Client Sex Research Articles

Effects of sex and sex-role style on clinical judgment

This study investigated the effects of client and therapist sex and sex-role style on clinical judgment. Therapists were asked to rate various aspects of functioning for bogus clinical descriptions which manipulated client characteristics. Four-way analyses of variance indicated that client sex-role style significantly affected ratings of current functioning, and client sex significantly affected ratings of expected functioning. These results appear to support an interpretation of sex bias in clinical judgments. Therapists negatively evaluated behaviors stereotypically female and expected females to be more amenable to intervention. Therapist sex was noninfluential. Therapist sex-role style was influential in certain areas of evaluation, but not in others.

Counselor and client sex pairing: The effects of counseling problem and counselor sex role orientation.

Counselor and client sex pairing: The effects of counseling problem and counselor sex role orientation.

Counselor and client sex pairing: The effects of counseling problem and counselor sex role orientation.

Counselor and client sex pairing: The effects of counseling problem and counselor sex role orientation.

Effects of counselor touch on counseling outcome.

The purpose of this study was to develop a methodology that would control counselor behavior in a naturalistic counseling interview to examine the effect(s) of counselor touch on client evaluation of counseling and level of selfexploration. A 2 X 2 X 2 factorial design was utilized in which nonverbal condition (touch, no touch), sex of counselor, and sex of client were the factors. Each client participated in a single individualized vocational counseling session. All 50-minute counseling sessions were similarly structured to include six clusters of verbal and nonverbal procedures that were administered by counselors at predetermined periods of time. Dependent variable data were collected by means of questionnaires and audiotapes that were submitted to independent raters for analysis. Analyses of the data did not indicate clearly significant results. Experimental findings are discussed in light of the relevant literature.

Effect of sex of therapist and client on therapists' attitudes toward assertiveness problems.

Four hypothetical cases that contained descriptions of various assertiveness problems of male and female pseudo clients were presented to 57 male and 88 female mental health professionals. In two out of the four cases presented, female therapists found the client more in need of counseling than did male therapists, independent of the sex of the client. All therapists perceived a female client with a conflict between sexual assertiveness and negative judgments from peers to be more in need of counseling than a male client. All therapist preferred working with a female client in one of the cases. Thus, the effect of sex of therapist and client was not consistent across cases.

Sex and Conceptual Level Empathic Responses to Ambivalent Affect

Four variables (helper conceptual level, helper sex, client sex, and type of client affect), their interactions, and effects on empathic ability were examined. All undergraduate “helpers” had been trained in empathic response and were asked to respond empathically to videotaped role‐playing “clients.” Client videotapes were equally divided among male and female clients, and among ambivalent and nonambivalent affect states. A significant interaction was found between helper conceptual level and type of client affect. Female helpers were found to be more empathic than male helpers, and responses to the nonambivalent affect statements were more empathic than responses to the more complex ambivalent affect statements.

Effects of counselor gender and counselor and client sex role on females' counselor preference.

Effects of counselor gender and counselor and client sex role on females' counselor preference.

Effects of counselor gender and counselor and client sex role on females' counselor preference.

Effects of counselor gender and counselor and client sex role on females' counselor preference.

Sex of client as a factor in preference for an approach to counseling.

In a reversed order, 90 Ss, from a general psychology course, in two groups of equal size, viewed two audiovisual tapes of a simulated first counseling session. The same counselor, same client, and same presenting concern of a vocational-educational nature were portrayed as representative of a client-centered and a behavioral approach to counseling. The Ss were asked to identify which film they preferred and why. A chi square analysis showed no difference between males and females. However, there was a statistically significant preference for the behavioral approach by both males and females. The major factor in the preference appeared to be the "structure" of the behavioral approach.

Estimating blood alcohol concentration: Two computer programs and their applications in therapy and research

Abstract Two computer programs for estimating blood alcohol concentration (BAC) are described. BACTAB generates individualized tables for BAC estimation based upon a client's sex, body weight, amount of consumption, and drinking rate. ALCOMP convertes data from client self-monitoring cards into weekly summary statistics and plots a table for each individual client showing BAC estimates at each half-hour interval throughout the week. Various applications of these programs in controlled drinking therapies and in treatment outcome research are discussed.

Analogue investigation of the relationship between client's sex and treatment recommendations.

Analogue investigation of the relationship between client's sex and treatment recommendations.

Counselor discrimination based on client sex: Reply to Donahue and Costar.

Counselor discrimination based on client sex: Reply to Donahue and Costar.

Effects of counselor sex and sex role and client sex on clients' perceptions and self-disclosure in a counseling analogue study.

Effects of counselor sex and sex role and client sex on clients' perceptions and self-disclosure in a counseling analogue study.

Counselor discrimination based on client sex: Reply to Donahue and Costar.

Counselor discrimination based on client sex: Reply to Donahue and Costar.

Effects of counselor sex and sex role and client sex on clients' perceptions and self-disclosure in a counseling analogue study.

Effects of counselor sex and sex role and client sex on clients' perceptions and self-disclosure in a counseling analogue study.

An investigation of the effects of client sex and presenting problem in referral from intake.

An investigation of the effects of client sex and presenting problem in referral from intake.

An investigation of the effects of client sex and presenting problem in referral from intake.

An investigation of the effects of client sex and presenting problem in referral from intake.

Gender and sex-role appropriateness: Bias in the judgment of disturbed behavior

Male and female undergraduate raters made attributions of mental disorder, personality traits, and diagnostic and treatment judgments for four case studies in which sex of client and sex-role appropriateness of client behavior were manipulated. Significant interactions of sex-role appropriateness with both client sex and rater sex highlighted the significance of sex-role stereotypes in the attribution of mental disorder by nonprofessionals. The data indicated that these cultural sex-role definitions had the strongest negative effect for females and the female sex role. Implications of these findings for the clinical judgment process and female self-perception are discussed.

An exploratory study of sources of stereotypes of old age among administrators.

This exploratory study examines the relative effects of individual, client, and organizational characteristics on stereotypes of the aged held by nursing home administrators. Data from 45 administrators suggest that client characteristics may be more important than personal or organizational dimensions in explaining variation in perceptions of the aged. Sex of clients and other status characteristics affect attitudes toward the aged and possibly the quality of care.

Ratings of client self-disclosure and improvement as a function of sex of client and therapist.

This study examined the effects of client and therapist sex on client self-disclosure and improvement from individual psychotherapy. Based upon closing summary data collected at a college psychological counseling center, it was found that clients were more likely to be rated as low disclosers by female than by male therapists. Males viewed more clients as improved than did females (74% vs. 50%).