not necessarily translate to increased AI usage (β = -0.381, t = 4.749), suggesting external barriers or moderating factors. These findings provide valuable insights for developing strategies to enhance AI-driven pedagogical innovations, emphasising the importance of fostering positive attitudes and addressing practical challenges in AI adoption.

Generation Z’s meaning of hospitality from a gender perspective

ABSTRACT The concept of hospitality encompasses a range of interactions between hosts and guests, grounded in sociocultural norms and practices. To look into hospitality from a different sociocultural viewpoint, this paper explores how Generation Z understand and interpret “hospitality” through the lens of gender. Using semi-structured interviews, it reveals that females link hospitality to customer service and host-guest relationships, while males emphasiseemphasize commercial elements, such as food and payment. These insights underscore the complex interplay between gender disparities and hospitality perceptions. The research highlights the importance of implementing industry policies and training that address gender disparities and encourage inclusivity. For broader relevance, future research should encompass diverse demographics and assess the influence of temporal and regional factors on these perceptions.

Women in Higher Education Leadership

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the higher education landscape has caused upset to many long-held practices in the sector as educators question the future. The male-dominated leadership landscape in AI reflects broader gender disparities prevalent in STEM fields. This position paper investigates the challenges women face in academic leadership within the context of AI and proposes strategies to address these disparities. By examining reflective narratives from three women leaders in higher education, we identify themes of visibility, recognition, and inclusive leadership. Our findings highlight the importance of mentoring programs and collaborative leadership models to support women in AI leadership roles. We argue that diverse leadership not only fosters innovative solutions and equitable access but is also crucial for ethical AI development. Promoting diverse voices in AI leadership can drive meaningful change, ensuring AI technologies benefit a broader demographic and align with ethical standards. Future research should focus on strategies to enhance visibility and support for women leaders in AI, addressing both gender and cultural dynamics.

Gender evaluation in American English, 1875–1989

ABSTRACT This study examines the evaluation of males and females in the Corpus of Historical American English within three registers – Fiction, Newspapers, and Non-fiction – spanning the late-nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The aim is to fill a gap there remains in our understanding of how males and females are evaluated in American English across different communicative settings (registers) and historical periods. For this purpose, the study explores gender-specific personality traits, societal importance, physical appearance, appeal, and capacity via linguistic features such as male and female terms, pronoun usage, and adjectives. The results reveal significant differences in the frequency and nature of gender evaluation: while men are consistently evaluated more frequently than women, there are nuanced variations in gender evaluation patterns over time and across communicative settings. The increase in female evaluation towards the late twentieth century seems to correlate with societal changes such as the women’s rights movement and shifting gender norms during this period. The analysis also underscores the significance of linguistic registers in shaping gender evaluation, with, for instance, Fiction displaying less pronounced gender differences compared to Newspapers and Non-fiction. Overall, the findings underscore the complex interplay between language, registers, and sociocultural changes in shaping gender evaluation.

Application of the Actor–Partner Interdependence Model in Parent–Adolescent Mental Health Knowledge and Depression

ABSTRACTAimTo explore the individual and interpersonal association between mental health knowledge (MHK) and depression in adolescents and one of their parents, and to explore whether gender differences exist between fathers and mothers in these associations.MethodsParticipants were 3456 father–adolescent dyads and 4478 mother–adolescent dyads, recruited from eight middle schools in Wuhan, who completed self‐report assessments of MHK and depression from September to October 2021.ResultsWith the application of the actor–partner interdependence model, A positive actor effect between MHK and depression in adolescents was found. Adverse partner effects from fathers' MHK and mothers' MHK to adolescent depression were noted and showed no significant difference. Adolescents' depression was significantly associated with parental depression in both fathers and mothers.ConclusionIt is implied that milder adolescent depression was associated with lower levels of adolescent MHK, along with higher levels of MHK in both fathers and mothers. For parents, it is important to emphasise the improvement of their own MHK and increase their attention to adolescent mental health problems, as this may contribute to enhancing the mental health of adolescents.Implications for the Profession and/or Patient CareThis study is instructive and related to family‐based nursing interventions for mental health, emphasising the potential influence of parents in the family on adolescent depressive symptoms. The findings suggest that parental involvement should be encouraged and that the family's role in supporting the child's mental health should be recognised, contributing to the development of relevant policies.ImpactThis study highlights that higher parental MHK is associated with lower levels of adolescent depression, with no gender differences between fathers and mothers. Family‐based nursing interventions that emphasise mental health education for parents may have an impact on improving depression in adolescents.Reporting MethodGuidelines were followed using the STROBE reporting method.Patient or Public ContributionNone.

