Sex Class Research Articles

FACTORES SOCIOECONÓMICOS COMO PREDICTORES DE LA ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA, EL CONSUMO DE TABACO Y ALCOHOL, EN LA POBLACIÓN ADULTA ESPAÑOLA.

Objectives; in Spain, tobacco causes more than 50,000 deaths per (13% of annual deaths). More than 10,000 deaths were alcohol-attributable during 2016. Regular physical activity helps prevent and treat a number of noncommunicable diseases, as well as hypertension, overweight and obesity. It can also improve mental health, quality of life and well-being. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of these three lifestyle habits (3LH) in the adult Spanish population, as well as their relationship with individual socioeconomic factors. Methods; we used the European Health Interview Survey in Spain 2020, a population-based survey (n=21,569), to analyze the prevalence and relationship of the 3LH with the following socioeconomic factors: sex, age, nationality, cohabitation, education, social class and autonomous region of residence. Logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios, for each of the 3LH. Results; 78.6% of interviewees declared not to smoke and 34.5% not to drink alcohol. 14.1% of respondents reported to do exercise regularly (several times per week). Sex, age, nationality, cohabitation, education and social class had statistically significant effects (p<0.05) in the three models. Conclusions; this study provides evidence of the statistical association in Spanish adult population of the analyzed predictors with physical activity, tobacco and alcohol consumption. This information would be useful for designing prevention and treatment health policies that target the groups at risk.

Is the mandibular buccal shelf anatomy related to craniofacial morphology? A cross-sectional CBCT study.

The placement of Temporary Anchorage Devices (TADs) in the mandibular buccal shelf area is a common option for distalizing the lower arch. Therefore, the study of bone thickness and depth in this area is mandatory before planning TAD insertion. The aim of this study was to quantify the width and depth of the mandibular buccal shelf structure and examine its associations with sex, age, skeletal class and vertical pattern. A cross-sectional study was carried out on cone beam computed tomographies obtained from 91 patients. The bone thickness was evaluated in the mandibular buccal shelf area 5 and 8 mm apical to the cement-enamel junction (CEJ), and the bone depth was measured 4 mm buccal to the CEJ at the level of the distal root of the mandibular first molar and the mesial root of the mandibular second molar using the InVivoDental 6.0 software. The depth and thickness of the bone increased in distal areas, and the thickness was greater at 8 mm. No differences were found between sex or skeletal class. Bone thickness decreased with age, and it was significantly lower in hyperdivergent patients. The thickness of the bone was higher in distal and deeper areas, and the depth was greater in distal areas. The hyperdivergent facial pattern and age were negatively associated with bone thickness.

Have People Treated With Antihypertensives Been Diagnosed With Hypertension? A Cross-Sectional Study in Stockholm, Sweden.

Studies on antihypertensive treatment are important, as hypertension remains the major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and premature death. However, antihypertensive medicines are also used for other conditions, and the use of these medicines as a proxy for a diagnosis of hypertension might lead to misclassification in pharmacoepidemiological studies. This study aimed to investigate to what extent people dispensed antihypertensive medicines have been diagnosed with hypertension. Cross-sectional study with data covering all healthcare and all dispensed prescriptions of antihypertensive medicines 2019 and diagnoses recorded 2015-2019 from the Stockholm Region, Sweden. Multinomial logistic regressions were used to assess the probability of having hypertension concerning age, sex, and antihypertensive drug class. A total of 386 860 individuals were included, 49% men, 12% incident users, and 80% of all had a recorded diagnosis of hypertension. In 73% of incident users, only one antihypertensive drug class was dispensed, as compared to 36% of prevalent users. A total of 38% of incident users and 9% of prevalent users had none of the diagnoses selected for the study recorded in any health record during 5 years. Prevalent and older users over the age of 65 from high (50%-79%) to very high (80% and more) probability of a recorded diagnosis of hypertension. Patients on antiadrenergic agents, high-ceiling diuretics, aldosterone antagonists, or beta receptor blockers had a lower probability of having a recorded diagnosis of hypertension than patients dispensed angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, or calcium channel blockers. Most patients dispensed antihypertensive medicines have a diagnosis of hypertension. However, caution is needed using data on dispensed medicines to classify incident antihypertensive users and younger patients as having a diagnosis of hypertension.

