Severe Sanctions Research Articles

College complaints against resident physicians in Canada: a retrospective analysis of Canadian Medical Protective Association data from 2013 to 2017

Background:An understanding of regulatory complaints against resident physicians is important for practice improvement. We describe regulatory college complaints against resident physicians using data from the Canadian Medical Protective Association (CMPA).Methods:We conducted a retrospective analysis of college complaint cases involving resident doctors closed by the CMPA, a mutual medicolegal defence organization for more than 100 000 physicians, representing an estimated 95% of Canadian physicians. Eligible cases were those closed between 2008 and 2017 (for time trends) or between 2013 and 2017 (for descriptive analyses). To explore the characteristics of college cases, we extracted the reason for complaint, the case outcome, whether the complaint involved a procedure, and whether the complaint stemmed from a single episode or multiple episodes of care. We also conducted a 10-year trend analysis of cases closed from 2008 to 2017, comparing cases involving resident doctors with cases involving only nonresident physicians.Results:Our analysis included 142 cases that involved 145 patients. Over the 10-year period, college complaints involving residents increased significantly (p = 0.003) from 5.4 per 1000 residents in 2008 to 7.9 per 1000 in 2017. While college complaints increased for both resident and nonresident physicians over the study period, the increase in complaints involving residents was significantly lower than the increase across all nonresident CMPA members (p < 0.001). For cases from the descriptive analysis (2013–2017), the top complaint was deficient patient assessment (69/142, 48.6%). Some patients (22/145, 15.2%) experienced severe outcomes. Most cases (135/142, 97.9%) did not result in severe physician sanctions. Our classification of complaints found 106 of 163 (65.0%) involved clinical problems, 95 of 163 (58.3%) relationship problems (e.g., communication) and 67 of 163 (41.1%) professionalism problems. In college decisions, 36 of 163 (22.1%) had a classification of clinical problem, 66 of 163 (40.5%) a patient–physician relationship problem and 63 of 163 (38.7%) a professionalism problem. In 63 of 163 (38.7%) college decisions, the college had no criticism.Interpretation:Problems with communication and professionalism feature prominently in resident college complaints, and we note the potential for mismatch between patient and health care provider perceptions of care. These results may direct medical education to areas of potential practice improvement.

Remote assessment: case study from Ukrainian higher education institutions

This study narrates the implementation of remote assessment during the COVID-19 pandemic education in Ukrainian higher education institutions, based on exploring the reflections of 600 students and 150 educators. A wide range of student and faculty members experiences from Ukrainian higher education institutions were aggregated and analyzed. The data were collected through the Google Forms survey. The research focuses on the challenges of remote e-learning assessment during the COVID-19 crisis encountered by Ukrainian educators and learners and the approaches adopted to overcome them: learning designs, technological solutions, evaluation systems, and academic integrity measures. The current study also looks at the currently used platforms and applications that can assist in enhancing academic integrity and reinforcing education during pandemics and the various technological interventions to teaching, learning, and assessing that have been introduced or continued in higher education institutions around the world, and how they may have helped reduce the likelihood of students committing misconduct during the pandemic's emergency distance learning. The major outcome implies that addressing the issues of online assessment, cheating, and plagiarism on multiple levels is necessary, including boosting student knowledge and ethics; overcoming the resistance of the conservative part of the participants in the educational process to educational innovations due to the relatively low level of their mastery of modern educational technologies; training teachers to detect cheating methods; and applying severe sanctions on those who engage in such practices.

Modern Russian statehood. The counterforce of international sanctions and constitutional identity

Developing in the system of universally recognized principles of legal statehood, Russia, being subjected to severe sanctions pressure, demonstrates commitment to constitutionally significant values while maintaining sovereignty in foreign and domestic policy. The divergence of forces integrating Russia into the world community and assuming the need to preserve state independence actualizes the importance of studying constitutional identity. Finding a theoretical model of balance between two opposing forces is a very difficult task, and here, the opposing force – the counterforce, creates the foundation for the stability of interaction, supporting and strengthening a complex multi-level system, the stability of the elements of which determines the effectiveness of modern Russian statehood.

