Severe Penalties Research Articles

PYRO TERROR: FOREST ARSONS

ntroduction: Stereotypes and pre judice are human traits. It seems that they accompanied humanity since its beginning when people saw or meet somebody, and had to judge him as an enemy or as a friend. In this view, these traits are part of the evolution of human kind, hence, they should be important and valued. Is it? As we will show these traits may destroy the life not only of a person, but those of communities that are different in their origin, nationality, gender, skin color and age. People may be labelled as dangerous to society in accordance to their born status, and they may nd themselves at the lowest strata of their society or culture (Adams -Quackenbush et al. 2019; Barlow & Barlow, 2002; Deskins et. Al. 2017; Park & Wittenbrink, 2002; Plous, 2003). Our article addresses stereotypes and pre judice as an attitude, conscious or unconscious, among the public in relation to forest arsons in Israel. These attitudes are common among the police, and the judicial system. The personal of these systems are members of the culture, inuence by it and inuence back on it. In other words these personal are mirror of the attitudes which are common in the society they serve and inuence this society until there is a loop of attitudes between culture, society and the judicial system. Many studies found out that police ofcers, prosecutors and even judges use the notion of proling to mark certain marginal groups as more dangerous to society. This so-called proling justies arrests, prosecutes, and more severe punishment in the name of society's security. As a result, the mass media and the public accept this proling and develop stereotypes and prejudgment against these groups. In many countries these traits address against immigrants, women, young people, black skin color and other characteristics, which make them more vulnerable to media hype, being arrest more easily and punish more severely. As a result, they become more exposed to negative labels and pre judice. Our article addresses these issues in relation to arson in Israel and show how stereotypes and pre judice among the public make the media and the public to believe that and to blame Arabs in eco terrorism of forest arsons, while the data shows that only 2% of the arsons are motives by national ideology (i.e., Terror).

Protection against Crimes in Islamic Jurisprudence : Investigation and Analysis


 
 
 
 ABSTRACT
 The study examines one of the significant societal issues for which Allah Almighty has imposed severe penalties in order to deter others and attain divine justice among humans who should live tranquil and secure lives. The purpose of the study is to solve societal challenges, such as how to prevent slipping into sins, transgressions, and criminality via individual self-control. The significance of the study seems to be pertinent, as it pertains to elucidating an important jurisprudential problem in the lives of persons, namely the need of avoiding criminal behavior. The researcher attempts to enlighten individuals that they are prone to committing crimes and to warn them in this life and hereafter. The research falls into an introduction, three sections, and a conclusion. Although the introduction situates the study in its background, the other three sections focus on the essence of the subject, namely crime, its prevention, and its treatment. The conclusion summarizes the study's most significant results.
 
 
 

성인 사이버 성범죄 두려움에 관한 연구

As the cyber world, such as the surrealism-oriented metaverse, is approaching, you will have a new experience that is different from before. On the contrary, this means that crimes like real life will be done as if they are real in cyberspace. Furthermore, it also means that cyber crimes that transcend crimes in the real world can occur by reflecting the characteristics of online. The degree of fear of crime can vary depending on the type of fear of crime. Real crimes can be stopped through punishment, but cyber crimes are difficult to punish depending on their methods and characteristics. Therefore, the perception of punishment that individuals have can directly affect their fear of crime. The resolution of crimes such as cybersex crimes is not initiated by criminal justice agencies, but rather by reports from victims or witnesses, and these reports are determined by various factors. Assuming that the actions of victims or witnesses are not rational, and that psychological mechanisms work, it is necessary to conduct research that reflects the characteristics of cyberspace. Therefore, this study investigates the perception of celerity, severity, and certainty, which are the 3 key elements of criminal justice authorities' punishment for cyber sex crimes, and considers the fear of cyber sex crimes through the frame of these three levels of awareness based on the theoretical background. Psychological fear of perceived crime was measured. In this study, the subjects, methods, and main analysis results showed that only the severity of punishment among the perceptions of punishment predicted cyber sex crime fear. Therefore, this study suggests a plan to lower the fear of cyber sex crimes through strict punishment by strengthening the sentencing judgment for cyber sex crimes based on the research results.

