Severity Of Menopausal Syndrome Research Articles

Role of vitamin D in formation of climacteric syndrome

Menopause is a physiological period during which involutional processes in the reproductive system predominate in a woman's body. Vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of age-related diseases, so it is important to examine and, if necessary, adjust the level of vitamin D. Purpose of the study. To determine the relationship between vitamin D levels and the severity of menopausal syndrome in postmenopausal women. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted, which included data on 150 patients who applied for a gynecological appointment with complaints of manifestations of menopausal syndrome (CS). Results. As a result of the study, it was revealed that out of 150 women with manifestations of menopausal syndrome, the average level of 25(OH)D in the blood serum was 25.3(7.5) ng/ml. At the same time, in 49 (33%) of the surveyed, the content of hydroxyvitamin D was normal, a deficiency was observed in 53 (35%), and in 48 (32%), the indicators corresponded to a deficiency. However, the correlation analysis of the relationship between the level of vitamin D and the severity of the climacteric syndrome did not reveal a statistically significant relationship between the studied parameters (p=0.317). Conclusions. The severity of menopausal syndrome does not depend on the level of vitamin D in the blood, which confirms the leading role of hypoestrogenism in the etiopathogenesis of this condition.

Urban-rural differences in epidemiology and risk factors of menopause syndrome in middle-aged Chinese women.

To compare the prevalence and severity of menopausal symptoms and investigate their associated factors among rural and urban middle-aged Chinese women. A descriptive, cross-sectional study of 4,580 urban and 2,729 rural randomly sampled participants aged 40 to 55 years in Gansu Province, China, was conducted. Questionnaires assessing the sociodemographic information and menstrual and reproductive histories of the participants were administered. The modified Kupperman scale was used to assess the presence and severity of menopausal symptoms. Binary and ordinal logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with the occurrence and severity of menopausal syndrome, respectively, according to the modified Kupperman Menopausal Index score rank. The natural menopausal age of the rural women was significantly lower than that of the urban women (rural: 47.22, urban: 47.98; P < 0.05). Furthermore, rural women had a higher prevalence (rural: 56.35%, urban: 43.47%) and severity (rural: 11.40%, urban: 6.61%) of menopausal syndrome than the urban women ( P < 0.05). For both the urban and rural women, the prevalence and severity of most menopausal symptoms increased as menopause progressed. The three most prevalent symptoms in both the urban and rural women were fatigue (rural: 70.43%, urban: 68.19%), muscle/joint pain (rural: 62.84%, urban: 59.32%), and vertigo (rural: 57.42%, urban: 47.44%). Positive associations between menopausal symptoms and age, residence, body mass index, level of education, time of pregnancy, menstrual cycle, and presence of chronic diseases were observed. Rural women experience more frequent and severe menopausal syndrome than do urban women.

Psychopersonal characteristics of women with varying degrees of menopausal disorders

The perimenopausal period is the age of the highest spiritual and intellectual development of a woman; therefore, neurovegetative and psycho-emotional disorders of this period acquire a pecial medical and social value and require an interdisciplinary approach.&#x0D; Objective: to identify the psychological characteristics of women with mild and moderate menopausal disorders in the perimenopausal period.&#x0D; Materials and methods. A total of 51 women were examined in the perimenopausal period: I main group - 20 patients with a low degree of CS, II main group - 16 women with menopausal disorders of moderate severity; the control group consisted of 15 healthy women. The severity of menopausal syndrome was determined using a modified menopausal Cooperman's index. All patients underwent psychodiagnostic examination using reactive and personal anxiety scales according to Ch.D. Spielberg and J.L. Hanina, G. Eisenko's test questionnaire, the Women's Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire, used the SF-36 (Medical Outcomes Study Short Form) general questionnaire to assess quality of life.&#x0D; Results. In women of the main groups, neurovegetative (14,5±2,6 and 26,6±4,2 points in the first and second groups of observation) and psycho-emotional disorders (4,9±1.3 and 11,2±1,6 points) prevailed. respectively). Hormone levels (FSH, E2, PRL) corresponded to perimenopausal values, but were significantly different from those of the control group. Identified individual-personal properties of women with the CS, in particular introversion and emotional instability. A comparative analysis on the Spielberg-Khanin scales showed that more than half (55,0 %) in the first main group and the majority (81,25 %) of women in the second main group versus 33,35 % in the control group (p˂0,05), a high level of personal anxiety was diagnosed; the average level of situational anxiety was highest among women in group II – 54,83±6,0 points versus 43,2±5,3 points in the first group and 36,3±4,8 points in patients without menopausal disorders (p˂ 0,05). In 24 (77,42 %) women of the main group, sexual dysfunction was detected, while its degree was greatest with moderately severe climacteric disorders. Menopausal disorders of varying severity, increased anxiety and neuroticism, sexual dysfunction affected the quality of life of patients.&#x0D; Conclusion. Formed psychopersonal characteristics of women with varying degrees of menopausal disorders in the perimenopausal period.