USA TAX INFRINGEMENTS: CIRCUMSTANCES AND CONSEQUENCES

Introduction. The article reveals the content of the violation of tax legislation. The main types of tax offenses are briefly identified and the essence of the application of sanctions is revealed. The circumstances under which penalties, fines, mitigating circumstances may be imposed and the amount of the sanction revoked / adjusted both in the United States and in Ukraine may be indicated. Methods. The study used general and special methods of cognition: systems analysis and synthesis, structural and functional method, deduction, logical research to reflect significant research results. Results. It is noted that the system of liability for violations of US tax law is enshrined in US law and the division of responsibilities is substantiated by the type of offense, the procedure for liability and the severity of sanctions for the act. All tax offenses in the United States are divided into crimes and offenses, in connection with which criminal and non-criminal liability (i.e. civil). It is determined that the responsibility for violating US tax law is manifested in two components: restorative and punitive. In the law of the USA (and Ukraine) situations of parallel or consecutive bringing both to criminal and civil liability are allowed. Discussion. There are no aggravating circumstances regarding civil liability in the United States, and with regard to criminal liability, the list of such circumstances is open, which, in particular, is not typical of Ukrainian regulation. This issue may become a prospect for development in Ukraine by public authorities. Keywords: taxes, tax liabilities, fines, sanctions, fines.

Rola prawa działalności kulturalnej w indoktrynowaniu społeczeństwa w okresie Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej — część I

The aim of the article is to establish the role of the law on cultural activity in the process of indoctrinating society in the Polish People’s Republic period. The work will analyze the legal acts regulating the system and tasks of state entities involved in promoting ideas and views approved by the then authorities, primarily of a socialist nature.&#x0D; It will be shown in the work that the law on cultural activity played an important role in indoctrinating society during the communist period. It actively supported state bodies, legitimizing their actions. The support was provided to a different extent and in various forms, both imperious and non-imperative. The general axiology of law included the values approved by the rulers, in the light of which legal provisions should be interpreted. The law also created an organized state administration apparatus whose task was to influence the society. A complex, multi-level system of state administration was created, the scope of which was to form a new reality as well as support the authorities and parties. Care was taken to ensure that the information provided to the public was “properly” verified. Entities providing them were regulated, in various forms and scope. Actions in this area were carefully planned and carried out, taking into account the orders of the party authorities subordinate to the powers in Moscow. The minister for propaganda, organizing and coordinating the state entities’ activities, functioned informally. The tasks and competences of state administration entities and bodies in the field of cultural activity were often constructed by law with the use of undefined concepts. This created a wide field of interpretation for the state administration body, which adjusted the meaning assigned to them to the current needs and directions of the policy pursued, thus extending the scope of its activities. In many cases, the provisions of acts and decrees defined tasks and competences in a concise manner, allowing them to be further specified or developed by the provisions of regulations. This created a lot of room for maneuver for the administration, which itself created the regulations on the basis of which it functioned. In practice, it often extended the scope of its activities, interfering in an unauthorized way in the area of human and civil rights and freedoms. All this, however, was legal — based on and within the limits of the law. Moreover, the law regulated the control and supervision of entities popularizing cultural activity, enabling wide-ranging censorship. The law also specified severe sanctions against entities not complying with the current policy of the rulers. They were regulated by acts of cultural activity and acts of criminal law. Furthermore, internal law played an important role.

Rola prawa działalności kulturalnej w indoktrynowaniu społeczeństwa w okresie Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej — część II

The aim of the article is to establish the role of the law of cultural activity in the process of indoctrination of society in the period of the Polish People’s Republic. The work will analyze the legal acts regulating the system and tasks of state entities involved in the promotion of ideas and views approved by the then authorities, primarily of a socialist nature.&#x0D; It will be shown in the work that the law of cultural activity played an important role in indoctrinating society during the communist period. It actively supported state bodies, legitimizing their actions. The support was provided to a different extent and in various forms, both imperious and non-imperative. The general axiology of law included the values approved by the rulers, in the light of which legal provisions should be interpreted. The law also created an organized state administration apparatus whose task was to influence the society. A complex, multi-level system of state administration was created, the scope of which was to create a new reality and support the authorities and parties. Care was taken to ensure that the information provided to the public was ʻproperlyʼ verified. Entities providing them were regulated, in various forms and scope. Actions in this area were carefully planned and carried out, taking into account the orders of the party authorities subordinate to the authorities in Moscow. The minister for propaganda, organizing and co-ordinating the activities of state entities, functioned informally. The tasks and competences of state administration entities and bodies in the field of cultural activity were often constructed by law with the use of undefined concepts. This created a wide field of interpretation for the state administration body, which adjusted the meaning assigned to them to the current needs and directions of the policy pursued, thus extending the scope of its activities. In many cases, the provisions of acts and decrees defined tasks and competences in a concise manner, allowing them to be further specified or developed by the provisions of regulations. This created a lot of room for maneuver for the administration, which itself created the regulations on the basis of which it functioned. In practice, it often extended the scope of its activities, interfering in an unauthorized way in the area of human and civil rights and freedoms. All this, however, was legal — on the basis and within the limits of the law. Moreover, the law regulated the control and supervision of entities popularizing cultural activity, enabling wide-ranging censorship. The law also specified severe sanctions against entities not complying with the current policy of the rulers. They were regulated by acts of cultural activity and acts of criminal law. Moreover, internal law played an important role.