Ratio legis uchylenia art. 152 ustawy z dnia 6 czerwca 1997 r. – Kodeks karny wykonawczy Ratio Legis for Repealing Article 152 of the Act of 6 June 1997 – the Penal Enforcement Code

On 5 October 2019, Article 152 of the Act of 6 June 1997 – the Penal Enforcement Code which provided for the possibility of a conditional suspension of enforcement of the imprisonment sentence at the stage of enforcement proceedings, was repealed. The analysis of the legislative process leads to the conclusion that the repeal of the provision has no justification in the draft amendment act. The institution provided in Article 152 provided for a potential award of a very severe penalty going much further than conditional early release from the remainder of the sentence, modification of the conviction in the enforcement proceedings, leading, upon the occurrence of certain premises, to change of an unconditional custodial sentence into a custodial sentence with a conditional suspension of its enforcement. This article is an attempt to determine the purpose of the amendment, the motives behind the legislators’ decision, as well as to assess the changes. Key words: enforcement proceedings, conditional suspension of a sentence, sentence enforcement postponement, enforcement proceedings suspension, electronic tagging

CJS: Pre-Conviction Detention and Question of Double Jeopardy. A Critical Study of the Legal Status of the Death Penalty in Pakistan

The individual right to personal security in any State should include those guarantees which enable a person to live his daily life and plan his future without the threat of arrest and imprisonment or the fear of severe and unjust punishment. Due to various reasons, the People of Pakistan do not trust the Criminal Justice System of Pakistan. In the criminal cases covering the death penalty accused persons are kept in prisons for years and on completion of trial they are convicted for capital punishment which is also executed. This article discusses whether the death punishment awarded and executed to a person after keeping him for many years in custody amounts to double jeopardy.

Moral Hazard Problem in Public Policymakers

The moral hazard problem in government organizations is very recurrent due to weak compensation system (i.e., take-home salary) and non-existence of any additional premium (e.g., ownership of stocks) for public policy makers compared to their counterparts in private firms, which weakens the proprietorship of their organization. Since there is a principal-agent relationship between citizens and public policymakers, a loss in public goods and services to citizens signals a meaningful level of moral hazard problem in public policymakers as agents. The menace of moral hazard problem can be lessened through a proper Reward Punishment Approach (RPA). Under existing setup, a weak compensation system with severe punishment mechanics indicates flaws in PRA which needs improvement through reforms in its existing structure. This paper focuses on bringing the compensation system (i.e., take-home salary in terms of cash and a provision of additional premium) at par with market-based package along with various perquisites. The study expects a bare minimum financial implication which may be affordable for the government and decrease moral hazard problem, at least to some extent, leading to a better delivery of public goods and services for the citizens of the country.

How Criminal Is It to Rape a Partner According to the Justice System? Analysis of Sentences in Spain (2015–2022)

Sexual violence in an intimate relationship is a less studied phenomenon than other forms of intimate partner violence, despite data pointing to a high prevalence. Studies on how the cases are sentenced are scarce. Until recently, many laws did not allow marital rape to be punished as a crime of rape, and some studies showed a tendency for the courts to punish these cases less severely. The present study is based on an analysis of 964 rape cases of adult women in Spain. All the information was extracted from sentences of the Provincial Courts issued between 2015 and 2022. Results showed that significantly lower conviction rates and less severe penalties were imposed when the rape was committed by the intimate partner compared to other rape cases where the offenders were not partners (family members, acquaintances, or unknown strangers). The practical implications of these results in several areas are discussed.

Pathways to Children’s Behavioral Problems during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Fathers’ Parenting Stress and Parenting Approaches

Although the family stress model theoretically focuses on the roles of both mothers and fathers as predictors of children's outcomes, studies generally have focused on mothers. The pandemic has brought additional burdens to parents' daily functioning, including fathers' involvement in childcare. The current study aimed to examine the contributions of fathers' parenting stress and parenting approaches to their children's behavior problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. Particularly, we examined the indirect effects of parenting stress on children's behavior problems via parenting practices. The participants were 155 fathers (Mage = 36.87, SD = 5.11) and their children (71 girls, 84 boys; Mage = 59.52, SD = 14.98) from Turkish contexts. The fathers reported their parenting stress, approaches, and children's behavioral problems. The results from the path analysis showed that parenting stress predicted children's internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Parenting stress also predicted severe punishment and obedience as parts of the parenting approach. Finally, parenting stress was indirectly related to children's externalizing behaviors via the punishment-based parenting approach of fathers. The findings of the current study highlighted the importance of examining the roles of fathers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Intervention programs targeting reducing fathers' parenting stress and negative parenting approaches would also be beneficial for reducing children's behavioral problems.

