Sewage Wastewater Research Articles

Biodegradation of Polyethylene Using Bacillus tropicus Isolated from Sewage Wastewater Treatment Plant

One of the most pressing environmental problems contemporary civilizations confront is the ever-increasing amount of plastic waste. Because of their impact on every living thing, these wastes are seen as a major issue on a global scale. To counteract the harmful environmental effects caused by conventional disposal methods, it is critical to show that eco-friendly alternatives are viable. Biodegradation is one of the best eco-friendly methods for removing plastic waste. In this study, we aimed to identify bacteria from sewage wastewater treatment plants (SWWs) that could degrade low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Bacterial strains isolated from sewerage wastewater were incubated for 120 days in 50 mL of minimal salt media (MSM) containing 60 mg of low-density polyethylene (LDPE). After four months, our research revealed that Bacillus tropicus (SH4) demonstrated significant potential, degrading the LDPE up to 21.6%. We observed the changes after biodegradation using FTIR, GC-MS, and SEM analysis. In conclusion, microorganisms extracted from sewage wastewater possess the ability to mitigate plastic contamination in aquatic ecosystems. Future proteomics and genome investigations are necessary to elucidate the enzymes and metabolic processes implicated in plastic breakdown.

Olive mill wastewater treatment using coagulation/flocculation and filtration processes

Olive mill wastewater (OMWW), a pollutant resulting from the olive oil industry, poses a serious ecological challenge due to its high pollution load. This effluent is highly concentrated in chemical oxygen demand (COD), which is 200 times higher than that of sewage wastewater. Moreover, OMWW is characterized by a strong acidity, high content of fatty matter, and high concentration of phenolic compounds.In this study, coagulation/flocculation and filtration processes were investigated in order to decrease the pollution load of OMWW for potential reuse in olive orchard irrigation. First, two successive coagulation/flocculation steps were applied to a centrifuged OMWW. Lime and aluminum sulfate (alum) were used as coagulants by testing different concentrations in order to select optimal conditions. Then, the efficiency of various filtration systems using activated carbon and/or natural materials (olive stones, olive leaves, sand, celite, and gravel) was tested. pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total solid (TS), and COD were measured before and after each treatment step (coagulation or filtration). Five phenolic compounds were monitored before and after applying the selected treatment steps under optimal conditions. The quantification and valorization of the sludge derived from coagulation/flocculation were also performed.During the first coagulation/flocculation step, the results showed that the application of 8 g/L of lime combined with 7 g/L of alum allows the removal rates for EC, TS, and COD of approximately 10%, 41%, and 48%, respectively. While the application of 5 g/L of lime and 4 g/L of alum during the second coagulation/flocculation step allows for lower reductions rates for TS (37%) and higher reduction rates for COD (67%). In addition, the resulting sludge showed its potential usage as a solid alternative fuel with a calorific value of 3295.79 cal/g. Moreover, filtration using activated carbon and gravel was found to be the optimum filtration system. The reduction rates were 51%, 37%, and 26% for EC, TS, and COD, respectively.Finally, the combination of coagulation/flocculation and filtration allows the substantial elimination of the studied phenolic compounds with global reduction yields of 97% for vanillyl alcohol, 92% for tyrosol, and 91% for vanillic acid and p-coumaric acid.Besides, Mediterranean countries are suffering from water shortages and the majority of olive mill trituration units are known for their artisanal types thus facing economic challenges. This research suggests a practical treatment process and the final effluent can be used to irrigate olive orchards at a rate of 170 m3 per hectare.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of Azolla fern in removing the toxicity of lead and cadmium in water

Background: Heavy metals are harmful to living organisms and are emitted into the environment from many different sources. Compared to alternative remediation technologies that are either too expensive or impractical, phytoremediation, in which plants are used to remove hazardous toxins from water and soil, is a viable option for use at extremely large field sites. Heavy metals may be removed from the environment by a wide variety of plants. Azolla, a kind of aquatic fern, is one example.Methods: Different concentrations of heavy elements (5,10, and 25mg/ L) were prepared and treated with the plant in different masses (0.2,0.4, and 0.8 grams)and over time periods of one and two weeks. The concentration of each element was measured before and after the treatment periods using an atomic absorption device.Results: As evidenced that spring Azolla (green type) was more effective at removing cadmium and lead elements than autumn Azolla (red type), where the spring Azolla recorded higher removal efficiency for Cd , where it was 1.80% under biomass 0.8g, contact time 10 days, and at metal concentration 10mg\L ,while the highest percentage removal for Pb , was 40.02% under biomass 0.4g, contact time 15 day and at metal concentration 5mg\L . Azolla has great potential for removing heavy metals from water resources and can be used in heavy metal phytoremediation initiatives in environmental improvement projects.Conclusion: This research suggests using the aquatic macrophyte Azolla, especially spring fern, to treat sewage and household wastewater containing Cadmium and Lead.Keywords: Azolla; Heavy metals; Phytoremediation; Cd; Pb