Kajian Hukum Tindak Pidana Kejahatan Terhadap Kesusilaan Ditinjau Dari UU No 21 Tahun 2007

Criminal action is a basic part of an error committed against someone in committing a crime. So for the existence of an error in the relationship between the situation and the actions that cause reproach, it must be in the form of deliberate action or starvation. The purpose of this research is to find out the form of legal protection for victims of decency based on law number 21 of 2007 and to find out how the law is applied to perpetrators of decency crime based on law number 21 of 2007. The type of research in this journal is juridical normative and The nature of the research that I take is descriptive analysis. The form of legal protection for victims of decency based on law number 21 of 2007 is to punish perpetrators of immoral crimes against children with severe criminal sanctions so that the purpose of punishment can be achieved based on the provisions of the Law on the application of the law against perpetrators of criminal acts decency based on law number 21 of 2007 is sentenced to imprisonment for 3 (three) years and a fine of at least Rp. 120,000,000 (one hundred and twenty million rupiah).

Peluang Terjadinya Tindak Pidana Korupsi Akibat Pandemi Wabah Covid 19

Corruption during the Covid 19 pandemic led to the fact that many people experienced layoffs, employee reductions and the distribution of working hours for employees. This will have an impact on reducing income or not getting more income. This income reduction will lead to a criminal act, namely the Corruption Act, to fulfill the needs of oneself, others and corporations. This will affect the economy and harm the country's finances. The method used in this research is Normative Juridical. Based on the results of research on the perpetrators of corruption during this pandemic, it is very sensitive because everyone in the world is experiencing this pandemic and some people are making personal gains, others and corporations this needs to be given severe sanctions because during the Covid 19 pandemic they committed criminal corruption contained in Article 2 and Article 3 of the PTPK Law, and the penalty is added 1/3 (one third) of the main criminal.

Evaluation of the Intensive Treatment and Rehabilitation Program for Residential Treatment and Rehabilitation Centers (INTREPRET) in the Philippines: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundThe Philippines has been severely affected by the methamphetamine crisis. The government has launched a policy war against drug use, although the severe sanctions imposed on drug users have been criticized internationally. To help implement a more effective and humane approach to drug use, this study aimed to introduce a comprehensive treatment program for methamphetamine users based on cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) whose effectiveness will be evaluated through a randomized controlled trial.MethodsMethamphetamine users admitted into government-run rehabilitation facilities are recruited and randomly assigned to either a CBT-based treatment program or existing therapeutic community (TC)-based treatment. The CBT treatment program was developed based on the Matrix Model that considers cultural and social factors in the Philippines. After 6 months of treatment, there will be a three-month follow-up, when the participants’ drug use (tested through urine testing) and other psychological variables, including craving, coping skills, and well-being, will be compared. Potential participants are given a summary of the study and a consent form. The consent form is signed and dated by participants prior to their study participation. Ethical approval was obtained prior to the commencement of the study.DiscussionThis is the first randomized controlled trial to compare the residential CBT program and the TC model for methamphetamine users in the Philippines. The study aims to fill the current knowledge and capacity gaps by introducing a CBT-based treatment program to improve the psychosocial well-being of drug users in the Philippines. Moreover, if the effectiveness of the treatment program is demonstrated, anti-drug campaigns and severe sanctions against drug users may be reconsidered.Trial registrationUMIN Clinical Trials Registry JPRN-UMIN000038597. Registered on 15 November 2019. Protocol version October 17, 2021 ver.2

Too right-wing for police integrity? General socio-political attitudes connect work experiences to police integrity