Menopausal Symptoms and Sleep Quality in Women Aged 40-65 Years.

The study examined the relationship between menopausal symptoms and sleep disturbances and the related influencing factors. Methods. We recruited women aged 40-65 years who attended the menopause clinic at Shanghai Jiao Tong University's Sixth People's Hospital from February 2011 to November 2019. The Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) was used to collect women's menopausal symptoms, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to evaluate the subjects' sleep condition. We used logistic regression models to identify the relationship between menopausal symptoms and sleep quality. Results. A total of 1341 participants were recruited in this study. The most frequent three symptoms assessed by MRS were fatigue (72.9%), sleep disturbance (67%), and hot flashes with night sweats (65%). Participants' age was significantly associated with the severity of menopausal syndrome (P < 0.01). According to the PSQI sleep evaluation, 66.9 percent of participants had sleep disturbances (PSQI > 5). Logistic regression analysis revealed that women with mild, moderate, or severe menopausal syndrome had a 3-, 7-, and 17-fold increased chance of having sleep disturbances compared to women without menopausal syndrome. Conclusion. Women aged 40–65 years were found to have a significantly higher risk of menopausal syndrome and sleep disturbances.

Hubungan Tingkat Spiritualitas Wanita Menopause dengan Sindrom Menopause pada Daerah Pedesaan

Introduction: Menopausal women experience a number of symptoms called menopausal syndrome. Previous study) states that menopausal syndrome in women in Europe reaches 70-80%, Americans 60%, Malaysia 57%, China 18%, Japan and in Indonesia 10%. The prevalence and severity of menopausal syndrome in Asia show lower rates than women in Western. Another study states, high spiritual well-being can provide adaptive coping and contribute to reducing menopausal symptoms. Studies on the relationship between the spiritual level of menopausal women and menopausal syndrome in rural areas are still limited. The study aims to determine the relationship of spirituality levels with menopausal syndrome in rural area. Method: This study is correlation research with cross sectional approach. Number of samples is 207 women. The sampling technique used stratified random sampling. The research was conducted in Tangkisan Village, Tawangsari District, Sukoharjo Regency. Instruments used in this study is Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS) to measure spirituality levels and Menopausal Rating Scale (MRS) to determain the level of menopausal syndrome. The quesionnare distributed online by whatsapp.using google form. Data analysis using using Spearman rank test. Result: The analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between the level of spirituality with menopausal syndrome in women with a correlation value of -0,300 and p value ≤ 0,05.Conclusion: A high level of spirituality reduced menopausal syndrome. Menopausal women are expected to prepare and improve their spirituality to be more ready to undergo menopause.