Sexist Attitudes in Online Video Gaming: Development and Validation of the Sexism Against Women Gamers Scale in Spanish and English

Sexism is an increasingly prevalent problem in the gaming community. However, until now, assessment instruments focused on the construct “sexism against women gamers” are lacking. We present an eight-item self-report scale: Sexism Against Women Gamers Scale (SAWGS). We studied the reliability and validity of the scores of Spanish and English versions across five independent samples ( N = 2,437), with participants from Spain and the United States. Scores on both versions demonstrated high reliability, while exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported their unidimensional structure. The analysis established configural, metric, and scalar invariance across gender. SAWGS was invariant at the configural level across countries. SAWGS scores were independent of social desirability, positively correlated with myths about intimate-partner violence against women, sexism, and social dominance orientation, and correlated negatively with feminism. Using two fictitious scenarios of sexism in online gaming, we found that gamers with higher scores on SAWGS showed a greater tendency to downplay a sexist incident and proposed a less severe punishment for toxic gamers. The SAWGS explained additional variance on responses to scenarios beyond that explained by other measures. The detection of sexism should make it possible to develop programs for its eradication and avoid negative consequences for women gamers. Additional online materials for this article are available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/03616843231162837

On the role of social rules in economic development: historical perspectives

This paper explores the role of social rules in economic development. It reviews the historical evidence on social rules and their linkages with human capital. We present supporting evidence from the historical evolution of four important aspects of society: (1) improved dispute resolution mechanisms; (2) the elimination of debt bondage; (3) reductions in the severity of punishments; and (4) the development of limited liability rules and their linkages with the rise of the modern corporation. In each case, we evaluate how social rules have evolved to protect human capital and support economic development.

Staffing Study on the Impact of Changes to Severe Discipline Punishments After the Issue of Government Regulation Number 94 of 2021 Concerning Disciplinary Punishments for Civil Servants

The purpose of personnel analysis is to achieve professional civil servants in implementing the principles of good governance. To achieve this goal, one of the policies undertaken by the government is to issue a new regulation in the field of personnel as a substitute for the old regulation, namely Government Regulation No. 94 of 2021. The new policy issued by the government should be firmer, better and more effective. so that it will make Civil Servants who commit disciplinary violations become a deterrent. The new regulations have several changes to disciplinary penalties. One of the changes is severe disciplinary punishment. The old regulations set forth in PP No. 53 of 2010, regulated the existence of a penalty for dishonorable dismissal as civil servants, but in the replacement regulation this was omitted. By eliminating the word disrespect, it has an impact on the staffing sector, so that severe disciplinary punishment becomes lighter. The reduction in disciplinary punishment provides an opportunity for civil servants to commit repeated violations, thereby hampering the principles of good governance. In terms of staffing, these changes have an impact on civil servant pension rights. In this way, all civil servants who have been dismissed, both retired and for committing serious disciplinary violations, will receive pension rights. PP for PNS No. 94 of 2021 should carry out the Law's orders, but the new PP is not in line with Article 84 of the ASN Law.

The Aggravating Circumstance and its Effect on the Provisions of Felonies between Sharia and Law


 
 
 
 Islamic Law aims to Prevent felonies that result terrifing People and scareing them , It sees the need to save the necessities of life without , It has considered the attack on the necessary interests as a crime because it is one of the Strongest Sharia . Provisions have been initiated to maintain these necessities .
 A felony may be accompanied by facts or circumstances relating to it or the perpetrator that multiply its gravity and reveal the Seriousness of its Perpetrator and entail an aggravation of the Penalty Prescribed for the crime to the extent exceeding the Prescribed Limit , in order to achieve Security and Stability among People , Any person who stop making erimes , infringes on Society in all forms and means or repeats the crime , he must be treated with a severe Punishment that limits his crime .
 
 
 
 
 There are specific causes and circumstances behind increasing any punishment. These circumstances are excluded from the crime. They could precede or accompany it. They could also due to the offenders behavior or beyond it them affect the kind and amonnt of the punishment.