Assessment of Ecological and Health Risks of Potentially Toxic Elements in Soil and Plant Under Long-Term Sewage Wastewater Irrigation.

This paper aimed to evaluate the ecological and health risks for some potentially toxic trace elements (PTEs) in agricultural soils irrigated with sewage wastewater for more than 50 years. Therefore, soil and plant samples were collected from 21 sites at sewage wastewater irrigated area and these samples were analyzed for their contents of PTEs i.e. Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb. The risks of PTEs pollution in the study area were analyzed using indices such as the individual and comprehensive potential ecological risk indices (Eri and RI, respectively), hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk (CR) model. The results showed that the PTEs in soil samples ranged from 1.70 to 9.90mg/kg for Cd, from 39.9 to 183.4mg/kg for Cr, from 31.5 to 655.1mg/kg for Cu, from 18.8 to 113.1mg/kg for Ni and from 5.4 to 65.4mg/kg for Pb. The results also demonstrated that the soil samples were characterized by high to very high ecological risk for Cd. According to the health risk assessment, the mean HQ and HI of the PTEs in soil for adults and children were below the risk threshold of 1, indicating no risk for non-carcinogenic health effects. However, the HI of PTEs via plant consumption was > 1, suggesting a non-carcinogenic health risk. The CR for most plant samples was above the acceptable range. These findings may offer helpful information regarding the ecological and human risks related to PTEs exposure in soil and plants irrigated with wastewater under arid conditions.

Unveiling Taro's (Colocasia esculenta) potential as a source of antioxidants and nutritional elements: Industrial impact on quantitative risk assessment of potentially toxic metals accumulation

With rapid industrialization and urbanization, persistent potential toxic elements in the human food chain have become a burning concern to international communities. The present study investigates the potential of an underutilized orphan root crop, Taro (Colocasia esculenta), as a possible source of bioactive compounds –phenolics (180.56-17.66 mg GAE/100g sample) and flavonoids (50.37-21.93 mg QE/100 g sample)–, antioxidants and minerals (Mg: 183.33-75, P: 203-73, Ca: 740-46 and Na: 393-133.33 mg/kg) to promote its utilization in food industries. In addition, this study estimated the levels of potential toxic metals in corm samples collected from industrially active: Jute industry sites (JTS), Textile sites (TXS), Tannery sites (TNS), Chemical industry sites (CMS), Feed industry sites (FDS), and inactive: Residential site (RDS) regions of Jashore, Bangladesh and assessed the associated human health risks. ICP-OES was used to analyze the samples, and the probable human health risk was evaluated using the estimated Hazard Index (HI) and Lifetime cancer risk (LcR). The concentration of the studied toxic metals, such as Cr, Cd, and Pb, and potentially toxic metals, such as Zn, Ni, Fe, Cu, and Mn, ranged as 1.8-19.33, ND, ND-6.33, 3.23-146.67, ND-29.16, 5.43-3583.33, 4.43-266.67, and 0.45-7.3 in taro corm samples and 2.76-42.33, ND-1.26, ND-153.33, 3.27-163.33, 32.67-55.67, 436.67-7666.67, 1.47-9.47, and 4.16-213.33 mg/kg, respectively, in the associated soil samples. HI values greater than unity in RDS, JTS, FDS, TNS, and CMS indicated the associated non-carcinogenic risk to adults. In addition, LcR showed that all the samples pose an associated cancer risk. Furthermore, multivariate analysis revealed three principal components explaining 86.69 % of the total variance, while there were two significant clusters of the taro samples. Overall, this study demonstrated the potential of taro corms as a valuable source of advantageous phytochemicals while confirming the effect of industrialization on the accumulation of potentially toxic metals and their phytochemicals. This study underscores the necessity of continuous monitoring by regulatory authorities to prevent metal deposition in farmlands from industrialization and urbanization through sewage, agrochemicals, and industrial wastewater to avoid adverse health consequences.