Psychopersonal characteristics of women with varying degrees of menopausal disorders

The perimenopausal period is the age of the highest spiritual and intellectual development of a woman; therefore, neurovegetative and psycho-emotional disorders of this period acquire a pecial medical and social value and require an interdisciplinary approach.&#x0D; Purpose of the study. To identify the psychological characteristics of women with mild and moderate menopausal disorders in the perimenopausal period.&#x0D; Materials and methods. A total of 51 women were examined in the perimenopausal period: I main group – 20 patients with a low degree of CS, II main group – 16 women with menopausal disorders of moderate severity; the control group consisted of 15 healthy women. The severity of menopausal syndrome was determined using a modified menopausal Cooperman's index. All patients underwent psychodiagnostic examination using reactive and personal anxiety scales according to Ch.D. Spielberg and J.L. Hanina, G. Eisenko's test questionnaire, the Women's Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire, used the SF-36 (Medical Outcomes Study Short Form) general questionnaire to assess quality of life.&#x0D; Results. In women of the main groups, neurovegetative (14,5 ± 2,6 and 26,6 ± 4,2 points in the first and second groups of observation) and psycho-emotional disorders (4,9 ± 1,3 and 11,2 ± 1,6 points) prevailed. respectively). Hormone levels (FSH, E2, PRL) corresponded to perimenopausal values, but were significantly different from those of the control group. Identified individual-personal properties of women with the CS, in particular introversion and emotional instability. A comparative analysis on the SpielbergKhanin scales showed that more than half (55,0%) in the first main group and the majority (81,25%) of women in the second main group versus 33,35% in the control group (p ˂ 0,05), a high level of personal anxiety was diagnosed; the average level of situational anxiety was highest among women in group II – 54,83 ± 6,0 points versus 43,2 ± 5,3 points in the first group and 36,3 ± 4,8 points in patients without menopausal disorders (p ˂ 0,05). In 24 (77,42%) women of the main group, sexual dysfunction was detected, while its degree was greatest with moderately severe climacteric disorders. Menopausal disorders of varying severity, increased anxiety and neuroticism, sexual dysfunction affected the quality of life of patients.&#x0D; Conclusion. Formed psychopersonal characteristics of women with varying degrees of menopausal disorders in the perimenopausal period.

Assessment of early symptoms of surgical menopause in patients with borderline ovarian tumors

Aim: to make a comparative evaluation of women with borderline ovarian tumors (BOTs) and surgical menopause (early symptoms) and explore their level of anxiety and depression depending on the age and volume of surgery.Materials and methods. The prospective comparative study included 117 patients, aged 44.3 ± 6.5 years, after surgical treatment of BOTs: 62 women at reproductive age with surgical menopause after radical treatment (group IА), 24 women at reproductive age after organ-preserving surgery (group IВ), 31 women at perimenopausal age after radical treatment (group II). The severity of menopausal syndrome (modified menopausal Kupperman–Uvarova index), anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HADS) were determined 29–59 (36.4 ± 5.6) days after surgery.Results. Early symptoms of surgical menopause are found in 98.3 % of patients with BOTs. Reproductive age patients after radical surgery (group IA) had moderate neurovegetative (21.7 ± 4.0 points), mild metabolic (5.8 ± 1.8 points), and moderate psychoemotional disorders (8.9 ± 1.4 points). Young women who underwent organ-saving operations with preservation of at least one ovary (group IB), had normal range the indicators of neurovegetative disorders (8.2 ± 3.1 points), metabolic and psychoemotional disorders were regarded as moderate (2.6 ± 1.6 and 5.9 ± 2.3 points, respectively). Disorders due to surgical menopause (early symptoms) at perimenopausal age females (group II) corresponded to a mild degree: neurovegetative – 15.3 ± 2.7 points; metabolic – 6.0 ± 2.2 points; psychoemotional – 5.7 ± 1.5 points. Our data indicate that patients of group IA had moderate surgical menopause (early symptoms) – 36.4 ± 5.4 points, while in groups IB and II the total values were 16.8 ± 5.4 and 27.0 ± 4.3 points, which corresponds to mild severity. Patients with BOTs (one month after antitumor therapy) had early symptoms of surgical menopause (postovariectomy syndrome). The most typical clinical picture was observed among young women after removal of both ovaries.Conclusion. Surgical menopause affects by somatic and psychological health negatively. This leads to a significant decrease in the quality of life and an increase in the level of disability among patients with gynecological cancer. Therefore, even at the planning treatment, it is necessary to include pre-rehabilitation measures to minimize the negative consequences of cancer therapy.