ABSTRACT Police integrity is a crucial steppingstone in police administrators’ long-term goals of obtaining legitimacy and yielding citizens’ evaluations of the police as a legitimate institution. This paper investigates the relationship between work-related experiences and police integrity, as well as the degree to which this relationship is mediated by well-known socio-political attitudes such as authoritarianism, ethnic prejudice, and social dominance orientation. Using structural equation modelling of the responses provided by 1,255 members of the Belgium police, the work-related characteristics, socio-political attitudes, and organisational dimensions of police integrity are related to three outcomes of police integrity. Results show that police officers in the field and those who had more frequent contacts with victims and perpetrators of crimes evaluate misconduct to be less serious, are less willing to say that they would report the behaviour, and advocate less severe disciplinary sanctions. Generalised socio-political attitudes related to prejudice mediate work-related experiences and perceptions of peer police integrity and are in turn negatively related to police integrity outcomes. These findings illustrate that police officers do not operate in a social vacuum as these general socio-political attitudes are non-occupation specific. This suggests that police integrity training programmes not only need to target work-related characteristics, such as an open culture to discuss problems, but also need to target general socio-political attitudes to foster police integrity.

Decarceration, Sanction Severity and Crime: Causal Analysis of Proposition 47 and Property Crime in Los Angeles

Decarcerative policies aim to decrease rates of incarceration primarily through lessening the severity of criminal sanctions. These policies have proliferated in recent years as states looked to reduce correctional expenditures and begin to reverse decades of growth in incarceration. Yet, there are relatively few empirical studies that examine decarcerative policies. This study evaluates the impact of California’s Proposition 47 (Prop 47), which reduced penalties for a variety of low-level offenses. We utilize a range of causal methods (difference in difference, triple difference, and synthetic control group analysis) to estimate the effects of the policy on property crime rates in the Los Angeles; and to examine the potential mechanisms driving these effects. We find robust evidence that Prop 47 increased property crime in Los Angeles, and this finding emerges across our methodological approaches. We discuss our findings in the context of a growing body of literature on Prop 47; and conclude that the policy was effective in limiting crime rate increases to anticipated and low-level offenses while achieving its primary aim of decarceration.

IMPLEMENTASI MODEL PIDANA KERJA SOSIAL BERBASIS NILAI-NILAI HUKUM ADAT SUNDA

&#x0D; Criminal sanctions against perpetrators of corruption crimes require extraordinary breakthrough according to the penal objectives, which is not only to provide a deterrent effect for the perpetrators, but also to provide benefits to the community by optimizing the competencies held by the perpetrators, since perpetrators of corruption are competent either in the aspects of social, economics and politics. The current criminal sanctions do not lead to the utilization of the potential possessed by the perpetrators of criminal acts. The focus still leads to deter the perpetrators only by providing severe criminal sanctions, namely by accumulating criminal sanctions in prison and fines, as well as other additional sanctions that focus on perpetrators, not on to interests of the state and society. The result of the research is to conceive the concept of social work sanctions that utilize the competence/expertise of the perpetrators to be able to provide great benefits to the community directly which implementation is based on the values ​​contained in Sundanese customary law, so that the objectives of the punishment are not only to correct the conduct of the perpetrators, but also to restore state financial losses, and to provide great benefits for the community.&#x0D; Keywords: Sanction of Community Service, values, Sundanese Customary Law, Purpose of Punishment.

For Honor, for Toxicity

Is it possible to detect toxicity in games just by observing in-game behavior? If so, what are the behavioral factors that will help machine learning to discover the unknown relationship between gameplay and toxic behavior? In this initial study, we examine whether it is possible to predict toxicity in the MOBA gameFor Honor by observing in-game behavior for players that have been labeled as toxic (i.e. players that have been sanctioned by Ubisoft community managers). We test our hypothesis of detecting toxicity through gameplay with a dataset of almost 1,800 sanctioned players, and comparing these sanctioned players with unsanctioned players. Sanctioned players are defined by their toxic action type (offensive behavior vs. unfair advantage) and degree of severity (warned vs. banned). Our findings, based on supervised learning with random forests, suggest that it is not only possible to behaviorally distinguish sanctioned from unsanctioned players based on selected features of gameplay; it is also possible to predict both the sanction severity (warned vs. banned) and the sanction type (offensive behavior vs. unfair advantage). In particular, all random forest models predict toxicity, its severity, and type, with an accuracy of at least 82%, on average, on unseen players. This research shows that observing in-game behavior can support the work of community managers in moderating and possibly containing the burden of toxic behavior.