MMO-induced batch and pilot-scale electro-oxidation treatment of municipal wastewater.

The present research aimed to explore the durability of MMO electrodes through electro-oxidation (EO) in purifying secondary treated actual sewage wastewater using batch and pilot-scale setups. The main aim is to inactivate bacteria in sewage treatment plants before they are released into the environment, thus contaminating water and soil. Process parameters such as current density (j), NaCl dose (n), and treatment time (t) were optimized using response surface methodology in a lab-scale EO reactor under batch conditions. The results showed that optimization of current density at 5.90mA/cm2 and NaCl concentration at 1.31g/L led to 93.90% of bacterial inactivation (Q1) within 8min of treatment and 0.48 kWh/m3 energy consumption (Q2). Biological analysis was conducted to validate bacterial cell destruction and count coliform bacteria in the EO-treated sewage wastewater. XRD, cyclic voltammetry studies, and FE-SEM/EDS analysis were done to confirm the MMO anode's durability and stability after 100 recycles. The study prioritized bacterial inactivation along with organic matter degradation. Besides that, a small pilot-scale study on the actual sewage wastewater with a volume of 10-50 L was done in batch mode under previously optimized conditions to analyze the efficacy of the MMO anodes in terms of bacterial inactivation.

The removal of antibiotic resistance bacteria and genes and inhibition of RP4 plasmid-mediated conjugative transfer by citric acid chelated Fe(II) catalyzing peroxymonosulfate systems: Performance and mechanisms

The excessive and inappropriate usage of antibiotics accelerated the appearance and proliferation of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs), posing a considerable threat to human health and ecological systems. The objectives of this study were to construct Fe(II) chelated by citric acid (CA) catalyzing peroxymonosulfate (PMS) systems with different dosages for the elimination of ARB (E. coli DH5α) and ARGs (tetA, tetR, and blaTEM-1), and to reveal the mechanisms on ARGs conjugation transfer. The processes still maintained high ARB/ARGs removal rates in various water matrices (tap water, river water, sewage, and farm wastewater). The results demonstrated Fe(II)-CA/PMS system in high dosages ([Fe(Ⅱ)] = 0.10 mM; [CA] = 0.08 mM; [PMS] = 0.40 mM) significantly enhanced the removal of ARB (8-log) and ARGs (5.11-log tetA, 1.01-log tetR, and 0.62-log blaTEM-1) by promoting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROSs), thereby inhibiting conjugative transfer completely. Interestingly, Fe(II)-CA/PMS treatment at low dosages ([Fe(Ⅱ)] = 0.0025 mM; [CA] = 0.002 mM; [PMS] = 0.02 mM) still inhibited the transfer of ARGs (2.26 × 10−4, 0.65-fold), mainly through downregulation of genes related with ROS synthesis, DNA damage repair (SOS response), ATP synthesis, and transfer-related genes, as well as upregulation of globally regulatory genes. These results presented a hopeful strategy for holding back the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in environments.

Public health implications of antibiotic resistance in sewage water: an epidemiological perspective

The emergence and rapid spread of antibiotic resistance pose a major threat to global health, attributing to misuse and overuse of antibiotics resulting in antibiotics-resistant bacteria through natural mutation or transfer of resistance genes. A cross-sectional study was carried out, in which a total of 36 samples were systematically collected; of these, 26 were derived from the wastewater efflux and 10 from the receiving waters at several critical junctures along the Sutlej River. Herein, this study elucidated elevated levels of antibiotic resistance among bacterial isolates sourced from urban wastewater. Escherichia coli (E. coli) was the highest at 90% among the isolates, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) at 58%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) at 55%, and Salmonella spp. at 53%. Many antibiotics were found to be more resistant including Ciproflaxacin, Co-Trimaxazole, Ampicillin and Tetracycline. Several antibiotic-resistance genes were found in isolated bacterial spp., such as Aminoglycosides (aadA), Sulfonamides (Sul1, Sul3), Tetracyclines (Tet (A/B/D)) and Cephalosporins (Bla_CTM X) at 41%, 35%, 29% and 12% respectively. Furthermore, the development of innovative wastewater treatment models and surveillance programs are crucial to counteract the dissemination of antibiotic resistance. To investigate the genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance, molecular analysis was performed, including DNA isolation, PCR amplification, and sequence analysis. The study helps investigate a diverse range of ARBs and ARGs in wastewater, which highlights the need of better laws for antibiotic usage and wastewater treatment processes. This investigation also stresses on regular monitoring of ARBs and ARGs in sewage wastewater. Through proactive interventions and sustained scientific inquiry, we can strive toward preserving environmental integrity and public health for successive generations.Graphical

Complete genome sequence of E. coli lytic bacteriophage BAU.Micro_ELP-22, isolated from sewage water, Bangladesh.

