Sevin XLR Research Articles

Chinch Bug Control with Sevin XLR Plus and Liquid Ivory Soap, 1991

Abstract This test was conducted to compare the efficacy of Ivory* soap and water, an unorthodox treatment used by some NE farmers to control CB, with an insecticide labeled for use on CB. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Each treated plot was approx. 10 × 15 m. The sorghum was bordered on the east by CB-infested winter wheat. Treatments were applied at dusk 2 Jul 1991 to 5-6 leaf sorghum plants with drop nozzles (flat fan) directed at the base of the plant, 21.7 gal/ acre with tractor speed of 1 mph. The control treatment consisted of running the tractor and spray equipment down the infested rows, but no treatment (not even water) was applied. Preteatment CB counts were taken earlier on 2 Jul. Posttreatment counts were taken on 3 Jul. To determine CB densities, 4 plants were randomly selected from the center of each plot, cut, and placed in 0.5 gal ZipLoc* bags; CB were counted in the laboratory. For posttreatment CB counts, live and dead CB per plant were determined. At the time of treatment, chinch bugs were in the adult stage, moving from the adjacent wheat field.

Evaluation of an Aerial Application of Dimiun and Sevin for Rangeland Grasshopper Control, 1991

Abstract Dimilin WP and Sevin XLR were applied to a rangeland site in Platte County, WY. Treatments were randomly assigned to 16, 40-acre plots, with 4 replicates of: untreated, 1.0, and 3.0 oz per acre of Dimilin, and 24.0 oz per acre of Sevin. Treatments were aerially applied on 19 Jun, in 60 ft swaths. Grasshopper densities were estimated in each plot by using 27, visualized ft2 samples; species and age composition were determined by taking 100 sweeps with a 12 in diam sweep net. These samplings procedures were conducted immediately prior to treatment and 7, 14, and 21 d after treatment. Fisher's protected LSD post-ANOVA test was used to evaluate differences in grasshopper densities at each sampling time. Mortality rates were calculated after correcting for mortality and development in the untreated plots. Due to initial differences in community structure between plots, it was not possible to statistically analyze the effects of treatment on the frequency distributions of species and developmental stages.

Control of Lepidoptera on Late Season Cabbage, 1991

Abstract ‘Bravo’ cabbage was transplanted at Fry Farm, Wooster, OH, on 17 Jun. The field was sprayed with one insecticide application of Sevin XLR on 24 Jul for flea beetles. Plots were 2 rows wide on 36 inch centers, 50 ft long, and separated by 10 ft alleys. Each treatment was replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Applications were made 5, 16, and 20 Sep using a tractor mounted drop nozzle boom sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre at 50 psi with three D-4 hollow cone nozzles/row. Five plants per plot were randomly selected and destructively sampled for DBM, ICW, and CL small (1-2 instar) and large (>3 instar) larvae on 26 Sep. A final marketability rating of 30 cabbage heads per plot was also taken on 26 Sep, judging marketability according to USDA guidelines for fresh market no. 1 cabbage.

Potential of Starch Encapsulated Semiochemical-Insecticide Formulations for Adult Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Control

Field and laboratory experiments were conducted from 1987 through 1989 to determine if plant-derived semiochemicals and carbamate insecticides, encapsulated in starch-borate (SBM) and pregelatinized-starch (PGM) matrices, could be used to attract and kill corn rootworm ( Diabrottca spp.) beetles. D. vtrgifera vtrgifera LeConte adults were concentrated in plots within a corn ( Zea mays L.) field, following application of SBM granules formulated with semiochemicals and carbaryl. However, resulting mortality was low even though beetles were observed feeding on the granules. Low mortality levels appear to have been caused by a loss of carbaryl during the formulation process. Laboratory assay results indicated that carbaryl, methomyl or carbofuran formulated in the PGM effectively killed D. vtrgifera adults but only SBM granules formulated with carbofuran provided acceptable mortality. PGM semiochemical-insecticide granules placed in traps killed Diabrotica spp. over time in field corn. D. v. virgifera and D. undecimpunctata howardt Barber mortality in plots treated with starch-encapsulated semiochemical-insecticide granules were comparable to mortality observed in plots treated with a broadcast application of carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus) while using 90% less insecticide. Mortality of D. harbert Smith & Lawrence was significantly greater in Sevin XLR Plus-treated plots than in plots treated with starch granules. Mortality of the coccinellid Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake was significantly greater in plots treated with Sevin XLR Plus than in plots treated with starch granules, whereas a reverse trend was observed for the carabid Harpalus pennsylvantcus De Geer. Data suggest that efficacy of starch matrix delivery systems may be affected by the interaction of various biotic and abiotic factors but starch matrices appear to have potential as tools that could be used in the development of new, more environmentally sound, corn rootworm management programs.