Vitamin D as a factor for improving the quality of life in women after 50 years (literature review)

Relevance. Public health is one of the key factors in the development of the economy and at the same time an objective indicator of quality of life. Currently, the number of women over 50 years old is progressively increasing, and their growing social inclusion will determine the desire for active and healthy longevity. In this regard, the public health policy in the country should follow the path of increasingly large-scale financing of projects of a healthy lifestyle, not concentrating expenses only on medical care.&#x0D; Aim. Analysis of literature on the feasibility of using vitamin D as a factor that improves the quality of life of women in the perimenopausal period and in menopause.&#x0D; Materials and methods. To write this review, we searched for domestic and foreign publications in Russian and international search engines (PubMed, eLIBRARY, etc.) over the past 20 years. The review included articles from peer-reviewed literature.&#x0D; Results. The review outlines a wide range of biological properties of vitamin D involved in the regulation of many important physiological functions. The negative effect of vitamin D deficiency is presented not only on the development of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, but also on the increase in the severity of menopausal syndrome. It has been established that the use of colecalciferol (vitamin D3) in combination with menopausal hormone therapy contributes to the normalization of carbohydrate, lipid and calcium phosphorus metabolism, improves the neuropsychic state of patients, which makes it possible to actively use colecalciferol in routine clinical practice in menopausal syndrome.&#x0D; Conclusions. Numerous positive effects of colecalciferol (vitamin D3) allow the use of the drug as a means to increase social adaptation, and, consequently, improve the quality of life.

Sclerosis of the mammary arteries in perimenopausal women as an early marker of atherosclerosis

Purpose of the study . To assess the sclerosis of mammary arteries (SMA) frequency depending on the age and duration of menopause by conducting mammography in the studied women of perimenopausal age. Materials and methods . To examine the morphological and functional state of the mammary gland was performed a clinical examination of the mammary glands which included examination, palpation, and bilateral mammography. Together with the assessment of the state of the mammary gland, mammary arteries were evaluated for their sclerosis. The severity of menopausal syndrome was assessed using the Menopausal Rating Scale. 584 women were examined with ultrasound and divided into groups: Group I – women 40–45 years aged and Group II – women 46–51 years aged. Results of the study . SMA was more common in older women – 3.7% in Group I compared with 8.4% in Group II (p <0.05). Certain patterns have also been identified between the SMA incidence and the menopausal symptoms presence. Incidence of SMA was greater in both younger and older women with manifestations of menopausal syndrome than in women without manifestations of menopausal syndrome. The study identified additional risk factors for the SMA development as an early marker of atherosclerosis, among which is duration of menopause, severity of menopausal syndrome, presence of concomitant breast pathology, overweight and a positive family history of atherosclerosis. Conclusions . SMA identification during mammography is an important additional advantage of examining women and requires mandatory cardiac support and the introduction of prophylactic agents for cardiovascular pathology. Authors’ data confirm the importance of an interdisciplinary approach and the benefits of using modern methods for diagnosing and preventing diseases during the perimenopause period in order to improve the quality and longevity of women.

Effect of symptoms of climacteric syndrome, depression and insomnia on self-rated work ability in peri- and post-menopausal women in non-manual employment.