Anti‐Snake Behavior and Snake Discrimination in Vervet Monkeys

ABSTRACTAnti‐predator behavior can inform how animals classify potential threats and which cognitive mechanisms might be involved in risk assessment. Snakes are common predators for many primate species, yet most of our knowledge on primate anti‐snake behavior stems from predator model experiments. Only some studies could investigate natural predator–prey interactions. Here, we combine an observational study on anti‐snake behavior in free‐ranging vervet monkeys, Chlorocebus pygerythrus, with an experimental test of snake classification to achieve an integrated understanding of the monkeys' responses to and classification of snakes. Over 25 months, we gathered data from over 200 individuals in five groups and recorded natural encounters between vervet monkeys and five different species of snakes. We assessed whether the time that monkeys spent in close proximity (≤ 10 m) to snakes varied with the encountered species and whether age and sex classes differed in their propensity to approach snakes (≤ 10 m) or produce alarm calls. Encounters with pythons lasted longer, and monkeys were likelier to approach them than other species. While adult males were less likely to approach snakes, we found no effect of age or sex class on alarm‐calling probability. Alarm calling was restricted to individuals close to snakes, apparently facilitating the recruitment of nearby group members to a snake's position. In experiments, we tested whether vervet monkeys discriminated snake models by length or diameter, but found no effect of model size. While the experimental data showed the same trends as data from natural encounters, the model pythons were approached by a much larger proportion of subjects than real pythons. This contrast between responses in natural predator encounters and simulated events stresses how assessing the variation in natural encounters can provide valuable context when evaluating experimental data.

Cryospray reduces pain during venous cannulation in elective surgery patients: a randomized placebo-controlled study

BackgroundVenous cannulation is widely used in healthcare systems, and for many patients, it is painful and distressing. We hypothesized that the rapid onset of cryospray use would reduce pain from venous cannulation compared to the use of a placebo spray.MethodsThe trial was a prospective randomized placebo-controlled trial including 130 adult patients scheduled for elective surgery. Patients were randomized to receive either cryospray or placebo before venous cannulation. The primary outcome was patient-reported pain from vein puncture.ResultsThere were no differences in the baseline variables between the two groups with respect to age, sex, height, weight or ASA class. Patients in the cryospray group indicated more pain or discomfort with the application of the spray (0 (0-2.5)) than with the application of the placebo spray (0 (0–0)) (P < 0.005), as measured by the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Patients in the placebo group reported more pain with vein puncture than did those in the cryospray group (1 (0–3) vs. 3 [2, 3, 4–5], P < 0.005). When asked if the patient would have the same spray in case of canulation again, 57 patients from the cryospray group reported yes compared to 34 patients in the control group (P < 0.005).ConclusionsThis randomized study found that cryospray significantly reduced pain during venous cannulation without increasing procedure difficulty. Patients reported lower pain scores and a greater preference for cryospray in future procedures, supporting its use as an effective pain relief method in elective surgery.Trial registrationClinicalTrials. gov Identifier: NCT04865783 (28-04-2021).

Correlations Between the Pterygomaxillary Junction and Appropriate Osteotome Placement Angles During Junction Separation in Le Fort I Osteotomy.

The authors evaluated pterygomaxillary junction angles across malocclusion patterns and identified the optimal technique for effective pterygomaxillary junction separation during Le Fort I osteotomy, focusing on appropriate osteotome angles and clinical applications. This retrospective study included 211 patients with malocclusion who had undergone Le Fort I osteotomy at Chang Gung Craniofacial Center between December 2015 and September 2023. The patients were stratified by sex and malocclusion class (class I, II, or III). Preoperative cone-beam computed tomography was performed to measure pterygomaxillary junction angles at 2 axial levels: the posterior nasal spine level and the lower border level corresponding to the maxillary tuberosity. Le Fort I osteotomy involving an angle oscillating saw, and a curved-tip Dautrey osteotome was performed, ensuring the precise placement of the osteotome and tilting of the osteotome handle during pterygomaxillary junction separation. The correlations between the pterygomaxillary junction and appropriate osteotome placement angles were investigated. Among the 211 patients, 5%, 15%, and 80% had class I, class II, and class III malocclusion, respectively. At the posterior nasal spine level, the average angles of the pterygomaxillary junction relative to the coronal plane were 16.76, 19.16, and 17.82 degrees in class I, class II, and class III groups, respectively; the corresponding angles at the lower border level were 27.29, 27.80, and 25.91 degrees. No significant between-class or between-sex differences were observed in pterygomaxillary junction angles; however, significant differences were noted between the 2 levels. Our surgical technique was both safe and effective for pterygomaxillary junction separation.