Control of Chinch Bug Using an Insecticide Treatment of a Trap Crop of Sudax, 1990

Abstract A 1000 × 30 ft strip of sudax was planted on 1 May between commercial wheat and sorghum fields near Odell, Nebr. This 1000-ft strip of sudax was subdivided into 5 replicates (200 × 30 ft each), and Sevin XLR Plus was applied on 18 Jun to half of each replicate at 2.0 lb (AI)/acre with a ground sprayer delivering 25 gpa of liquid. Live CB inside a 1.1 ft2 frame were counted on 11 Jun (pretreatment) and 21 Jun (posttreatment). For each date, the CB counts from 4 frames for each treated area were averaged. After the insecticide treatment, the number of sorghum plants in 0.001 acre that were located 5 and 15 rows away from the sudax were counted adjacent to each plot.

Evaluation of Aerial Applications of Insecticides in Wheat for Chinch Bug Control in Adjacent Sorghum, 1990

Abstract Parathion and Sevin XLR Plus [both with molasses (1 qt/25 gal liquid) as an additive] were applied by air (1 gal/acre) on 17 May to one-third of each of 3 commercial wheat fields (replicates) located in Gage County, Nebr. The remaining third of each field was left untreated as a check comparison. Wheat fields were chosen based on high CB counts and proximity to a sorghum field. After CB adults and nymphs moved into the adjacent sorghum field (16 Jul), the distance into sorghum that plants were visibly damaged (i.e., fired lower leaves) was measured at 5 locations adjacent to each insecticide treated and untreated area. The five measurements were averaged to obtain a mean CB-damaged distance into the field.

Insecticidal Bark Bands for Reduction of Defoliation by Elm Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Abstract An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of carbaryl (Sevin XLR +) applied to elm bark for prevention of defoliation by elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola (Müller). Trunks of trees were treated with 2% carbaryl applied as a 1 m (3.3 ft) wide band. First generation larvae were killed when descending treated trees as they moved toward pupation sites. Insecticide bands were generally effective in preventing defoliation at treated sites. However, defoliation by first generation larvae at one treated site caused unacceptable aesthetic damage.

Furadan Soil Treatment VS. Furadan Soil Treatment Plus Sevin XLR for Flea Beetle Control in Canola, 1987

Abstract A cooperative trial with Sigco Research was planted at a location near Crookston, Minn. Plots consisted of 6- to 15-inch rows 20 ft long. Treatments wer originally arranged in a randomized complete block. However, an error in treatments required comparison of 3 regimes replicated 8 times. The relative rigor of the comparisons, the paucity of data, and the fact the Furadan CR-10 had not been tested in Minnesota before 1987 encouraged us to publish the trial The Furadan CR-10 was planted on 10 Apr with the seed using a cone-type 6-row planter. Moisture was very short in these finely textured soils. Folia applications were made on 19 May when seed was approximately 30% germinated. The foliar was broadcast at 40 psi, using a hand-held COa sprayer applying 17 gal/acre.

Evaluation of Three Insecticides Against Poultry Litter Beetles, 1986

Abstract Adults and mature larvae of both litter beetle species were exposed continuously or for 2 h to Rabon 50% WP, Sevin XLR, or Actellic 7E on treated filter papers. For the continuous exposure experiment, 20 no. 4 filter papers (7 cm diam) were sprayed with 50 ml of either Rabon (1600 or 320 mg AI/m2), Sevin (2000 mg AI/m2), Actellic (250 mg AI/m2), or a water control while tacked to a 0.5 m2 board. Treated filter papers were placed individually into 9-cm diam plastic petri dishes and allowed to dry. The next day, 10 late-instar larvae or 10 four-week-old adults of the lesser mealworm (LMW) or hide beetle (HB) were added to each petri dish (100 total petri dishes-5 replications/treatment/beetle/stage). No. of dead were recorded at 6, 24, 48, and 72 h and % mortality calculated (corrected using Abbott's formula and transformed by arcsin Vp for the analysis). Mortality in the controls was low except by 48 and 72 h for the HB due to cannibalism. Treatments at each sampling period for each beetle stage were compared by Fisher's protected LSD test. For the 2-h exposure experiment, similar procedures were followed except 1-week-old adult beetles were used and the treated filter papers were removed after 2 h and a small amount of food, flshmeal (HB) or wheat bran (LMW), was added to each petri dish to reduce cannibalism.