العُمَد فی مصر القدیمة حتى نهایة الدولة الحدیثة

يتناول البحث العمد في مصر القديمة حتى نهاية الدولة الحديثة، ويهدف البحث إلى إلقاء الضوء على الإدارة في الريف المصري؛ وذلک باعتبار هذا المنصب حلقة الوصل بين الريف المصري والإدارة المرکزية، وقد اعتنى الملوک بهذا المنصب، لاسيما في متابعة ما يحتاجه أهل القرى من أمور تمکنهم من القيام بدورهم في زراعة أراضيهم، ومن ثم يتحقق الاستقرار والازدهار الداخلي، ومن أجل فرض الهيمنة على القرى وحکامها فرض الملوک العقوبات الصارمة ضد هؤلاء الحکام، وتعد عقوبة الضرب العقوبة الرئيسة ضد هؤلاء العمد. The research deals with Mayors in ancient Egypt until the end of the modern state, The research aims to shed light on management in rural Egypt ,This position is the link between the Egyptian countryside and the central administration The kings took care of this position, especially in following up on the things that the villagers needed to do their part in cultivating their land. Thus stability and prosperity are achieved and in order to impose hegemony on the villages and their rulers, the kings impose severe sanctions against these rulers and the punishment of beating is the main punishment against these mayors.

Sources of knowledge and process innovation: The moderating role of perceived competitive intensity

Global competition means that firms are under pressure to systematically develop the efficiency of their manufacturing processes. However, little has been said in the international business literature about how firms, especially those subject to severe barriers, can search for knowledge within and across national boundaries to help in the development of process innovation. We build on key aspects of the innovation and search strategy literature to develop our conceptual model and hypotheses, which we test in the context of a less-developed, isolated, and closed economy, using data from 171 automotive component suppliers in Iran. We find that foreign knowledge search is positively related to process innovation, even in an economy that operates under severe economic sanctions. This contributes to the international business field by providing evidence that, while economic sanctions are increasingly used in modern geopolitics by the world’s most powerful countries, these actions may fail to achieve their goals with respect to individual businesses.

The Effect of Sanction Severity and Its Interaction With Procedural Justice

Recent scholarship suggests that detention may have differential effects depending on situational factors. This longitudinal study tests an integrative theoretical framework with the aim to identify conditions under which detention deters from subsequent rule-violating behavior. We examined whether effects of experienced sanction severity on subsequent misconduct and reoffending behavior are dependent on procedural justice perceptions among Dutch adults in detention ( n = 763 and n = 765, respectively). The deterrent effect of sanction severity on misconduct was dependent on procedural justice. Increased sanction severity only deterred from subsequent misconduct when treatment was perceived as procedurally neutral to just. For individuals who were detained for the first time, a similar interaction effect was observed for reoffending behavior. The results support the added value of integrating deterrence theory with situational characteristics (i.e., procedural justice) to explain sanctioning effects and suggest that correctional staffs’ relationships with individuals in detention can contribute to order in prison and beyond.

THE APPLICATION OF CONSISTENCY OF TREATMENT IN DISMISSALS FOR MISCONDUCT

Fairness in employment necessitates that the employer apply consistent disciplinary standards in the workplace, so that employees who commit the same or similar disciplinary infraction are treated equally. The Code of Good Practice: Dismissal (in Schedule 8 of the Labour Relations Act 55 of 1995) sets out a range of guidelines to be applied by the employer before a decision to dismiss an employer may be taken. It seeks to protect employees from arbitrary action by the employer in order to achieve a measure of employment justice. Employers must therefore apply the rules of the workplace consistently by effecting discipline against all employees accountable for similar misconduct, and also by applying the same sanction for similar infractions. The principle of consistent treatment of employees is referred to as the “parity principle”. It provides that employees who participate in the same or similar wrongdoing, with no distinguishing factors from one case to another, should be penalized in the same way. The foundation of the principle lies in the notion that similar cases must be treated in a similar fashion. It is based on the principle of reasonableness in that fairness in the workplace requires the application of reasonable rules, and not arbitrary or irrational opinions of the employer. Reasonable rules will reflect generality and equality and invariably lead to legal certainty, and a failure by the employer to apply those standards consistently may lead to a finding that the employer acted unfairly in dismissal disputes. In addition to the requirement of consistency, an employer is required to consider a range of other factors before taking the decision to dismiss an employee. These include the gravity of the misconduct; the nature of the work performed by the employee; the circumstances under which the infraction occurred; and the employee’s personal circumstances which may relate to the previous disciplinary record of the employee; his/her length of service and the employee’s personal circumstances. The consideration of these circumstances often leads to a tension between applying the requirement of consistency on the one hand, and the need to take into account the specific circumstances of the employee and circumstances of the misconduct. This comment explores the different approaches adopted by the courts in determining whether or not inconsistent treatment by the employer justifies a finding that the dismissal of an employee was unfair in view of the obligation to take into account the other factors required in the Code. These issues often arise in circumstances where an employee is dismissed by an employer and claims that the employer acted unfairly because other employees were given less severe sanctions for the same or similar misconduct. In deciding the fairness of the matter, the courts have drawn a distinction between individual misconduct and collective misconduct. Historical inconsistency is generally applied in cases of individual misconduct, whilst contemporaneous inconsistency is applied in circumstances of collective misconduct.