Prevalence and correlates of child maltreatment among mothers in the Kurdistan province, Western Iran.

Parental child maltreatment is a serious public health issue worldwide. As mothers take on a significant proportion of parenting duties in two-parent families, knowledge of maternal risk factors for child maltreatment is essential. In this cross-sectional study, 135 mothers with their last child below 18 years old in Kurdistan province were enrolled. A validated Persian version of the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool-Parent version, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Beck Depression Inventory were administered. The prevalence of severe and moderate physical punishment was 78.5% and 71.9%, respectively. Psychological punishment was reported by 99.3% of respondents, and 48.9% reported neglect. A relationship was found between child physical and emotional abuse and low maternal education (P < 0.01), domestic violence (P = 0.02), maternal exposure to maltreatment during childhood (P = 0.03), maternal depression (p < 0.01), and maternal anxiety (P < 0.01). A relationship was found between neglect and residence in rural areas (P < 0.01), domestic violence, and low maternal education (P = 0.02). Maternal child maltreatment in Iran is increased in mothers with psychological disorders and those with certain demographic characteristics. Clinicians should be alert to these potential risk factors.

Optimal configuration of electric vehicle battery recycling system under across-network cooperation

As many electric vehicle (EV) batteries are quickly approaching their end-of-life, it has become urgent for firms to establish EV battery recycling networks. Although prior studies have extensively discussed EV battery network designs, they have rarely analyzed the configuration of recycling networks from the across-network cooperation perspective. To address the research gap, we investigate the cooperative configuration decision of an EV battery recycling system that includes an incumbent EV manufacturer and an entrant based on two schemes: with or without across-network cooperation. To examine the differences between these two schemes, we develop a stylized configuration model for the incumbent and the entrant with mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) that simultaneously incorporates carbon emission and government penalty. Applying a Lagrange heuristic algorithm to derive an optimal solution, we then perform simulations using realistic profiles. Our findings show that across-network cooperation effectively lowers the recycling network configuration cost for both the incumbent (decreased by 3.57% and 4.22% under the partial and full cooperation) and the entrant (dropped by 7.98% and 10.25% under the partial and full cooperation). Besides, the incumbent setting a proper processing cost coefficient can reduce its total cost, thus attracting the entrant to join in the across-network cooperation. The result also reveals that the entrant inclines to carry out the across-network cooperation in the infant stage rather than in the mature stage. Finally, although the government’s severe punishment has a positive impact on developing both EV manufacturers’ recycling networks, this kind of non-market intervention impairs the likelihood of across-network cooperation between EV manufacturers.

The Involvement in Domestic Violence and the Severity of Legal, Moral and Social Consequences for the Perpetrators in the Perceptions of Students in Poland and Belarus.

Domestic violence is sequential, developmental and dynamic. The aim of this study was to examine whether, in the perceptions of students in Poland and Belarus, there is a relationship between involvement in violence and the legal and social consequences for the perpetrators. A total of 482 university students took part in the study, including 251 students from Poland and 231 students from Belarus. Statistically, Polish respondents were more frequently involved in domestic violence as witnesses and victims, which was confirmed by χ2 test. Based on the 95% confidence interval (CI), it can be concluded that the largest number of respondents from both countries surveyed who have been involved in violence as witnesses (85.2-94.8) indicated that an adequate punishment for perpetrators of violence is imprisonment. Students who have never been involved in domestic violence indicated social consequences as appropriate punishment for the use of violence more often than those who have been involved in violence as witnesses, victims or perpetrators. Witnesses and victims were not found to be in favour of more severe punishment or more serious moral and social consequences than perpetrators. The largest number of respondents indicated that the appropriate consequence of using violence should be imprisonment, followed by a restraining order and eviction from the place of residence.