Effects of Atmospheric Deposition on Efficacy Of Pesticides for Elm Leaf Beetle Control, Delaware, Co., Oh., 1985

Abstract One-year-old potted elm, Ulmus spp., cuttings were sprayed with insecticides and subjected to a combination of atmospheric pollutants and acid rain treatments to determine if insecticidal efficacies against elm leaf beetle adults were affected. The experiment was a factorial design. The factors were 3 insecticides (Dursban, Mavrik Aquaflow, Sevin XLR) applied at recommended rates; 2 simulated acid rain (SAR) treatments (4.0 pH, ambient); 2 elm cultivars ('Homestead,' 'Pioneer'); 3 atmospheric pollutant treatments (0.1 ppm 03, 0.2 ppm S02 plus 0.1 ppm 03, ambient); and 3 to 6 replicates each. Fumigations were in 4 open-top chambers ca. 3 m in diam and 2.5 m in height. SAR solutions were made by adjusting the pH of deionized water with 2 parts H2S04 and 1 part HN03. SAR was applied through beta fog nozzles at 69 kPa in chambers equipped with platforms, 1.2 m in diam, revolving at 4 rpm. Weekly SAR and fumigation treatments began 13 Jun. These treatments were 45 min (1.27 cm) SAR followed by fumigation for 5 days at 7 h/day. Elms that were ttt treated with insecticides, fumigants or SAR served as controls. Cuttings were sprayed to runoff on 8 Jul (32°C, 62% RH, winds calm) using a 11.4-liter c impressed C02 driven R&D Model TS backpack sprayer equipped with a no. 5500 adjustable cone tip nozzle opened Vi turn from full closed at 206.8 kPa pressure. At 10 days postspray (Trial l)and at 37 Days postspray (Trial 2), insecticide efficacy was assessed by placing 5 or 10 elm leaf beetle adults in petri dishes with foliage from the different treatments. In Trial 1, foliage from 4 to 6 trees was used per treatment combination. In Trial 2, foliage from 6 trees was used per treatment combination (3 'Homestead' plus 3 'Pioneer'). Percent beetle mortality was determined in each petri dish after 48 h. Data were 3 lbjected to an angular transformation and analyzed by a 3 factor ANOVA at the 5% level. Where significant differences occurred, ANOVA was followed by an SNK multiple comparison test at the 5% level.

Control of Japanese Beetle Adults on Rose, 1985

Abstract The container grown roses were trimmed 3 wk prior to spraying and fertilized to provide similar sized plants. Blossoms were trimmed as they opened throughout the test period. Four 3-plant replicates were arranged in a randomized complete block in a mowed field in Wooster, OH. Roses were sprayed on 16 Jul. Conventional treatments were applied with a hand-pumped, compressed air sprayer to the point of runoff. Sevin XLR+ “ULVA” was applied with an ultra-low volume applicator at 1 part XLR in 11 parts water to the point when a mist enveloped the plant. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of beetles feeding on the plants (this provided an avg. no. per replicate from the 3 plants in the replicate) and by taking feeding injury ratings. The injury ratings were 0-10% damaged leaves = 0, 10-25% = 1, 25-40% = 2, 40-60% = 3, 60-75% = 4, 75-90% = 5, 90-100% = 6 (individual ratings were taken, then averaged for a single rating per replicate). Injury ratings were taken throughout the test period but only the final rating is shown. 1.19 inch rain occurred during the test period.