The aim of the study was evaluation of the relationship between severity of symptoms of climacteric syndrome, depressive disorders and sleep problems, and the self-rated work ability of peri-menopausal and post-menopausal women in non-manual employment. The study included 287 women aged 45-60 years, employed in various institutions as non-manual workers. Work Ability Index, Greene Climacteric Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and Athens Insomnia Scale were used. The examined peri-menopausal and post-menopausal women in non-manual employment obtained good work ability on the Work Ability Index. The severity of menopausal syndrome, according to the Greene Climacteric Scale, was moderate, placing the examined women between results for the general population of women and the pattern for menopausal women. Depressive disorders ranked between low mood and moderate depression. No depression was observed in 59% of the women, whereas moderate depression was observed in 39%, and severe depression in only 2%. Sleep disorders were on the border of normal range. As many as 46% of the women had no sleep problems, which was on the border of normal range in 36%. Only 19% of the examined women suffered from insomnia. Work ability correlated negatively with depression and insomnia severity, as well as with psychological and vasomotor symptoms of climacteric syndrome, but not to its somatic symptoms. Preventing the occurrence and treatment of menopausal symptoms, sleep and mood disorders may contribute to maintaining the work ability of women in peri- and post-menopausal age.

Evaluation of efficiency of correction climacteric syndrome in women of perimenopausal period with reproductive disturbances in anamnesis

The article deals with the issues of application of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) in women of perimenopausal age with menopausal syndrome and reproductive disorders in the anamnesis.46 women with moderate or severe degree of climacteric syndrome and reproductive disorders in the anamnesis (the main group) who received the drug Climonorm on a three-week schedule with a seven-day break were examined. The comparison group consisted of 19 patients of the same age who had contraindications to the use of MHT.In a reproductive history in patients marked loss of pregnancy at different gestational age; PID; operative interventions for benign ovarian tumors, ectopic pregnancy, genital endometriosis, infertility; abnormal uterine bleeding, not associated with pregnancy or the presence of uterine fibroids. During the period of inclusion in the study, 38.5% of women were regular menstrual circle (MC), 15.4% reported intermenstrual bleeding, 18.5% had hyperpolymenorrhea, and 27.6% had acyclical uterine bleeding of varying intensity. Patients showed complaints of hot flashes, night sweats, sleep disturbances, headache, dizziness, emotional lability, depression, fatigue, muscle and joint pain. Before the beginning of therapy, the severity of menopausal syndrome according to MMI was 47.0 ± 6.1 in the main group, in the comparison group – 45.3 ± 6.9.In the case of MC disorders, a pendulum biopsy of the endometrium or hysteroscopy with separate diagnostic scraping of the walls of the cavity and cervix of the uterus was performed.Morphological examination in 67.9% of cases verified endometrium in the stage of proliferation, in 32.1% – simple non-atypical endometrial hyperplasia.After 6 months of treatment, the patients of the main group had a pronounced positive dynamics of climacteric complaints, the average value of MMI after treatment decreased from 47.0 ± 6.1 to 10.2 ± 1.4 points (p &lt;0.001). In a dynamic US examination, the negative dynamics of M-echo indices was not recorded, 86.3% of women with MC disorders before the start of treatment noted regular menstrual bleeding in the interval between the Climonorm doses.MHT with the use of the Climonorm allows to effectively reduce the severity of manifestations of the climacteric syndrome by 80–60%, ensures the regularity and stability of the MC.The appointment of a cyclic combination of MHT with a strong progestogen component (levonorgestrel) has advantages in women with non-atypical hyperplastic processes in the perimenopause, since it prevents recurrence of uterine bleeding with a reduction or complete reduction of menopausal symptoms and no adverse effect on the endometrium.

Оценка менопаузальных нарушений у женщин с различным уровнем минеральной плотности кости

The publication presents an assessment of the severity of menopausal disorders in women with different levels of bone mineral density (BMD). The study included 96 women in early postmenopausal women who underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Evaluation of menopausal disorders was carried out on the basis of international menopausal scale. Based on the work conducted by an association between BMD of lumbar vertebrae and overall assessment of menopausal disorders. Also there was a correlation with markers of oxidative stress level of the BMD and the severity of menopausal syndrome.

