Sex Differences In Prevalence Research Articles

Infection Dynamics of Cryptosporidium parvum (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporiidae) in Neonatal Mice (Mus musculus)

maintained alive in a dechlorinated city water supply. Based on their size and immaturity, the hosts collected in the 1982 survey likely had not spent any time at sea. Anadromous fishes, such as eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus (Richardson)) or possibly salmonids, that had returned to fresh water to spawn after a period of marine life were probably the source of the marine parasites found in the sturgeon. Semakula and Larkin (1968, loc. cit.) noted that eulachon form an important part of the diet of Fraser River white sturgeon. As mentioned above, Becker (1970, loc. cit.) offered a similar explanation for the occurrence of T. lindbergi in Columbia River white sturgeon. For reasons unexplainable at present, Corynosoma strumosum was found only in female sturgeon (9/21 examined), the difference in prevalence of infection between the sexes being statistically significant (Fisher's exact probability test, P = 0.0083). There were no statistically significant host sex differences in prevalence of the other parasite species encountered. The present report represents the first on parasites of the Fraser River stock of white sturgeon, which is one of the major stocks of this North American sturgeon species. Voucher specimens of the parasites reported herein have been deposited in the National Museum of Natural Sciences, Invertebrate Collection (Parasites), Ottawa, Canada, and bear the following numbers: Crepidostomum auriculatum, NMIC(P) 1985-0115; Diphyllobothrium sp., NMIC(P) 1985-0116; Amphilina bipunctata, NMIC(P) 1985-0117; Corynosoma strumosum, NMIC(P) 1985-0118; Cystoopsis acipenseris, NMIC(P) 1985-0119; Anisakis simplex, NMIC(P) 1985-0120; undetermined nematode larvae, NMIC(P) 1985-0121. In addition, 4 specimens of C. auriculatum have been deposited in the Harold W. Manter Laboratory, University of Nebraska State Museum, Lincoln, Nebraska (No. 22983), and specimens of all species, except Diphyllobothrium sp. and A. bipunctata, are retained in the collection of the Pacific Biological Station. Specimens of A. bipunctata were given to Dr. G. Malmberg, University of Stockholm. We are pleased to acknowledge the assistance of Dr. Mary Hanson Pritchard and Dr. Janine Caira (Harold W. Manter Laboratory, University of Nebraska) in verifying the identification of C. auriculatum.

Sex differences in minor psychiatric morbidity: A survey of homogenous population

Epidemiological methods of psychiatric assessment were used to examine whether there is a sex difference in the constitutional vulnerability of the male and female phenotype to minor psychiatric morbidity. In order to minimise the effect of environment and of sex roles and stereotypes as far as possible, a sample of relatively homogeneous employed men and women are studied. No sex difference in prevalence of minor psychiatric morbidity or its outcome was found in this population of men and women of similar age, education, occupation and social environment. However, women did report significantly more somatic symptoms of psychogenic origin.

An investigation into the observed sex difference in prevalence of unipolar depression.

An investigation into the observed sex difference in prevalence of unipolar depression.

An investigation into the observed sex difference in prevalence of unipolar depression.

An investigation into the observed sex difference in prevalence of unipolar depression.

Familial pattern of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.

As part of a pilot questionnaire survey of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (TS), data on TS and tics for relatives of 75 patients with TS were collected. The frequencies of TS and/or tics among relatives were significantly heterogeneous in a familial pattern that suggests (1) that the disorder is transmitted, with tics alone being a milder manifestation, and that this severity difference is a threshold phenomenon related to transmission; (2) that the sex difference in prevalence is real because it was found among relatives of both male and female probands; and (3) that the sex difference is related to transmission as a threshold effect since female probands, although less common than male probands, had a higher proportion of affected relatives. These pilot data provide evidence for the transmission of TS and can be qualitatively explained by a genetic model of transmission.

Varicose veins in a population of lowland New Guinea.

A survey of varicose veins in a rural area of northern New Guinea showed a very low prevalence in women (0-1 percent in females aged 20 and over) and a modest prevalence in men (5-1 per cent in the same age range). The people lacked factors of diet, body bulk and tight clothing that have been postulated to be important in other populations. Multi-parity, leg trauma and heavy lifting were present but did not accord with the sex difference in prevalence. Sitting habits may be important in the aetiology of varicose veins in this population.

The epidemiology of atherosclerosis among a random sample of clothing workers of different ethnic origins in New York City: I. Prevalence of atherosclerosis and some associated characteristics

The prevalence of manifest atherosclerosis and associated conditions has been studied among a working population who were members of a Union representing the workers in the men's clothing industry in New York City. Of the total Union population of 33,000 men and women, a sample of 683 men and 592 women aged 40 and over was drawn at random; an additional, nonrandom group of family members, including 183 men and 272 women, was also examined. The majority of the participants belonged to two different ethnic groups,, and were first generation immigrants of Italian and Jewish origin; their social and economic status was otherwise comparable. The prevalence of manifest atherosclerosis in this population was established on the basis of well-defined diagnostic criteria. Manifest coronary heart disease was twice as frequent among Jewish than among Italian men but no ethnic difference could be discerned among the women; the sex difference in prevalence was well marked. In contrast, aortic atherosclerosis, diagnosed on the basis of roentgenorgraphic evidence of calcification in the thoracic and abdominal aorta, showed neither an ethnic nor a sex difference. Data on the prevalence of peripheral artery disease and calcifications in the arteries of the leg were also presented. Prevalence rates for hypertensive and rheumatic heart disease were also given. The reported data include information on relative weight, height, and other bodily characteristics, blood pressure and serum lipid levels, the prevalence of diabetes and the general state of health among this representative population sample and in the two main constituent ethnic groups. Jewish men and women were shown to have higher serum cholesterol levels than their Italian counterparts but serum phospholipid levels were similar in the two ethnic groups. Serum uric acid levels were higher in men than in women but similar in Italians and Jews. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels showed a rise with age but no ethnic difference. No ethnic difference was demonstrated in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus. An analysis of certain insurance records pertaining to this population group confirmed the evidence based on examination of the random population sample that coronary heart disease indeed occurred more commonly among Jewish than Italian men. The study provides an example of a comprehensive epidemiologic study of manifest atherosclerosis and should establish a basis for comparison with other much-needed surveys of this kind.