Stalk Borer Control; 1985

Abstract The efficacy of selected foliar insecticides for the control of stalk borer were tested near Hale, Jones County, IA. Plots were planted to no-till corn on 30 Apr, at a rate of 24,000 seeds/acre on 30-inch rows. Thirty-one treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Plots were 8 rows by 75 ft. All treatments were applied 3 May using a 4-row boom sprayer, fitted with Tee Jet 8004 LP flat fan nozzles on 20-inch centers, propelled by CO2, and mounted on a Honda 110 ATV. Sevin XLR+ was applied at 13 psi and 10 gal/acre. All other insecticide treatments were applied at 18 psi and 20 gal/acre. Weather conditions at the time of application were partly cloudy, with an intermittent breeze 0-8 mph and temperatures ranging from 63-89°F during the application period. The weed control program consisted of 1 lb (AI)/acre of Bladex banded at planting plus 2 lb (AI)/acre of Dual and 3 lb (AI)/acre of atrazine broadcast preemerge. Stand counts were made on 8 May. Plots were evaluated on 17 May and 10 Jun by determining the number of stalk borer infested plants per 17.4 ft from the center of each of the 2 middle rows of each plot. Missing plants, along with those exhibiting dead heart or wilting were deemed to be stalk borer infested.

Control of Japanese Beetle Adults on Rose With Sevin, 1985

Abstract The container grown roses were trimmed immediately prior to spraying to remove damaged foliage and provide similar sized plants. Flower blossoms were trimmed from the plants as they opened through the test period. Four 3-plant replicates were arranged in a randomized complete block in a mowed field in Wooster, OH. All treatments were sprayed 30 Jul. Sevin 80S was applied with a hand-pumped compressed air sprayer to the point of runoff. Sevin XLR Plus was applied with an ultra-low volume applicator at 1 part XLR in 11 parts water and 1 part XLR in 39 parts water. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of beetles feeding on the plants (the 3-plant replicates were averaged to provide one number per replicate) and by taking feeding-injury ratings. The injury ratings were 0-10% damaged leaves = 0, 10-25% = 1, 25-40% = 2, 40-60% = 3, 60-75% = 4, 75-90% = 5, and 90-100% = 6 (individual ratings were taken for each plant in the replicate, then averaged for a single rating per replicate). 4.77 inch rain occurred during the test period.

Leafhopper and Planthopper Control with Carbaryl, 1985

Abstract Areas measuring 120 ft × 200 ft were located in an established stand near Plains, Ga. Ground and aerial applications of Sevin XLR were applied 2 times at the rate of 2 lb (AI)/acre. The first application was on 17 Sep and the second application was 2 weeks later. Grass was 5-7 inches tall at the second application. Ground treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with 8003 flat-fan nozzles which delivered 30 gal/acre. An airplane equipped with whirl jet nozzles applied aerial treatments at 10 gal of solution/acre. A third area was untreated. Insects were sampled 2 h and 3, 6, and 14 days after the second application. Four samples consisting of 10 pendulum sweeps/sample were taken in each area. Data were analyzed with an analysis of variance using a completely randomized design.

Effective Residual Life of Carbaryl for Protecting Ponderosa Pine from Attack by the Western Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

The effectiveness of carbaryl in protecting high-value ponderosa pine trees from attack by Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte was tested at reduced concentrations or for longer than one beetle flight season. A 2.0% suspension of carbaryl provided substantial protection of ponderosa pine from attack by D. brevicomis for the 5 months adults are actively attacking trees. Lesser concentrations, notably 1.0 and 0.5%, provided some protection but with greater tree mortality. Neither 2.0% Sevimol® nor 2.0% Sevin XLR® provided adequate protection for 9 or 12 months, respectively, after application.

Effectiveness of Insecticides for Protecting Ponderosa Pines from Attack by Red Turpentine Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

In a series of experiments conducted from 1979 to 1982, the efficacy of carbaryl (Sevimol 4 and Sevin XLR), chlorpyriphos, fenitrothion, and permethrin was tested for protection of ponderosa pines from attack by the red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens LeConte. Insecticide-treated trees and untreated controls were baited with western pine beetle, D. brevicomis LeConte, semiochemicals to subject them to attack by D. valens. Only 4% carbaryl (Sevimol4), 2% carbaryl (Sevin XLR), and 4% fenilrothion were effective in protecting trees from D. valens attack.

Bean Leaf Beetle and Potato Leafhopper Control in Soybean, 1983

Abstract Four insecticides were evaluated to determine their effects on bean leaf beetle, potato leafhopper, and the predator complex. The trial was conducted at the Southern Agricultural Experiment Station, Waseca, MN. Plots measured six rows (30-in. centers) by 60 ft arranged in a randomized complete block with four replicates. Treatments were applied on 27 July, with a 3-row, CO2 backpack sprayer. All insecticides were applied at 30 lb/in2 (27.0 gal/acre) except Sevin XLR which was applied at 15 lb/in2 (11.5 gal/acre). Soybeans were in the R4 growth stage. Plants were sampled with a 15-in. diameter sweepnet (50 sweeps per plot) on 27 July (pretreatment), 28 July (24 h posttreatment), and 1 Aug. (5 days posttreatment). Sweep samples were bagged in the field, frozen, and examined in the laboratory. Plants were inspected each sampling date and on 22 Aug. (26 days posttreatment) for signs of phytotoxicity.