Escherichia coli lytic bacteriophage BAU.Micro_ELP-22 was isolated from sewage wastewater as a therapeutic agent alternative to antibiotics. The phage genome is 373,488 bp in length, encoding 744 protein-coding sequences and 7 tRNAs, and contains no antibiotic resistance, virulence, or temperate marker genes, which specifies its potentiality as a compatible phage therapy candidate.

Perceived Effect of Shipborne Sewage Discharge on Water Quality of Apapa Sea Port

The Apapa Sea Port in Lagos, Nigeria, faces significant environmental concerns due to shipborne sewage discharge. Over 3 billion tons of sewage are discharged annually, posing health risks and causing disease outbreaks. Understanding this relationship is crucial for developing policies to protect marine environments and port operations. The study investigates the perceived effects of sewage wastewater pollution on the marine environment, focusing on Apapa Port, Nigeria’s largest and busiest port. The study used a sample of 475 individuals, with a stratified frame of 323 respondents, resulting in a sample size of 245 using Yaro Yamane’s formula. Descriptive statistical methods were used to summarize and interpret data, with a mean score of 2.5 as the threshold for classification. Inferential statistics, including ANOVA and regression analysis, were used to test the research hypotheses. The results shown that the perceived impact of sewage pollution on water quality, with findings showing a strong awareness and concern among port personnel regarding its deleterious effects, including eutrophication (mean rating: 3.825), harmful algal blooms (mean rating: 3.921), habitat degradation (mean rating: 3.868), and waterborne diseases (mean rating: 4.018). The Hypotheses testing confirmed that sewage discharge significantly impacts the study area (p-value = 0.048) and that the implementation of MARPOL Annex IV has a significant influence on pollution levels (p-value < 0.05). The study concludes with recommendations to improve treatment processes, enforcement mechanisms, infrastructure, and stakeholder collaboration to ensure compliance and protect the marine ecosystem at Lagos Port, among many others. Keywords: Apapa seaports, sewage, shipborne, pollution, waste management.

Optimization and modeling of process parameters for nutrient recovery from sewage wastewater

ABSTRACT Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contamination in wastewater pose significant environmental challenges. Recovering these elements as struvite not only mitigates environmental pollution but also aligns with sustainable development goals by recycling valuable resources. This research hypothesizes that optimized recovery methods can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of struvite crystallization, addressing existing challenges in conventional techniques. To achieve optimal removal and recovery of N and P from sewage, a response surface model was employed. This model allowed for the identification of optimal process conditions and the elucidation of interactions among various components. Key variables impacting struvite recovery were identified using the Plackett–Burman design, while the central composite design was used for further optimization. The study determined the optimized parameters for phosphate recovery to be an Mg:P ratio of 1:2, pH of 10.5, additive concentration of 350 ppm, and a precipitation time of 30 min. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the residual amounts were below 50%. Additionally, the size and surface morphology of the final product were influenced by the process parameters, particularly the Mg:P ratio and pH. An inexpensive, quick, and efficient method to recover struvite fertilizer with a minimum demand of time and chemicals is established toward SDG 2 and 6.

Comprehending Spatial Distribution and Controlling Mechanisms of Groundwater in Topical Coastal Aquifers of Southern China Based on Hydrochemical Evaluations