Ice Accretion on Rotary-Wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles—A Review Study

Ice accretion on rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicles (RWUAVs) needs to be studied separately from the fixed-wing UAVs because of the additional flow complexities induced by the propeller rotation. The aerodynamics of rotatory wings are extremely challenging compared to the fixed-wing configuration. Atmospheric icing can be considered a hazard that can plague the operation of UAVs, especially in the Arctic region, as it can impose severe aerodynamic penalties on the performance of propellers. Rotary-wing structures are more prone to ice accretion and ice shedding because of the centrifugal force due to rotational motion, whereby the shedding of the ice can lead to mass imbalance and vibration. The nature of ice accretion on rotatory wings and associated performance degradation need to be understood in detail to aid in the optimum design of rotary-wing UAVs, as well as to develop adequate ice mitigation techniques. Limited research studies are available about icing on rotary wings, and no mature ice mitigation technique exists. Currently, there is an increasing interest in research on these topics. This paper provides a comprehensive review of studies related to icing on RWUAVs, and potential knowledge gaps are also identified.

A Search for a Common Thread: Iranian, Afghan, and Tajik EFL Students' Perceptions of Academic Misconduct

The paucity of studies on plagiarism in some under-explored contexts, such as Afghanistan and Tajikistan, highlight the necessity of conducting this study. To this end, 200 Iranian, 185 Afghan, and 170 Tajik EFL students, who share certain commonalities regarding culture and language, participated in the study. The iThenticate (2013) questionnaire and two essay-type questions on the main reasons for committing plagiarism and possible ways to cope with it were employed to examine the participants’ perceptions toward it. Findings revealed that the participants from these three countries shared the same ideas regarding the most common and serious forms of plagiarism. It was also found that overalllack of knowledge about plagiarism, absence of severe punishment, and ease of plagiarizing was among the most important reason for committing plagiarism. The study proposed “raising students’ awareness of plagiarism and its consequences” and “establishment of severe punishment” as the best possible ways to cope with it.

People Want Optimal Deterrence – Just a Little Bit

AbstractPsychological studies of punitive intuitions demonstrate that the economic theory of optimal deterrence is fundamentally counterintuitive. We punish in response to the moral blameworthiness of the crime with little regard for the consequences. But it is less clear whether optimal deterrence is acceptable. When the law is not accepted by the community it governs, its crime control efficiency suffers. If optimal deterrence is wholly unacceptable, then it is counterproductive as a guide to penal policy. I administered an online survey to university students to examine the acceptability of different applications of optimal deterrence theory. The participants rejected nearly all of the applications, with the sole exception of an increase in punishment severity on the general policy level. They were also more willing to accept smaller, rather than bigger, changes of punishment severity; and increases, rather than decreases of punishment. The results suggest penal policy may be slightly adjusted in the direction suggested by economic analysis of criminal law without a major loss to the law’s moral credibility – especially if the adjustment involves an increase in punishment magnitude.

Perceptions of Punishment Risks Among Youth: Can Cyberbullying Be Deterred?

ABSTRACT While the philosophy of deterrence has long been rooted in the criminal justice system and has informed policy and programming, the results of such strategies have been mixed. A handful of research efforts have focused on the relationship between various deterrence perspectives and cyberbullying; however, few address this issue in a non-Western context. To develop a more comprehensive assessment of cyberbullying deterrence and perceptions of punishment among adolescents, this study utilizes a large-scale data set collected from Taiwan. Results indicate a negative association between cyberbullying and a sense of the certainty of punishment from authorities. Moreover, perceptions of the severity of punishment decrease the propensity for cyberbullying behavior.

Questions of criminological differentiation of the application of punishment in the form of disclaimer

In accordance with the current Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the most severe punishment in the system of measures of state coercion applied to a person found guilty of a crime is imprisonment. There is an opinion in society that the application of punishment to a certain term or life imprisonment is one of the main ways to achieve the goal of punishment. The characteristics of the application of the measure of coercion also have a direct impact on the conditions of serving the sentence and the social environment of the defendant. In most cases, in conditions such as a penitentiary institution or a change in its order, the main factor in committing an intentional serious crime is a violation of the personal qualities of convicts aimed at ill-treatment. Deprivation of liberty has a strong influence on a person, especially on a defendant who has fallen into this type of punishment for the first time, contributes to the restoration of social justice, and the prevention of new crimes. At present, the criminal law policy adheres to the principle of humanism and this regulates the trend towards a decrease in the facts of causing deprivation of liberty by victims of criminal law repression. The author proposes in the article the criminological aspects of serving a sentence of imprisonment, the personality of the offender and the features of his resocialization, as well as ways to improve the penitentiary legislation. Key words: deprivation of liberty, defendant, penitentiary institution, penitentiary system, punishment, criminopenology, principle of humanism.