Empowering Rural Women through Nutrition Education: Enhancing Dietary Quality with Mushroom-enriched Foods and Participation in Local Mushroom Production Systems

Ensuring quality nutrition for rural women remains a critical public health challenge, particularly in regions where dietary diversity is limited, and micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent. One potential solution is the incorporation of mushroom-enriched food into the daily diets of these women, combined with effective nutrition education and active participation in the mushroom production system. Mushrooms are a nutrient-dense food source, rich in essential vitamins such as vitamin D, and B vitamins, and minerals like zinc, selenium, and iron, which are often deficient in rural diets. Additionally, mushrooms provide a valuable source of protein and fiber, making them an ideal complement to traditional staples. Nutrition education programs focusing on the health benefits of mushrooms can help shift dietary patterns and empower rural women to make healthier food choices for themselves and their families. The integration of mushroom cultivation into local agricultural practices not only enhances food security but also provides an additional income source for women, supporting their economic empowerment. Moreover, the cultivation process is relatively low-cost and can be sustainably managed within small-scale farming systems, making it an accessible and feasible solution for rural communities. Training women to grow, harvest, and prepare mushroom-enriched foods can address both the supply and demand side of the nutrition equation, ensuring that nutrient-rich foods are both available and consumed regularly. The dual focus on nutrition education and production system participation also fosters a sense of ownership and self-reliance among rural women, leading to more sustainable long-term improvements in dietary quality. This approach has the potential to reduce gender disparities in agricultural participation by providing women with a specific and profitable area of expertise within their communities.

Characterization of Gingival Epulis Lesions: A Histological and Morphological Approach

Objective: To conduct a clinical and histopathological study of Epulis at Bhittai medical and Dental College, Mirpurkhas. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at the Bhittai medical and Dental College Mirpurkhas. Patients clinically diagnosed with gingival outgrowth, across all age groups and both genders, were included. A provisional diagnosis of epulis was made based on clinical examination. After taking a careful history, relevant clinical features were recorded, and a biopsy procedure was performed using infiltration near the lesion or regional nerve block techniques. The data was documented using a pre-designed proforma and analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Results: Out of 50 subjects, 30 (60%) were female and 20 (40%) were male. Most cases involved the maxillary gingiva (anterior or posterior) (62%). The majority of lesions measured between 2cm and 3cm (76%). Lesions typically exhibited a soft consistency (70%), with fewer cases being firm (8%) or hard (22%). Histologically, peripheral giant cell granuloma (PG) was most prevalent (50%), followed by fibrous epulis (42%), peripheral ossifying fibroma (4%), and peripheral giant cell granuloma with features of central giant cell granuloma (PGCG) (4%). No cases of congenital epulis or pregnancy tumor were reported. Histological evaluation revealed no significant gender differences (p-value 0.86). Conclusion: Clinically, most epulis lesions presented as painless, soft, coral pink masses, typically measuring approximately 2-3 cm in diameter and exhibiting a sessile form and observed more commonly in females, with a predominant occurrence in the maxillary region. Histopathological examination revealed that the most frequent types were fibrous epulis and peripheral giant cell granuloma.