Groundwater quality and availability in coastal aquifers have become a serious concern in recent times due to increased abstraction for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes. (1) Background: Zhuhai city is selected as a representative coastal aquifer in Southern China to comprehensively evaluate the hydrochemical characteristics, spatial distribution and controlling mechanisms of groundwater. (2) Methods: A detailed study utilizing statistical analyses, a Piper diagram, Gibbs plots, and ion ratios was conducted on 114 surface water samples and 211 groundwater samples. (3) Results: The findings indicate that the pH of most groundwater is from 6.06 to 6.52, indicating a weakly acidic environment. The pH of surface water ranges from 5.35 to 9.86, with most values being weakly alkaline. The acidity in the groundwater may be related to the acidic atmospheric precipitation, an acidic unsaturated zone, oxidation of sulphide minerals and tidal action. The groundwater chemical types are predominantly mixed, followed by Ca-Mg-HCO3 type. Surface water samples are predominantly Na-Cl-SO4 type. The NO3− concentration in groundwater is relatively high, with a mean value of 17.46 mg/L. The NO2− and NH4+ concentrations in groundwater are relatively low, with mean values of 0.46 mg/L and 7.58 mg/L. (4) Conclusions: The spatial distribution of the principal chemical constituents in the groundwater is related to the landform. The chemical characteristics of groundwater in the study area are mainly controlled by the weathering and dissolution of silicate and sulfate minerals, evaporation, seawater mixing and cation exchange. Nitrate in clastic fissure groundwater, granite fissure groundwater and unconfined pore groundwater primarily originates from atmospheric precipitation, agricultural activities of slope farmland and forest land. Nitrate in confined pore groundwater and karst groundwater primarily originates from domestic sewage and mariculture wastewater. Our findings elucidate the processes characterizing the hydrogeology and surface water interactions in Zhuhai City’s coastal system, which are relevant to other catchments with similar geological characteristics.

Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals from Sewage Sludge, Wastewater, and Adjacent River of Thimphu Sewage Treatment Plant, Bhutan

Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals from Sewage Sludge, Wastewater, and Adjacent River of Thimphu Sewage Treatment Plant, Bhutan

Capillary reinforcement strategy guided construction of robust oxygen functionalized carbon-based porous foam for highly efficient solar evaporation

Recent research on carbon-based porous foams has made great progress to alleviate global clean water scarcity. However, it is still a challenge to produce carbon-based porous foams with both high evaporation performance and good mechanical property because of weak interface interactions between carbon-based material and matrix. Herein, we report an effective capillary enhancement strategy to construct robust oxygen-functionalized 3D carbon-based porous foams (OCPF) with abundant hydrophilic oxygen-functional groups from oxidized carbon fiber (OCF) and graphite oxide (GO). Owing to capillary enhancement strategy, a robust foam can be obtained, such as compression stress increases by 6–70 times, and compression modulus reaches 0.56–8.01 MPa, and the obtained foam also contains abundant oxygen-functionalized carbon materials to modulate water state. As a result, the optimized OCPFs show a high evaporation rate of ∼ 3.08 kg·m−2·h−1 with an efficiency of ∼ 94 % under one sun irradiation, which can be further raised to 7.89 kg·m−2·h−1 (5 cm height with 3 m·s−1 wind speed). Besides, the OCPFs also exhibit satisfied desalination and purification performance in actual saline water, domestic and industrial sewage, corrosive and oily wastewater. The feasible fabrication process, excellent performances, and potential applications of OCPFs could provide a new insight into the future development of high-performance and durable carbon-based solar evaporators for large-scale practical applications.

A new method for the rapid identification of external water types in rainwater pipeline networks using UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy

Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) absorption spectroscopy, due to its high sensitivity and capability for real-time online monitoring, is one of the most promising tools for the rapid identification of external water in rainwater pipe networks. However, difficulties in obtaining actual samples lead to insufficient real samples, and the complex composition of wastewater can affect the accurate traceability analysis of external water in rainwater pipe networks. In this study, a new method for identifying external water in rainwater pipe networks with a small number of samples is proposed. In this method, the Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) algorithm was initially used to generate spectral data from the absorption spectra of water samples; subsequently, the multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) algorithm was applied to process the UV–Vis absorption spectra of different types of water samples; following this, the Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) algorithm was employed to decompose and recombine the spectra after MSC; and finally, the long short-term memory (LSTM) algorithm was used to establish the identification model between the recombined spectra and the water source types, and to determine the optimal number of decomposed spectra K. The research results show that when the number of decomposed spectra K is 5, the identification accuracy for different sources of domestic sewage, surface water, and industrial wastewater is the highest, with an overall accuracy of 98.81%. Additionally, the performance of this method was validated by mixed water samples (combinations of rainwater and domestic sewage, rainwater and surface water, and rainwater and industrial wastewater). The results indicate that the accuracy of the proposed method in identifying the source of external water in rainwater reaches 98.99%, with detection time within 10 s. Therefore, the proposed method can become a potential approach for rapid identification and traceability analysis of external water in rainwater pipe networks.

