Sex Differences In Type Research Articles

Sex differences in type of extramarital involvement and marital dissatisfaction

This study extends traditional sex roles to extramarital relationships in order to clarify sex differences in extramarital involvement and marital dissatisfaction. Both emotional and sexual extramarital involvement were studied, since women's greater emphasis on emotional intimacy was ignored in earlier extramarital studies which focused solely on sexual involvement. A purposive sample of 300 White middle-class men and women completed anonymous questionnaires about marital and extramarital relationships. Men's extramarital relationships are more sexual and women's are more emotional. Women involved in extramarital relationships report greater marital dissatisfaction than their male counterparts. For both sexes, those with combined sexual and emotional extramarital involvement report the greatest marital dissatisfaction. In sum, traditional sex roles that influence the expressions of sexuality and emotionality in premarital and marital relationships also appear to operate in extramarital relationships.

The sex difference in type II cell surfactant synthesis originates in the fibroblast in vitro.

Lung from 19 days' gestation male and female rat fetuses was grown in mixed monolayer culture. Cultures from female lungs synthesized twice as much 3H-saturated phosphatidylcholine (3H-SPC) from 3H-choline as cultures from male lungs. Preincubation with cortisol caused a doubling in 3H-SPC synthesis by cultures from both sexes. Study of sex-specific fibroblast cultures revealed significantly higher 11-oxidoreductase activity and basal and cortisone- or cortisol-stimulated fibroblast-pneumonocyte factor activity in female cultures. In contrast to the findings in the fibroblast cultures, sex-specific type II cell cultures showed no difference in basal 3H-SPC synthesis or in response to cortisol-stimulated fibroblast-conditioned medium. Furthermore, the type II alveolar cells had no 11-oxidoreductase activity. These data indicate that there are sex differences in both cortisol metabolism and fibroblast-pneumonocyte factor production by the fetal lung fibroblast. These differences would lead to a sex difference in the synthesis of pulmonary surfactant.

Women in Male-Dominated Professions: Distinguishing Personality and Background Characteristics

Samples of 64 women in atypical professions (As) and 71 equally educated women in sex-typical professions (Ss) were compared to determine personality and background correlates of female participation in male-dominated professions. Subjects were American born women under 50 years of age who held master's degrees and were employed in fields with over 75% male or female participation. They completed a biographical questionnaire, the Cattell 16PF, and the Bem Sex Role Inventory under three instructional sets. As predicted, As were more likely than Ss to be firstborn, to have had mothers who were employed after marriage, and to mention different influences on their career development, specifically the positive influences of men. Contrary to prediction, As were not less likely to have brothers than 5s and groups did not differ on the cluster of competency traits on the Cattell 16PF suggested by previous research. The personality differences found between As and 5s, such as the greater tough-mindedness and assertiveness of As, are seen as consistent with role demands of atypical employment, as were group differences in sex typing on the BSRI for the “on the job” instructional set. Group differences are discussed as supporting the enrichment hypothesis of Almquist and Angrist (1970), elaborated with Laws's social-learning interpretation of atypical career choice (1976). Some factors suggested in the literature as related to atypical career choice may relate more directly to academic achievement.

Sex-roles: Gender, generation, and self-esteem

The study investigated the relationship between sex-role, age and self esteem for 100 male and 100 female adults and 100 male and 100 female youths. Using the Bern Sex-Role Inventory (1974), older females were found to be more sex-typed than younger females, but there were no generation differences in sex-typing for the males. Masculine and Androgynous groups showed significantly higher self-esteem than Feminine and Undifferentiated groups, but there were no sex or generation differences in self-esteem. Australian data for the Bem Sex-Role Inventory showed that the adjectives chosen as masculine and feminine by Bem for her instrument are also appropriately masculine and feminine typed in Australian culture, suggesting that the BSRI can be validly used in this culture.

EFFECTS OF BREED AND SEX ON THE PATTERNS OF FAT DEPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION IN SWINE

The growth and distribution of fat from 163 pig carcasses were compared among five breeds (Duroc × Yorkshire (D × Y), Hampshire × Yorkshire (H × Y), Yorkshire (Y × Y), Yorkshire × Lacombe-Yorkshire (Y × L-Y) and Lacombe × Yorkshire (L × Y)) and two sex-types (barrows and gilts) over a wide range in carcass weight. The growth pattern of fat and the fat depots were estimated from the allometric equation (Y = aXb) using side muscle weight and side fat weight separately as independent variables. Growth coefficients (b) for intermuscular and subcutaneous fat depots were similar for the hindquarter but the intermuscular depot coefficient was slightly higher for the forequarter. The coefficient for body cavity fat was highest in all comparisons. No significant differences were detected for coefficients among breeds and between sexes using both total muscle and total side fat as independent variables. Significant breed and sex-type differences were found in the fat depots at a constant weight of side muscle. This would indicate that breed differences in fatness seemed to be more influenced by the initiation of fattening at different muscle weights than by any inherent differences in rate of fattening. Significant breed differences were also found in the fat depots at a constant fat weight, indicating that breed may influence fat distribution. Sex-type had no effect on fat distribution when the evaluation was made at constant fatness.

The relation between the sex-dependency of type I binding of ethylmorphine and the 1-butanol-induced spectral change in mouse liver microsomes

1. A sex difference in the spectral interaction of 1-butanol with liver microsomes from adult mice was observed. In males a profound reverse type I spectrum was elicited, whereas only a small spectral change of irregular shape was apparent in females. This sex difference is the opposite of that observed in the type I binding of ethylmorphine. In immature animals no sex difference was found. Testosterone pretreatment of female mice increased the size of the 1-butanol spectrum concomitantly with a decrease in ethylmorphine binding. 2. Microsomes from males and females did not contain different levels of endogenous substrates. Thus, the presence or displacement of such substrates does not explain the sex differences in type I and reverse type I binding respectively. 3. 1-Butanol was found to interfere with both type II and type I binding. It is concluded that the 1-butanol-induced spectral change consists of at least two components and that the sex difference is due to a sex-dependent type I component.

Sex differences in types of daydreams.

Sex differences in types of daydreams.

Sex differences in type of educational mastery.

Sex differences in type of educational mastery.