Global and regional burden of pancreatitis: epidemiological trends, risk factors, and projections to 2050 from the global burden of disease study 2021

BackgroundPancreatitis is a significant global health concern with rising incidence, complex management, and substantial mortality. This study aimed to assess global and regional trends in pancreatitis from 1990 to 2021 and project future trends to 2050 using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021.MethodsWe analyzed GBD 2021 data to evaluate age-standardized incidence (ASIR), mortality (ASMR), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rates of pancreatitis. Regional trends, gender disparities, and correlations with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) were examined. Key risk factors, including alcohol consumption, smoking, and metabolic disorders such as hyperlipidemia, were extracted and evaluated. A Bayesian age-period-cohort model (BAPC) was used for future projections.ResultsFrom 1990 to 2021, global pancreatitis cases increased from 1.73 million to 2.75 million, representing a rise of 59%. Despite this, ASIR decreased slightly from 37.62 to 32.81 per 100,000, a 12.8% reduction. Deaths rose from 68,490 to 122,416, an increase of 78.7%, while ASMR decreased from 1.69 to 1.45 per 100,000, a reduction of 14.2%. DALYs increased from 2.58 million to 4.10 million (59%). Significant regional variations were found, with Eastern Europe showing the highest ASIR, ASMR, and DALY rates. Projections indicate continued declines in ASIR, ASMR, and DALYs through 2050.ConclusionsWhile global age-standardized rates of pancreatitis have declined, significant regional and socioeconomic disparities persist. Targeted prevention efforts, particularly in high-burden areas like Eastern Europe, and addressing modifiable risk factors such as alcohol use are crucial for reducing the future burden of pancreatitis.

Do Gender Differences in Mental Health Contribute to Gender Differences in Physical Health? An Instrumental Variables Approach

AbstractExisting research indicates that gender disparities in mental health contribute to gender disparities in physical health. However, the observed relationship might be driven by the endogeneity of mental health. By combining high‐quality panel data with standard estimation techniques, we initially confirm the previous findings. In contrast, when we account for the endogeneity of mental health using the death of a relative and the death of a spouse as instruments, we observe a change in the existing result. Although the positive and significant impact of mental health on physical health persists, the disparity between women and men becomes negligible.

Gender disparity in academic performance in higher education institutions: a case of Wollo University, Ethiopia

IntroductionGender disparity in academic achievement in developing countries is a pervasive issue that requires attention. Examining the gender gap provides empirical evidence for decision-makers. This study explored gender-based disparities in academic achievement in higher education institutions.MethodsWe employed an ex-post facto research design and analyzed the cumulative grade point average (CGPA) and national exit examination results of 1,323 students to attain the study objective. Data analysis was conducted using the Chi-square test, independent samples t-test, correlation, and simple linear regression tests.ResultsThe results revealed a statistically significant underrepresentation of female students in the top-achieving groups (χ2 (1) = 7.929, p < 0.05), whereas their proportion in the lower-achieving groups (χ2 (1) = 19.18, p < 0.05) was higher than expected. Additionally, a significantly more significant proportion of female students scored below the 50% minimum passing mark on the national exit examination (χ2 (1) = 23.857, p < 0.05). Furthermore, the analysis demonstrated that male students attained statistically and significantly higher marks on both their CGPA [t (1231) = 6.432, p < 0.001] and national exit examination [t (1231) =10.855, p < 0.001] at a 95% level of significance. The correlation test results revealed that students who performed well academically in their CGPA were more likely to score higher on the national exit examination [r (1323) =0.525, p < 0.01].DiscussionThe findings suggest that further research is necessary to explore the underlying factors contributing to the observed gender disparities in academic achievement at the tertiary level. Moreover, additional efforts have to be undertaken by concerned bodies to support and mentor female students at higher institutions.

Personality traits predict the need for cognitive closure in advanced undergraduate medical students

BackgroundUncertainty in medical decision-making is a significant challenge influenced by various patient- and physician-related factors. They include physicians’ clinical reasoning skills and their tolerance for uncertainty. Medical students are trained in clinical reasoning and have to learn to manage uncertainty. This study investigates the influence of personality traits on the need for cognitive closure (NCC) among final-year undergraduate medical students participating in a simulation of a first day of residency.MethodsThe study included 373 students who participated in a simulation of a first day of residency between March 2022 and November 2023. The simulation included a consultation, a management, and a patient handoff phase, followed by self-assessments of confidence in clinical reasoning. We used the 16-Need for Cognitive Closure Scale (16-NCCS) and the HEXACO Personality Inventory - Revised (HEXACO-PI-R) to assess NCC and personality traits. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to explore the impact of personality traits and gender differences on the NCC.ResultsOpenness, Extraversion, and Honesty-Humility negatively predicted NCC, suggesting these dimensions favor a more explorative and less hurried approach to medical decision-making. Conscientiousness and Emotionality positively predicted NCC, indicating a preference for structured and decisive processes among medical students with high scores on these dimensions. Notably, gender emerged as a significant moderator, particularly influencing the relationship between Emotionality and NCC, with female students showing a higher tendency towards seeking closure when Emotionality was high.ConclusionThe personality dimensions Openness, Extraversion, and Honesty-Humility are negatively predictive of medical students’ tendency towards cognitive closure. Learning to reflect on these interrelations is critical for medical students, as inappropriate responses to uncertainty can lead to poor medical decisions. Integrating self-reflective exercises into the curriculum could support students to recognize how their personality influences their response to uncertainty in medical practice.