Using carcass information as a predictor variable of empty body weight, empty body weight gain and retained energy of hair sheep

Abstract The objective was to develop equations to predict carcass weight (CW), use CW to predict empty body weight (EBW); and carcass gain (CG) to predict empty body weight gain (EBWG) and retained energy (RE) in hair sheep. To generate the prediction models, a data set was composed of individual measurements from 569 sheep encompassing intact males (n = 416), castrated males (n = 51), and females (n = 102). Validation analyses were performed by using the Model Evaluation System (MES). The prediction equations for CW, EBW, and EBWG were not influenced by sex class (P &gt; 0.05), and the following equations were generated, respectively: CW (kg) = − 0.234 (±1.1358) + 0.485 (±0.0387) × FBW; EBW (kg) = 1.367 (±0.5472) + 1.681 (±0.0210) × CW and EBWG (kg) = 0.004 (±0.0026) + 1.679 (±0.0758) × CG. There was an effect of sex class on the intercept (P = 0.0013) of the relationship between RE and CG: RE (MJ/day) = 1.448 (±0.0657) × EBW0.75 × CG0.797 (±0.0399); RE (MJ/day) = 1.522 (±0.0699) × EBW0.75 × CG0.797 (±0.0399) and RE (MJ/day) = 1.827 (±0.0739) × EBW0.75 × CG0.797 (±0.0399) for intact males, castrated males and females, respectively. This study highlights the importance of incorporating carcass information into EBW, EBWG, and RE predictions. Replacing empty body weight gain with carcass gain might be a suitable alternative to estimate the retained energy of hair sheep. In addition, the generated equations will provide support for meat production systems in carcass weight prediction.

Association of Shift Work, Sociodemographic Variables and Healthy Habits with Obesity Scales.

Shift work has been associated with unhealthy lifestyle habits and a higher prevalence of obesity, which negatively impacts the health of shift workers. The objective of our study was to examine the influence of shift work on obesity, as well as on sociodemographic variables, anthropometric measurements, and lifestyle habits in individuals working this type of schedule. An observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study involving 53,053 workers from various labour sectors across several Spanish autonomous communities was conducted. It included 31,753 men (17,527 of them working shifts) and 21,300 women (11,281 of them working shifts). The relationship between shift work and obesity was examined, as well as its association with sex, age, social class, education level, smoking, alcohol consumption, sedentary behaviour, and unhealthy diet. Obesity showed higher prevalence and mean values among shift workers across all four formulas used (BMI obesity, WtHR high, CUN BAE obesity, METS-VF high). All variables related to unhealthy lifestyle habits revealed a significantly greater prevalence among shift workers, with high statistical significance (p < 0.001). Age, sex, and social class affected the risk of obesity, with a greater prevalence observed in shift workers compared to non-shift workers (p < 0.001). Men had a higher risk than women, with an OR ranging from 1.17 (1.12-1.21) for BMI obesity to 7.45 (6.71-8.20) for METS-VF high. Shift workers exhibit a higher prevalence of obesity and unhealthy lifestyle habits, with men at greater risk. The variables that most significantly increase the risk of obesity include age, physical inactivity, low adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and alcohol consumption.

