Sewage Production Research Articles

Pathogenic micro-organisms and helminths in sewage products, Arabian Gulf, country of Bahrain.

Fecal and sludge samples from the Arabian Gulf country of Bahrain contained poliomyelitis and coxackie viruses, coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella sonni, fecal streptococci, Balantidium coli, Ascaris lumbricoides and Hymenolepis nana eggs, and Strongyloides stercoralis. Sludge produced in the central sewage treatment plant is used for agricultural purposes and poses a threat to public health. Recommendations to reduce the potential health hazards are made.

City sewage fish ponds in Hungary and India

The management parameters and culture techniques followed in the production of fish in domestic sewage oxidation ponds in Hungary and in sewage-fed ponds in Calcutta (India) are compared, along with the physico-chemical parameters, and nutrient status in the context of biological productivity. The environment supporting healthy growth of fish was more stable in Hungarian oxidation ponds due to the daily introduction of sewage. The diel oxygen concentration ranged between 4 and 19 mg dm −3 in the Hungarian fish ponds and 3.2 and 16.4 mg dm −3 in the Indian ponds. The highest total ammonia was 0.9 and 3.6 mg dm −3, respectively. Of the natural fish food resources, zooplankton reached the same maxima (around 11 000 dm −3) but chironomids and oligochaetes were more abundant in Indian ponds with maxima of 22 000 and 35 000 m −2. A considerably higher fish production was realized in the tropical zone (21.3 kg ha −1 day −1) than in the temperate zone (12.0 kg ha −1 day −1) with production efficiency — in terms of percent primary production converted to fish — of 2.7 and 1.5 – 5.2 respectively. The results from both sets of ponds are presented, viz. choice of species, stocking structure and density, manipulation, period of rearing, and possibilities of implementing the technique in tropical and temperate urbanised areas with high sewage production.

Detection and enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes in a sewage treatment plant in Iraq.

Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from a sewage treatment plant in Baghdad, Iraq, at all stages of treatment. The treatment processes did not yield a sewage sludge cake or a final discharge free of listerias. The agricultural practice of using such sewage products as fertilizers could become a route of spreading the organism in Iraq, particularly by infecting animals that consume vegetation in fields spread with such sewage. Dewatering of sewage reduced the number of L. monocytogenes but long periods of exposure to sun would be needed to obtain a 'safe' sewage sludge cake.

Irradiation enhancement of biomass conversion

The vast supply of cellulosic agricultural residues and industrial by-products that is produced each year is a prospective resource of biomass suitable for conversion to useful products such as feedstock for the chemicals industry and feedstuffs for the livestock industry. Conversions of such biomass is poor at present, and utilization is inefficient, because of physio-chemical barriers to biological degradation and (or) anti-quality components such as toxicants that restrict biological usages. Improvements in biodegradability of ligno-cellulosic materials have been accomplished by gamma-ray and electron-beam irradiation at intermediate dosage (∼ 50 Mrad; .5 MGy); but applications of the technology have been hampered by questionable interpretations of results. Recent research with organic wastes such as sewage sludge and straw suggests opportunity for important applications of irradiation technology in enhancement of biomass conversion. Data from experiments using irradiated straw as feed for ruminants are presented and discussed in relation to research on prospective usage of sewage products as feed for ruminants. Findings are discussed in regard to prospective applications in industrial fermentation processes. Possible usage of irradiation technology for destruction of toxicants in exotic plants is considered in regard to prospective new feedstuffs.

Water Demands and Sewage Production in Military Cantonments

Water Demands and Sewage Production in Military Cantonments Samuel M. Ellsworth CopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.32.1.21 Published Online: October 03, 2011

Pollution Flow from a Pit Latrine when Permeable Soils of Considerable DepthExist below the Pit

Further data on the outflow of sewage products from a latrine under conditions differing radically from those existing at the experimental area of previous studies112 are brought forward in this paper, which presents aspects of an investigation of a pit privy penetrating into ground water to a depth considerably above the impervious stratum underlying the surface zone of saturation. An important principle of pollution flow not hitherto developed was thereby revealed in the study.