Relación de la victimización de bullying y cyberbullying en las dificultades de regulación en adolescentes del Ecuador

The present study aims to identify the relationship between bullying victimization (BV) and cyberbullying victimization (CBV) in emotional regulation difficulties (ERD) in a sample of adolescents in Ecuador. This work is based on a quantitative, descriptive, correlational, gender-comparative, cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 384 adolescents, with 44% being females and the remaining 56% males, aged between 14 and 19 years (M= 15.7; SD= 4.4). The students came from 9 schools in two cities in Ecuador. BV and BCV levels were found to be low, while ERD levels were moderate. There were only gender differences in BV, with a higher presence in males than females. Finally, there was a positive relationship between BV (moderate), BCV (slight) and DRE. BV and BCV are also positively and moderately related. BV and BVB are elements that interact in a relevant way with DRE in adolescents in Ecuador, indicating a particular connection.

Gender Differences in “Making Weight” Behaviors Among U.S. Iraq and Afghan War Veterans: Implications for Future Health

Gender Differences in “Making Weight” Behaviors Among U.S. Iraq and Afghan War Veterans: Implications for Future Health

Reporting Sex and Gender Differences in Cardiovascular Research

Incorporating sexual orientation, gender identity, and expression (SOGIE) data into cardiovascular research design is necessary to reduce cardiovascular healthcare disparities among sexual and gender minority (SGM) people. To achieve this, researchers should not only understand appropriate terminology, but also implement inclusive survey tools that respect privacy and cultural nuances, as the benefit of obtaining SOGIE information is critical to tailoring cardiovascular interventions and ensuring equitable healthcare outcomes. In order to address potential concerns related to disclosing SOGIE information, we must prioritize sensitivity training for healthcare professionals to foster an inclusive environment for data collection, ethical considerations, and confidentiality safeguards. This review aims to develop and inform critical thinking about sex and gender and to identify strategic mechanisms to include SOGIE data in cardiovascular research, thus improving cardiovascular health outcomes for SGM individuals. By embracing a more comprehensive and inclusive approach to data collection, cardiovascular research can contribute significantly to advancing personalized and inclusive healthcare practices and medical education, and ultimately promote better health outcomes for all SGM individuals.

Disentangling the gender-differentiated determinants of home-based self-employment choices in Nigeria

Abstract Understanding gender disparities in home-based self-employment (HBS) and their links to homeownership and socioeconomic factors is crucial for advancing sustainable development goals (SDGs) in Sub-Saharan Africa, especially Nigeria. This study uses data from the 2010/2011, 2012/13, 2015/16, and 2018/19 waves of the Nigerian General Household Survey (GHS). It employs random effect probit regression, the LASSO method for identifying predictors, and the Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition technique to analyse gender differences in nonlinear binary outcomes. The results show that female business owners are more likely to engage in HBS compared to males, highlighting the importance of gender equality (SDG 5) and decent work (SDG 8). While male entrepreneurs are mainly driven by profit, females prioritise balancing paid and unpaid work, reflecting motivations beyond profit within heterodox economics. Significant gender-differentiated impacts are observed in relation to monthly rent, post-secondary education, dwelling space, energy, and regional locations. Notably, the presence of children significantly increases female involvement in HBS, a trend not seen among males. Marriage also influences female participation, suggesting that marital circumstances and economic benefits play a role. These findings highlight the need for policies addressing gender-specific constraints, challenging traditional gender roles, and promoting inclusive human development within the SDG framework.