Abstract 4118122: Effect of Beta Blockers on Exercise Capacity, Diastolic Function, and Quality of Life in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Introduction: In recent landmark HFpEF trials, 75-80% of patients are taking beta blockers (BB) without clear evidence of clinical or symptomatic benefit. Patients with HFpEF commonly have comorbidities that have been classically managed with BB (AF, CAD, HTN), though the utility of this medication class for these conditions is being reconsidered. It remains unclear what impact BB use, in patients with HFpEF, has on exercise capacity, diastolic function, and quality of life. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that BB use is associated with worse exercise capacity, diastolic function, and quality of life in HFpEF patients. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was completed using deidentified patient data from the INDIE-HFpEF and RELAX clinical trials (two trials of HFpEF patients). Patients were divided into two groups based on BB use at trial enrollment. The primary outcomes were exercise capacity, diastolic function, and quality of life at baseline evaluation. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to assess for statistically significant differences after controlling for potentially confounding variables including age, sex, BMI, AF, prior MI, COPD, DM, HTN, serum creatinine, and NYHA functional class. Results: A total of 320 patients were included in this analysis, with 230 on BB (72%). Baseline demographics are shown in Table 1. Patients studied were older (68 years old), white (90%), obese (average BMI 34 kg/m 2 ) individuals with an average LVEF of 61%. Outcomes and multivariate linear regression results are shown in Table 2. After controlling for potential confounding variables, there were no differences in baseline exercise capacity [peak VO2 (mL/kg/min): 12.1 vs 13.2, P=0.233], diastolic function [average E/e’: 14 vs 12, P=0.125; LAVI (mL/m 2 ): 42 vs 37, P = 0.665; peak TR velocity (m/s): 2.8 vs 2.7, P = 0.165; PASP (mmHg): 41 vs 36, P = 0.357], quality of life [KCCQ: 54 vs 58, P = 0.206; MLHFQ 43 vs 46, P = 0.762], or NT-proBNP (633 vs 342; pg/mL, P = 0.208) in HFpEF patients on BB compared to those not on BB. Conclusion: There was no association with BB use and worse exercise capacity, diastolic function, or quality of life in HFpEF patients. This may be due to heterogenous treatment effects, with differing impact of BB based upon the underlying pathophysiology of unique HFpEF phenotypes. To definitively determine the impact of BB use in patients with HFpEF, both on clinical outcomes and symptoms, randomized controlled trials are necessary.

Presence of trailers reduces culvert‐style trap success in American black bears (Ursus americanus)

AbstractLive capture is an important tool for wildlife research, conservation, and management as it allows for insight into movement, behavior, demographics, diet, and health of wildlife populations. Live capture is also used for conservation translocations or to remove animals from human‐wildlife conflict situations. Improving trapping efficiency is beneficial for ethical considerations of wildlife handling, human safety, and the best use of limited resources. American black bears (Ursus americanus) are often captured using traps. Culvert‐ and box‐style traps are frequently transported using a trailer, and some are affixed to trailers, elevating the trap from the ground. Traps can be set on the ground or on trailers to reduce the set‐up and take‐down times. Although trap elements such as length, height, and visibility can influence trapping efficiency, it is unknown whether trailer presence influences capture success. We assessed the influence of single‐axle trailer presence on capture success of trapping black bears in northeastern Alberta, Canada, during spring 2022 and 2023. We compared capture success between the 2 methods and the influence of trailer presence on age and sex class. Sixty traps were set for a total of 472 trap‐nights resulting in 133 captures of 80 individual bears. Traps set with trailers present required, on average, 1.6 times more trap‐nights per capture (4.9) than those set without trailers (3.1). When only considering new captures, traps with trailers present required 1.9 times more trap‐nights to capture a bear, at 8.5 trap‐nights/capture for traps on trailers and 4.5 trap‐nights/capture when trailers were absent. Trailer presence reduced the success of overall and initial bear captures but did not influence recapture success or the proportion of captured bear age and sex classes. We conclude that wildlife researchers and managers should consider improving trap efficiency of black bears by removing traps from trailers.