Wastewater Recycling to Enhance Environmental Quality using Fuzzy Embedded with RNN-IoT for Sustainable Coffee Farming

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:200%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Wastewater pollution is a major concern due to organic matter, pesticides, and other contaminants. Untreated discharge of this wastewater can pollute water resources and harm the environment. A data-driven approach for optimizing wastewater treatment systems and ensuring recycled water's safety and effectiveness by calculating energy, chemical, and greenhouse gas emissions. According to this study, the process of system optimization decreases the negative influence on the environment. This suggested research looks at the potential for reusing wastewater and purifying it so it can be used in coffee plants. A variety of methods for cleaning and disinfecting substances are detailed in the article. A wide range of physical, chemical, and biological processes can be utilized in these treatments. The primary objective of sewage wastewater treatment is to develop effective methods that ensure the safety and effectiveness of treated reused water for use in agriculture. data analysis using sensors Connected sensors that measure nutrients, pollutants, salinity, pH, organic matter, and toxins are being used to track various water quality measures. Fuzzy-based data processing utilizing FRNNs to handle uncertainties inherent in sensor data through fuzzy logic techniques. Recurrent neural networks capture temporal dependencies in the wastewater data, allowing for more accurate predictions. Compared with the other existing algorithms, the proposed method has the efficient treatment of wastewater and its safe reuse for coffee cultivation, promoting water conservation and sustainable agricultural practices.</span></span></span></p>

Evaluation of three granular activated carbon filters for the treatment of collections foul air entering a water resource recovery facility.

The treatment of raw foul air that could escape to the atmosphere from the head space of the incoming wastewater sewer lines into a Southern California Water Resource Recovery Facility was evaluated by using a 1/20th scale pilot unit consisting of three different granular activated carbon filter technologies, operating side by side, under similar operating conditions, each having an average 3.8-s contact time. The three activated carbon filters contained each 0.07 m3 of coconut, coal, and coconut mixed with permanganate media. The foul air entering the granular activated carbon filters contained 82% to 83% relative humidity. No moisture removal mechanism was used prior to treatment. The removal of six different odor characters from eight chemical odorants present in the foul air were assessed. These were rotten egg (hydrogen sulfide), rotten vegetables (methyl mercaptan), canned corn (dimethyl sulfide), rotten garlic (dimethyl disulfide), earthy/musty (2-methyl isoborneol and 2-isopropyl 3-methoxy pyrazine), and fecal (skatole and indole). This is the first time a study evaluates the removal of specific odors by simultaneously employing sensory analyses using the odor profile method, which defines the different odor characters and intensities, together with chemical analyses of the odorants causing these odors. The results show that the three granular activated carbon filters, before hydrogen sulfide breakthrough, provided significant improvement in odor intensity and odorant removal. Breakthrough was reached after 57 days for the coconut mixed with permanganate, 107 days for the coconut, and 129 days for the coal granular activated carbon filter. Breakthrough (the critical saturation point of the activated carbon media) was considered reached when the hydrogen sulfide percentage removal diminished to 90% and continued downward. The coconut mixed with permanganate granular activated carbon filter provided the best treatment among the media tested, achieving very good reduction of odorants, as measured by chemical analyses, and reasonable removal of odor intensities, as measured by the odor profile method. The coconut mixed with permanganate granular activated carbon is recommended for short-term odor control systems at sewer networks or emergency plant maintenance situations given its shorter time to breakthrough compared with the other granular activated carbons. The coal and coconut granular activated carbon filters are generally used as the last stage of an odor treatment system. Because of the observed poor to average performance in removing odorants other than hydrogen sulfide, the treatment stage(s) prior to the use of these granulated activated carbons should provide a good methyl mercaptan removal of at least 90% in order to avoid the formation of dimethyl disulfide, which, in the presence of moisture in the carbon filter, emit the characteristic rotten garlic odor. The differences observed between the performances based on odorant removal by chemical analysis compared with those based on sensorial analyses by the odor profile method indicate that both analyses are required to understand more fully the odor dynamics. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Three virgin granulated activated carbon media were evaluated in a field pilot unit using raw collections foul air. Coal, coconut, and coconut mixed with permanganate were tested until breakthrough. Samples were analyzed both chemically (odorants) and sensorially (odors). Coconut mixed with permanganate proved to be the media that better reduced odorants and odors.