Assessment in \u2018survival mode\u2019: student and faculty perceptions of online assessment practices in HE during Covid-19 pandemic

This paper presents a cross-sectional study that demonstrates how King Abdulaziz University has responded to the lockdown imposed by the Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of students and faculty towards assessment that had to take place online due to physical or social distancing rules and lockdowns. A descriptive mixed-method study was conducted with two different self-administered questionnaires that were developed for students and faculty, respectively. A total of 547 responses were received from undergraduate students and 213 from faculty. The main finding suggests the need for a multilevel approach to the problems of cheating and plagiarism, including raising student awareness and ethics, training teachers to detect cheating methods, and institutions activating their code of practice and applying severe sanctions on those who engage in such practices.

On the issue of countering the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) by means of administrative and criminal law

The study highlights the dynamics of legislative changes and the current state of legal regulation of administrative and criminal liability for violations of quarantine rules. The shortcomings of the relevant legislative provisions were revealed, in particular, a conclusion was made about the violation of the principle of system-legal coherence of administrative and criminal legislation. Thus, there are issues about the delimitation of the provisions of the administrative provided in the Art. 44-3 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses and criminal offenses provided in the Art. 325 of the Criminal Code (in terms of such consequences as the threat of harm, specified in the part 1 of the Article 325 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine). In addition, there is an excessive severity of sanctions in the Art. 44-3 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses and their incompatibility with the sanctions of the Art. 325 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. In the context of the settled case law of the European Court of Human Rights the fine under the part 1 of the Art. 443 of the Code of Administrative Offenses based on its size and subject to appointment may be recognized as corresponding to a criminal offense within the meaning of the Art. 7 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Another drawback of the legislation is the lack of enshrining a criminal offense for violating quarantine regulations.&#x0D; On the basis of the conducted research it is offered to make changes to norms of the Art. 44-3 of the Code of Administrative Offenses and the Art. 325 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine in order to optimally regulate legal responsibility for violation of sanitary rules and regulations for the prevention of infectious diseases and mass poisoning (Article 325 of the Criminal Code), as well as quarantine rules (the Art. 44-3 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses). The main task of such changes is to construct a consistent chain of normatively established offenses in the field of compliance with quarantine rules (administrative offense - criminal offense – non-grave offense – grave offense) with adequate and proportionate responsibility for their commission.

Non-Penal Countermeasures Efforts in Supporter Conflict (Study on PSIM vs Persis Conflict)

The conflict between PSIM Yogyakarta and PERSIS Solo supporters is a conflict that has been going on for a long time. These conflicts often cause casualties and damage to public facilities. Severe sanctions do not frighten supporters and a deterrent to take anarchic actions. To overcome this, preventive efforts (non-penal) can be used as an alternative in resolving supporter conflicts. Through socio-legal research, this paper aims to find out more about non-penal countermeasures based on an analysis of the factors that cause supporter conflict. The results of the study, it is known that non-penal countermeasures can be done by emphasizing the efforts of the supporter development process as part of the criminal politics of prevention without punishment. The coaching process is based on three factors that cause supporting conflicts, namely based on the nature, position of the actors, and diversity of society. The police and supporter also have a strategic role in preventing criminal acts to minimize the occurrence of clashes between supporters. These roles include providing security personnel, conducting sweeping, and coordinating between related parties.&#x0D;