EPID-32. ELEVATED SERUM IGE IS LINKED TO IMPROVED GLIOBLASTOMA SURVIVAL, PARTICULARLY AMONG FEMALES

Abstract Prior epidemiological research shows a correlation between serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and decreased risk of glioma. However, the relationship between IgE and the prognosis of glioma remains poorly understood. This study seeks to investigate how factors such as sex, tumor subtype, and IgE class influence the association of serum IgE levels with both glioma risk and survival outcomes. METHODS- In this investigation, we conducted a case-control study utilizing participants enrolled in the UCSF Adult Glioma Study from 1997 to 2010. We measured serum IgE levels for total, respiratory, and food allergy in adults diagnosed with glioma (n=1,696), and controls (n=1,135) matched based on age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Logistic regression, adjusted for patient demographics, was employed to evaluate the correlation between IgE levels and glioma risk. Multivariable Cox regression, adjusted for patient-specific and tumor-specific factors, was utilized to compare survival outcomes between the elevated and normal IgE groups. RESULTS- Increased levels of total IgE were linked to a decreased risk of both IDH wildtype (OR=0.65, 95% CI: 0.54-0.78) and IDH mutant glioma (OR=0.65, 95% CI: 0.50-0.85). In multivariable Cox regression analysis, heightened respiratory IgE levels were associated with enhanced survival among individuals with IDH wildtype glioma (HR=0.78, 95% CI: 0.67-0.91). Notably, this improved survival was more pronounced in females (HR=0.71, 95% CI: 0.53-0.96) compared to males (HR=0.80, 95% CI: 0.66-0.97), resulting in median survival improvements of 6.2 months (P&amp;lt;.001) and 1.6 months (P=0.003), respectively. CONCLUSION- Increased levels of serum IgE were associated with reduced risk of glioma overall, and improved prognosis for IDH wildtype glioma, which was particularly strong in females. These findings hint at potential sexual dimorphism in the antitumor activity of IgE-mediated immune responses, suggest an important role for IgE assessment in glioblastoma clinical trial design, and provide justification for investigations into IgE-based therapeutics.

Assessing the environmental impact of food consumption in Northern Ireland, a focus on greenhouse gas emissions

There is evidence that human health and environmental sustainability are linked(1) and a shift to more sustainable diets would be beneficial for both human and planetary health(2). Greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe) are an environmental metric that can be used to assess the environmental impact of diets(3). Research indicates that a nutritionally adequate diet low in GHGe can be achieved, but that a healthy diet will not always result in lower GHGe(4). To date, there is no information on the food choices driving GHGe in Northern Ireland. This study examined the food groups and derived nutrient intakes driving GHGe for Northern Ireland.Analyses were performed on the Northern Ireland sub cohort of the UK National Dietary NutritionSurvey (NDNS 2016-2019)(5) on adults aged 18-64 years old (n = 210). GHGe were sourced from Scheelbeek et al. 2020(6). Mean daily intakes (MDI) for nutrients and GHGe for the total population were calculated and the population was divided into tertile groups based on low (T1), medium (T2) and high (T3) GHGe. Differences in population characteristics, MDI of energy and key nutrients (%TE or per 10MJ) and contributing food sources to GHGe were examined across these tertiles, using chi-square and one-way ANOVA with covariates (blue water use, sex and social class) and correcting for multiple comparisons as appropriate (P&lt;0.0011 for food groups and P&lt;0.002 for nutrients).Mean GHGe for adults were 4.3 ± 1.9 kgC02eq/d and 7% of the population fell below the GHGe planetary boundary of 1.87 kgC02eq/d(7). The food groups ‘tea, coffee and water’ (0.80 ± 0.56 kgC02eq/d), ‘burgers, sausages, kebabs, meat pies and other meat and meat products’ (0.39 ± 0.64 kgC02eq/d) and ‘alcoholic beverages’ (0.39 ± 1.02 kgC02eq/d) were the major contributors to overall GHGe. Across the tertiles, the difference of GHGe between T3 and T1 was 3.6 kgC02eq/d (6.3 kgC02eq/d vs 2.7 kgC02eq/d). The contribution of ‘bacon, ham and dishes’, ‘beef, veal and dishes’, ‘lamb and lamb dishes’, ‘tea, coffee and water’ and ‘alcoholic beverages’ were higher (P&lt;0.001) in T3 versus T1. MDI of energy (kcal) was higher in T3 versus T2 and T1 (2141.3kcal, 1791.2kcal and 1368.9kcal, P&lt;0.001). Significantly lower carbohydrate (%TE) intakes were reported in T3 compared to T1 (42.7%TE vs 47.5%TE, P&lt;0.001). Protein and fat (%TE) were higher in T3 in comparison to T2 and T1, with protein at 17.4%, 17.1% and 16.7%TE respectively, and fat at 35.4%, 35.3% and 33.7%TE respectively.In summary, the main food groups driving GHGe in NI were beverage and animal based.Differences in energy and carbohydrate intake were observed across the tertiles. These results will aid in the development of strategies to diversify foods within Northern Ireland to combat high GHGe.