Utilizing Microbial Fuel Cells For Simultaneous Treatment Of Solid Waste Water And Energy Generation

The proposed biocatalyst utilized in the microbial fuel cell (MFC) experiment demonstrated exo-electrogenic activity, with species such as Mycobacterium and Shewanella (Pseudomonas) sourced from sewer wastewater. Chemical parameters from the initial experimental trial did not comply with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) limits. The total suspended solids (TSS) in the second MFC trial were the only parameter to meet the EPA threshold of 50 ppm, with influent and effluent concentrations of 96 ppm and 23.1 ppm, respectively. Consequently, supplementary treatment methods are required to achieve EPA discharge standards. The second trial indicated that the MFC setup effectively reduced metal concentrations, including Cr, Mn, Pb, and Zn, to levels that satisfy EPA surface water effluent discharge criteria. Keywords: microbial fuel cell, anode chamber, cathode chamber, wastewater, energy generation. Aims Research Journal Reference Format: Adeniyi O. A., Bakri A.J., Samuel O. Fadipe, Shakirat B. A., Adebayo O.C. & Oyetunde R.A. (2024): Utilizing Microbial Fuel Cells For Simultaneous Treatment Of Solid Waste Water And Energy Generationelta. Advances in Multidisciplinary and Scientific Research Journal Vol. 10. No. 2. Pp 55-69. www.isteams.net/aimsjournal. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/V10N2P6

Hybrid constructed wetlands and filamentous fungi for treatment of mixed sewage and industrial effluents.

Developing countries face multifaceted problems of water pollution and futile measures to combat water pollution. This study was conducted to explore the potential application of sustainable nature-based solutions, hybrid constructed wetlands, and the application of filamentous fungi to treat polluted river water that receives sewage and industrial wastewater. A pilot-scale hybrid constructed wetland design comprising two types of floating plants in distinct tanks along with a floating wetland and a free-water surface wetland connected in series was commissioned and tested. The system successfully removed organic pollution (BOD 94% and COD 90%), nutrients (NH4-N and NO3-N 67% and PO4-P 81%), and heavy metals (Cr 75%, Ni 56%, and Fe 79%) in 40h and showed a high buffering capacity to cope with the varying pollutant loads. Metagenomics analysis of treated and untreated samples of river water revealed a diversified spatial bacterial community with ~ 25% sequences related to sulfur-metabolizing bacteria, genus Sulfuricurvum. The application of an immobilized strain of A. niger as a mycoremediation technique was also tested. It successfully removed pollutants in the combined sewage and industrial wastewater present in river water: COD (96%), TSS (97%), NH4-N (65%), NO3-N (67%), and PO4-P (78%). This study demonstrated that hybrid constructed wetlands and mycoremediation can be used as sustainable wastewater treatment options in the local context and also in developing countries where most of the conventional wastewater treatment plants do not operate.

Removal of Cefuroxime from Soils Amended with Pine Bark, Mussel Shell and Oak Ash

The global increase in antibiotics consumption has caused hazardous concentrations of these antimicrobials to be present in soils, mainly due to the spreading of sewage sludge (or manure or slurry) and wastewater, and they could enter the food chain, posing serious risks to the environment and human health. One of these substances of concern is cefuroxime (CFX). To face antibiotics-related environmental pollution, adsorption is one of the most widely used techniques, with cost-effective and environmentally friendly byproducts being of clear interest to retain pollutants and increase the adsorption capacity of soils. In light of this, in this work, three low-cost bioadsorbents (pine bark, oak ash, and mussel shell) were added to different soil samples (at doses of 12 and 48 t/ha) to study their effects on the adsorption of CFX. Specifically, batch experiments were carried out for mixtures of soils and bioadsorbents, adding a range of different antibiotic concentrations at a fixed ionic strength. The results showed that the addition of pine bark (with pH = 3.99) increased the adsorption to 100% in most cases, while oak ash (pH = 11.31) and mussel shell (pH = 9.39) caused a clearly lower increase in adsorption (which, in some cases, even decreased). The Freundlich and linear models showed rather good adjustment to the experimental data when the bioadsorbents were added at both doses, while the Langmuir model showed error values which were too high in many cases. Regarding desorption, it was lower than 6% for the soils without bioadsorbents, and there was no desorption when the soils received bioadsorbent amendments. These results show that the addition of appropriate low-cost bioadsorbents to soils can be effective for adsorbing CFX, helping in the prevention of environmental pollution due to this emerging contaminant, which is a result of clear relevance to environmental and human health.