Presence of and Damage Caused By Japanese Beetle Adults on Treated Grape Foliage, 1983

Abstract Ten treatments were evaluated for repelling and preventing damage by Japanese beetle adults at Wooster, Ohio. Plots consisted of three grape vines, having four replications per treatment in randomized blocks. Vine spacing was 2.7m (9 ft) between rows and 2.4 m (8 ft) within the row. Treatments were applied 7 and 20 July and 4 Aug. as foliar sprays at the rate of 935 liters/ha (100 gal/acre, using a hand-operated CO2, sprayer operated at 3.2 kg/cm2 (45 lb/in2) and equipped with a Tee Jet D3 disc and No. 13 core. There were two exceptions: Sevin XLR was applied at 2.4 kg/cm2 (20 lb/in2) with a D2, 13 core at a rate of 54 1/ha (5.8 gal/acre); FCR 1272 was applied at 3.2 kg/cm2 (45 lb/in2) with a D3 disc, 13 core at 1870 1/ha (200 gal/acre). The ratio of water to Sevin XLR as 11:1. Visual observations were made on the 2.4 m (8 ft) of canopy between the trunks of the two vines from the east side of the row. Ratings were as follows: no live beetles = 0; 1-5 live beetles = 1; 6-10 beetles = 2; 11-15 beetles = 3; 16 or more live beetles = 4. In addition to repellency (presence) observations, treatments were also rated for feeding damage to foliage. This was accomplished by examining 10 shoots per treatment for beetle feeding. Each shoot was rated 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 depending on how many of the last five terminal leaves were damaged. Readings of 0 stood for no damage, 5 indicated feeding on all leaves. Ratings were totaled and compared by treatment.

Aster Leafhopper and Aster Yellows Control in Carrot, 1983

Abstract Three insecticides were evaluated to determine their effects on the aster leafhopper and its transmission of aster yellows (mycoplasma-like organism) to carrots. The trial was conducted at the Univ. of Minnesota Agric. Exp. Stn., Rosemount, Minn. Each plot had two 20-ft rows (40-in. centers) of ‘Scarlet Nantes’ (aster yellows resistant) and ‘Nantes Coreless’ (aster yellows susceptible) and treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with four replicates. Both sides of each plot were bordered by two rows of lettuce, Lactuca sativa L., ‘Great Lakes’ which remained unsprayed and served as a source of aster leafhopper and aster yellows. Individual plots were separated from others by 10 ft of bare ground on all sides to minimize interplot movement of ickpack sprayer at 30 lb/in2 (27.0 the aster leafhopper. Treatments were applied using a CO2 powered backpack sprayer at 30 lb/in2 (27.0 gal/acre) except for Sevin XLR which was applied at 15 lb/inz (11.5 gal/acre). Treatments were applied biweekly from 30 June to 4 Aug. and weekly from 4 Aug. through 25 Aug. Fourteen applications in all were made. Sweep samples were taken with a 15-in. diameter sweep net (25 sweeps per plot). Insect counts were taken from all four rows, but not separated with respect to cultivar.

Residual Activity of Selected Insecticides Against the Adult Mexican Bean Beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on Soybeans1

Field cage studies were conducted for 2 years to determine the residual toxicities of permethrin, cypermethrin, acephate, methomyl, and several carbaryl formulations against adult Epilachna varivestis Mulsant on soybeans. Tests showed that the residual, wash-off-resistant carbaryl formulations Sevin XLR and UCSF-27 provided control of adult beetles from 14 to 21 days posttreatment. In order of decreasing duration of effectiveness, those two formulations were followed by acephate, permethrin, and cypermethrin, which were active from 7 to 14days; carbaryl (Sevin 80S), active for 7 days; and methomyl, which provided <7 days of control. Although not as active as the residual formulations of carbaryl in causing mortality, permethrin and cypermethrin apparently provided further protection to the soybeans by repelling the adults from the plants past their periods of lethality. This repellency was characterized by low levels of defoliation and by adult beetles avoiding the treated leaves by clinging to the cage or stems.