Environmental impact of blue water use by adults aged 18-64 on the Island of Ireland

Blue water is sourced from rivers, lakes, and reservoirs and is used for drinking water, growing crops, and food production(1). Approximately 75% of blue water use (BWU) comes from food systems(2). Dietary change is necessary to meet net zero BWU sustainability goals by 2050(3). While there is some information on diet-associated BWU for the Republic of Ireland (ROI)(4), BWU across the Island of Ireland is unknown. This study aimed to quantify the environmental impact of BWU of daily diets across adults aged 18-64 on the Island of Ireland, to determine population characteristics, nutrient intakes and key food sources influencing emissions.The Northern Ireland sub cohort of the UK National Dietary Nutrition Survey (2016-2019)(5)and the Irish National Adult Nutrition Survey (2008-2010)(6) were analysed. Information on food and nutrient intakes was extracted from four-day food diaries for a total of 1,484 adults aged 18-64 years. BWU values were assigned for each food(7) and the population was grouped into tertiles of low (T1), medium (T2), and high (T3) BWU. Differences in population characteristics, key nutrients (%TE or per 10MJ) and contributing food sources were examined across these tertiles. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square and one-way ANOVA with covariates (age, BMI, Sex, Survey type and social class) and correcting for multiple comparisons as appropriate (P&lt;0.001).BWU for the Island of Ireland was 481.9 ± 440.4 L/day, 524.7 ± 448.0 L/day for Northern Ireland and 474.9 ± 438.6 L/day for the ROI and 100% of the population did not exceed the BWU planetary boundary of ≤786 L/day(8). Males had a higher contribution to the total BWU than females on the Island of Ireland (513.3 ± 482.2 L/day vs 453.2 ± 385.8 L/day). ‘Tea, coffee and water’ (76%), ‘rice and rice dishes’ (4%) and ‘fruit and fruit juice’ (2.5%) were the greatest contributors to BWU. When tertile analysis was performed, BWU from ‘tea, coffee and water’ was significantly higher for T3 at 837 ± 468.8 L/day versus T1 (57 ± 50.9 L/Day), this was similar for ‘rice and rice dishes’, where BWU in T3 was 26.3 ± 44.0 L/Day versus T1 (13.3 ± 25.2 L/Day). When nutritional analysis was performed, differences (P&lt;0.001) across tertiles of BWU were observed for energy (11% increase between tertile 1 and 3), magnesium (12% increase across tertiles) and potassium (8% increase across tertiles).Overall, a shift to more sustainable diets is needed to prevent BWU boundaries being exceeded in the future. By filling a literature gap on the environmental impact of the Northern Irish diet, this study complements previous research on the ROI, offering a comprehensive view of the BWU footprint and providing a basis for the development of strategies to improve diet-related BWU on the Island of Ireland.

An Evaluation of the Estimated Aligners Needed to Correct Malocclusion Traits Using Invisalign ClinCheck™ Pro Software: A Retrospective Study.

Background: This study evaluated the number of aligners that Invisalign ClinCheck™ Pro Software estimates for correcting different malocclusion traits. Methods: This retrospective study included 157 non-extraction patients over the age of 12 years old with easy to mild malocclusions who were treated with Invisalign aligners. The Index of Complexity, Outcome, and Need (ICON) was used to evaluate the malocclusion complexity level. The number of aligners (upper, lower, and total) required to correct the malocclusion was compared based on sex, ICON level, molar and canine class, occlusal asymmetry, overbite, overjet, crowding, incisor inclination, and Bolton discrepancy. A Mann-Whitney U test (for comparisons between two groups) or a Kruskal-Wallis test (for comparisons between three or more groups) (p < 0.05) was used to evaluate differences in the number of aligners across variable categories. Results: ICON, molar class, overbite, and overjet presented significant differences (p < 0.05) in the number of aligners (upper, lower, and total) required to correct a malocclusion. Canine class and lower dental crowding showed significant differences in the lower and total number of aligners (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The number of aligners increases when the malocclusion presents any of the following elements: the absence of molar or canine class I, an altered overjet or overbite, severe lower crowding, or a higher complexity level. The clinician should consider these malocclusion traits when estimating the number of aligners needed for correction.