Estrogen Replacement Therapy and Cardiac Function Under Metabolic Syndrome

See related article, pp 694–704 Regardless of age, race, and ethnicity, cardiovascular disease is the number 1 cause of death for women, and its prevalence rises rapidly after menopause.1–4 This postmenopausal increase is believed to result from the loss of endogenous estrogen. Although estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) has long been thought to protect against menopause-associated cardiovascular anomalies, osteoporosis, hot flashes, and thinning of the vaginal epithelium,3–5 findings from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study and the Women's Health Initiative Study5 do not support the notion that ERT protects the cardiovascular system. Instead, the data indicate just the opposite, that is, increased risk of cardiovascular disease, in addition to the apparent higher risk of breast cancer and deep vein thrombosis.1,2,4 Although results from clinical trials have substantiated the beneficial role of ERT in the management of menopausal symptoms, the unexpected finding of exacerbated cardiovascular function after ERT has made women hesitant to initiate ERT after menopause.1 Further analysis of the clinical trials revealed that the age of a woman and especially the number of years after menopause onset may be primary factors that contribute to the ultimate cardiovascular outcome of ERT. Although estrogen-progesterone therapy was found beneficial in young postmenopausal women, it increased cardiovascular risk when initiated in older postmenopausal women with established coronary artery disease.2,4 It is, thus, recommended that ERT be limited to the shortest duration consistent with treatment goals (eg, relief of menopausal symptoms).1 In contrast to the generalized recommendation for short duration of menopausal hormone treatment,2,4 careful scrutiny of the data from the Women's Health Initiative Estrogen Plus Progestin Trial reveal a reduced coronary heart disease risk after 5 to 6 years of ERT treatment. Accordingly, the …

New possibilities of genotypic in the prediction of the likelihood of autoimmune diseases

The purpose of the study was to estimate the incidence of thyroid dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases in perimenopausal females. The cross-sectional study covered 554 females (mean age 52.6±6.1 years). The levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), the incidence of arterial hypertension (AH), coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure, myocardial infarction, cerebral circulatory disorders, and the severity of menopausal syndrome (MS) were determined. The study detected euthyroldism in 381 (68.8%) patients, hypothyroidism in 168 (30.3%), out of them 35 (20.8%) patients having primary hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism in 5 (0.9%) females. Out of the 133 patients receiving L-thyroxine therapy, hypothyroidism was compensated. In 78(58.7%) cases, the dose of L-thyroxine was inadequate. The level of LDL was significantly higher in hypothyroidism; the median of TC was higher than the normal levels in both groups. There were no differences in the incidence of vascular disease between the groups. In both groups, AH was encountered In more than 60% of cases. The females with hypothyroidism had a more severe course of MS. With the adequate dose of L-thyroxine, the level of HDL was significantly higher and that of triglycerides and VLDL was lower than in hypothyroidism. It is expedient to include the measurement of TSH levels into the algorithm of examination of patients with severe MS.

Incidence of thyroid and cardiovascular diseases in menopausal females

The purpose of the study was to estimate the incidence of thyroid dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases in perimenopausal females. The cross-sectional study covered 554 females (mean age 52.6±6.1 years). The levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), the incidence of arterial hypertension (AH), coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure, myocardial infarction, cerebral circulatory disorders, and the severity of menopausal syndrome (MS) were determined. The study detected euthyroldism in 381 (68.8%) patients, hypothyroidism in 168 (30.3%), out of them 35 (20.8%) patients having primary hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism in 5 (0.9%) females. Out of the 133 patients receiving L-thyroxine therapy, hypothyroidism was compensated. In 78(58.7%) cases, the dose of L-thyroxine was inadequate. The level of LDL was significantly higher in hypothyroidism; the median of TC was higher than the normal levels in both groups. There were no differences in the incidence of vascular disease between the groups. In both groups, AH was encountered In more than 60% of cases. The females with hypothyroidism had a more severe course of MS. With the adequate dose of L-thyroxine, the level of HDL was significantly higher and that of triglycerides and VLDL was lower than in hypothyroidism. It is expedient to include the measurement of TSH levels into the algorithm of examination of patients with severe MS.