Sex Differences In Development Research Articles

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: Psychological Problems in Mental Deficiency. 4th Ed. S. B. Sarason and J. Doris. Child Development and Personality. 3rd Ed. P. H. Mussen, J. J. Conger and J. Kagan. The Firstborn. Experiences of Eight American Families. Milton J. E. Senn and Claire Hartford. The Tasks of Childhood. Philippe Muller (translated by Anita Mason). The Development of Sex Differences. E. E. Maccoby (Ed.). Adolescence. Cyril Smith. This Stranger, My Son. A Mother's Story. Louise Wilson.

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:Crime, Law and Society. By Frank E. Hartung.Human Brain and Psychological Processes. By A. R. Luria.Color and Personality. By K. Warner Schaie and Robert Heiss.Basic Contributions to Psychology: Readings. Robert L. Wrenn (ed.).Psychology for Psychiatrists. By C. G. Costello.Group Transformation: An Analysis of a Learning Group. By Theodore M. Mills.Basic Psychology. By H. H. Kendler.Attention, Arousal and the Orientation Reaction. By R. Lynn.Readings in Clinical Psychology. R. D. Savage (ed.).The Mentally Retarded Child. By H. B. Robinson and Nancy M. Robinson.The Development of Sex Differences. Eleanor E. Maccoby (ed.).The Role of Psychiatry in Medical Education: An Appraisal and a Forecast. By Sidney L. Werkman.Sensory Psychology. By Conrad G. Mueller.The Howard Inkblot Test. By James W. Howard.Higher Cortical Functions in Man. By A. R. Luria.A Study of Doctors. By Michael Balint, Enid Balint, Robert Gosling and Peter Hildebrand.Children in Care—And After. By Thomas Ferguson.Psychiatric Illness in General Practice. By Michael Shepherd, Brian Cooper, Alexander C. Brown and Graham Kalton. With a foreword by Sir Aubrey Lewis.Paranoid and Paraoiac Psychoses. By Nils Retterstøl.Attitudes and Interests in Education. By K. M. Evans.

Eleanor E. Maccoby (Editor). The development of sex differences. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1966

Eleanor E. Maccoby (Editor). The development of sex differences. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1966

Sex differences in social interaction between infant monkeys and their mothers.

Knowledge of the origin and development of sex differences in children is important in a dynamic formulation of social behavior. Although there is widespread belief that infant boys behave differently from girls, only scattered empirical evidence supports this view [1, 2]. The psychosocial theories of the origin of behavioral differences between the sexes emphasize cultural influences and psychological experience in terms of the parent’s, particularly the mother’s, attitudes and behaviors toward the child [3–5]. Animal behaviorists investigating sex differences have, on the other hand, emphasized unlearned or innate processes, particularly those effected and mediated by sex hormones [6, 7]. This gulf between developmental theories based on humans and on animal research appears to be large and resembles the old polarity between learned and innate determinants of behavior.KeywordsCombine GroupMale InfantRich EnvironmentDevelopmental TrendPrivation GroupThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

The Relationships of Blood Pressure, Heart Rate and Body Weight to Aging in the Domestic Fowl

THE average systolic blood pressure of the domestic fowl had been reported to increase from 1 year to 3 to 4 years of age (Sturkie et al., 1953). Males were shown to increase 14 percent and females increased by 24 percent. The development of sex differences in the blood pressures of the chick have been investigated by Weiss et al. (1957). These investigators determined that a divergence of pressures began when the chicks were 8 to 13 weeks of age and depended primarily upon an increase in male systolic blood pressure. Nichols et al. (1963) determined the relationship between systolic blood pressure and body weight in cockerels and determined that blood pressure increased 2.02 mm. Hg per week of age or 8.46 mm. Hg per kilogram of body weight. In these investigations, heart rates of the females were significantly higher than those of the males. Heart rate was not causally …

Development of Sex Differences in Play Choices during Preadolescence

Development of Sex Differences in Play Choices during Preadolescence

Developmental sex differences in right-left perceptual directionality.

The anisotropic properties of space have received intermittent study for some time. Takala (i i) in his summary of the pertinent literature and also in his own experimental work pointed up the fact that observers often exaggerate or minimize certain spatial dimensions. Thus, conditions may lead an observer to enhance the vertical at the expense of the horizontal or to highlight the left half of a perceived space as contrasted to the right half. Takala found indications that individuals may differ consistently in their mode of anisotropic distortion over a range of situations. There may be individual tendencies to impart spatial directionalities or vectors to experiences without any reality basis for doing so. This paper concerns itself with developmental sex differences in rightleft anisotropy. In speculative discussions of sex differences it has sometimes been suggested that the left is associated with a feminine orientation and the right with a masculine orientation. A spatial asymmetry is posited in terms of the difference in masculinity-femininity assigned to the right as compared to the left sectors of space. Indeed, Sandstrom (xo) and Bennett (x) have both found indications that in adjusting a luminous rod to the vertical in a dark room adult women are inclined to manifest a left, and adult men a right, bias in their judgments. Wapner and Werner (12) have reported that up to the age of io there is no real difference between the sexes in the right-left directionality of constant errors made while adjusting a luminous rod to the vertical. However, they noted that in the age range 10 to 17 boys significantly more often located the vertical to the right, and girls to the left, of true vertical. Chateau (4) has observed in preadolescents and adolescents that boys are more likely than girls to prefer right turns in a maze.

Developmental Sex Differences in Right-Left Perceptual Directionality

Developmental Sex Differences in Right-Left Perceptual Directionality

Speed of ships

The hypothesis that prenatal androgen exposure influences sex differences in children’s drawings was examined in a population of K-3 elementary school students. Various characteristics of children’s free drawings were assessed by age, and those that showed sex differences were compared with 2D:4D. Overall, boys had smaller 2D:4D ratios on the right hand, used a smaller proportion of warm colors relative to cold colors, covered less of the paper, used fewer pinks, purples, and yellows, and used more black/gray. Girls’ drawings were more likely to contain flowers, animals, and sky and boys’ drawings were more likely to contain people. When analyzed by grade level (K and 1st vs. 2nd and 3rd), sex differences in the number of colors, proportion of warm colors, and number of pinks and purples used were present only in the older children, suggesting a social influence on these sex differences. On the other hand, there were significant correlations in the older girls between right 2D:4D ratio and the use of pinks and purples. These observations support the role of social factors in the development of sex differences in children’s free drawings, but also suggest an influence of early androgen levels on girls’ free drawings.