Association of immunoglobulin E levels with glioma risk and survival.

Previous epidemiologic studies have reported an association of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels with reduced glioma risk, but the association between IgE and glioma prognosis has not been characterized. This study aimed to examine how sex, tumor subtype, and IgE class modulate the association of serum IgE levels with glioma risk and survival. We conducted a case-control study using participants from the University of California, San Francisco Adult Glioma Study (1997-2010). Serum IgE levels for total, respiratory and food allergy were measured in adults diagnosed with glioma (n = 1319) and cancer-free controls (n = 1139) matched based on age, sex, and race and ethnicity. Logistic regression was adjusted for patient demographics to assess the association between IgE levels and glioma risk. Multivariable Cox regression adjusted for patient-specific and tumor-specific factors compared survival between the elevated and normal IgE groups. All statistical tests were 2-sided. Elevated total IgE was associated with reduced risk of IDH-wildtype (RR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.71-0.86) and IDH-mutant glioma (RR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.63-0.85). In multivariable Cox regression, positive respiratory IgE was associated with improved survival for IDH-wildtype glioma (RR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.67-0.93). The reduction in mortality risk was significant in females only (RR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.57-0.98) with an improvement in median survival of 6.9 months (P<.001). Elevated serum IgE was associated with improved prognosis for IDH-wildtype glioma, with a more pronounced protective effect in females than males, which has implications for the future study of IgE-based immunotherapies for glioma.

The impact of social status and biological sex on diet at 10th century CE Hungarian sites from stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses

Stable isotope analysis is a valuable tool to determine the diet of past societies, as well as the relationship that diet has with biological sex and social class. In this research, we performed stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses on individuals from four 10th century CE Hungarian sites (Karos-Eperjesszög, Tiszanána, Bodroghalom, and Üllő-Ilona út) to determine if their diet was affected by their sex or social status. We also compared these sites with Kenézlő-Fazekaszug, our previously published, contemporaneous site. The study yielded some unexpected results, indicating that elevated social status was not a reliable indicator of high animal protein consumption among the residents of the upper class Karos site. Additionally, the results suggested that biological sex was only a factor in animal protein consumption at the putative middle-class sites, such as Tiszanána. With its comprehensive sampling, this research provides new stable isotopic data to the Central and Eastern European database, as well as exciting results about a crucial period in Hungarian history. It may also serve as the impetus for future stable isotope analyses of other 10th century Hungarian sites.

Mental Health and Medicine Use for Headache: A Nationally Representative Study of Adolescents in Denmark.

This study examined the prevalence of headache medicine use among Danish adolescents and explores the link between mental health, frequent headaches, and medicine use for headache. We hypothesized that poor mental health increases headache occurrence, leading to greater medicine use. The 2022 Danish Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study surveyed 5292 students aged 11, 13, and 15. Self-reported data included headache frequency, medicine use for headache, and five mental health indicators: life satisfaction, emotional symptoms, loneliness, self-efficacy, and self-esteem. Multivariate logistic regression analyses assessed the association between mental health indicators and headache medicine use, adjusting for headache frequency. Weekly headaches were reported by 33.1%, and 43.6% used headache medicine in the past month. Poor mental health correlated with higher headache and medicine use rates. Analyses adjusted for sex, age group, and occupational social class found significantly increased odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for medicine use for headache among students with low life satisfaction (2.27; 1.88-2.75), among students with 2+ emotional symptoms (2.28; 1.92-2.69), students who often felt lonely (2.08; 1.69-2.55), students with low self-efficacy (1.37; 1.16-1.61) and students with low self-esteem (1.59; 1.36-1.85). When accounting for headache frequency, the association between poor mental health and medicine use diminished and became nonsignificant. Poor mental health was linked to increased medicine use for headache. The findings suggest that frequent headaches may explain the association between poor mental health and the use of headache medicine. Promoting rational medicine use and enhancing mental health among adolescents is essential.

Association of immunoglobulin E levels with glioma risk and survival.

Previous epidemiologic studies have reported an association of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels with reduced glioma risk, but the association between IgE and glioma prognosis has not been characterized. This study aimed to examine how sex, tumor subtype, and IgE class modulate the association of serum IgE levels with glioma risk and survival. We conducted a case-control study using participants from the University of California, San Francisco Adult Glioma Study (1997-2010). Serum IgE levels for total, respiratory and food allergy were measured in adults diagnosed with glioma (n=1319) and cancer-free controls (n=1139) matched based on age, sex, and race and ethnicity. Logistic regression was adjusted for patient demographics to assess the association between IgE levels and glioma risk. Multivariable Cox regression adjusted for patient-specific and tumor-specific factors compared survival between the elevated and normal IgE groups. All statistical tests were 2-sided. Elevated total IgE was associated with reduced risk of IDH-wildtype (RR=0.78, 95% CI: 0.71-0.86) and IDH-mutant glioma (RR=0.73, 95% CI: 0.63-0.85). In multivariable Cox regression, positive respiratory IgE was associated with improved survival for IDH-wildtype glioma (RR=0.79, 95% CI: 0.67-0.93). The reduction in mortality risk was significant in females only (RR=0.75, 95% CI: 0.57-0.98) with an improvement in median survival of 6.9 months (P<.001). Elevated serum IgE was associated with improved prognosis for IDH-wildtype glioma, with a more pronounced protective effect in females than males, which has implications for the future study of IgE-based immunotherapies for glioma.

Lower extremity injury and return to sports of elite taekwondo athletes

Abstract Objective We attempted to analyze the characteristics of lower-extremity injuries that occur during training based on the sex and weight class of elite taekwondo (TKD) athletes and the effect of pain scores on the return to sports periods (RTSP). Methods and Methods: We included 198 elite TKD athletes who participated in January–December 2023 and were trained in Korea. Injury incidence rates (IIR) were expressed as Poisson rates with 95% confidence intervals per 1,000 h of training. One-way analysis of variance was conducted to determine the pain score and RTSP according to sex, weight, and injury type. In addition, we performed simple linear regression to determine the effects of pain score on the RTSP. Results The lower-extremities IIR was 2.45 injuries per 1000 training hours, including 0.77 contact and 1.68 non-contact injuries. The IIR was lower in male than in female athletes (p&lt;0.001), the most common injuries occurred in the ankle (0.78) and knee(0.53). In addition, the ligament (0.99) and muscle (0.70) were the most common injury types. All athletes demonstrated significant differences in pain scores (p&lt;0.001) and RTSP (p&lt;0.001) based on the injury type. In addition, we observed a significant difference between the pain score (p&lt;0.001) and RTSP (p=0.004) based on sex. For every 1-point increase in pain score, all athletes had a 1.43-day increase in RTSP. Conclusion These results can be used as data to develop injury prevention programs for TKD athletes and to determine their RTSP.

Applying a Racial Lens to the "Cycle of Violence".

One overlooked result in a 1989 Science paper on the "cycle of violence" was a race-specific increase in risk for arrest for violence among Black maltreated children, but not White maltreated children. We examine whether race differences in the cycle of violence are explained by risk factors traditionally associated with violence. Using a prospective design, maltreated and non-maltreated children were matched on age, sex, race, and approximate family social class and interviewed at mean age 28.7years (N = 1196). Arrest histories were obtained through age 50.5. Regression analyses included maltreatment, race, self-reported violent behavior, and risk factors (e.g., family, school, neighborhood variables). For arrests for violent crime, race was a significant predictor, whereas childhood maltreatment was not significant. For violent arrests, there was a significant race × maltreatment interaction when the total number of risk factors were included controlling for self-reported violent behaviors. For self-reported violent behaviors, childhood maltreatment remained significant for some risk factors. However, race did not predict self-reported violent behaviors. Offending behavior and traditional risk factors did not explain the disproportionate arrests among Black maltreated children. This disparity in the cycle of violence may reflect complex processes influenced by racial bias or structural racism.