Severe Penalties Research Articles

The Influences of Childhood Trauma and Parenting Styles on The Bipolar Disorder of Teenagers

After Covid-19, more and more students were reported to commit suicide, which shows that the mental health problems have become normal phenomenons in the adolescents. It has attracted more and more attentions of parents and teachers. Among all the mental health problems, bipolar disorder has been a common and serious problem in the teenagers. Bipolar disorder is a chronic and complex disorder which is partly diagnosed in the adolescence and early adulthood. The leading causes of bipolar disorder mainly focused on genetics and environment. This paper aims to explore the influences of two aspects, childhood trauma and parenting styles on the bipolar disorder of adolescents. In this paper, some retrospective literature was reviewed again. The results show that the incidents of childhood trauma are frequent and severe in bipolar disorder. In the five subscales, emotional abuse, emotional neglect are the main two subscales which have much influence on the morbidity of bipolar disorder. Besides, compared with the control group, the different parenting styles may have different influence on children. severe punishment, emotional care and understanding,over control and protection of fathers, and the severe punishment, emotional care and understanding, preference of subjects and denial and rejection chosen by mothers may be the influential factors of the teenagers with bipolar disorder. Therefore, childhood trauma should be avoided or decreased as much as possible. Besides, parents are supposed to create a more caring and tolerable environment full of love for their children.

Observing Coworkers’ Violations and Managers’ Discipline: The Effect of Violation and Punishment Severity on Coworkers

The purpose of this two-part study is to understand how disciplinary actions impact coworkers on other coworkers. Study one determines how a coworker’s perception of the severity of a violation is related to desire for retributive justice, attitude towards the violator, and how the severity of a violation impacts perception of appropriate discipline. Study two examined reactions when punishments are too mild, appropriate or severe. Results yielded a complex relationship where the violation’s severity interacted with the punishment’s severity. One finding was that under-punishing has a more pronounced impact on coworkers than over-punishing.

The War in Ukraine: The Deterrent Effect of Weaponized Interdependence

Abstract This article examines Putin’s expectations prior to Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine and seeks to answer the following question: Why did Russia invade Ukraine regardless of the West’s threats of severe economic penalties raising the cost of an attack? I argue that the confidence in Vladimir Putin to invade Ukraine, despite his awareness that the stakes could go well beyond the borders of Ukraine and increase the cost of war for the Kremlin, was based on Putin’s calculations that the West would be reluctant to change or substantially displace established rich-get-richer economic structures and would not apply high costs on the Kremlin for military aggression against Ukraine in case of a successful blitzkrieg campaign. By utilizing an extended deterrence game analysis, the article demonstrates how Russia, Ukraine, and the West interacted in decision-making, taking into account the reactions and choices of the other players, and adds to the current body of knowledge by introducing an expanded approach to deterrence strategy based on economic interdependence and the scale of the anticipated conflict.

Unveiling the power of Social Studies in combating corruption: Tertiary students’ perspectives

This study employed a qualitative approach to examine tertiary students’ perspectives on leveraging Social Studies in the fight against corruption in Ghana. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 21 students from a distance training institution. Some of the variables investigated were causes of corruption and the extent to which students perceived Social Studies as a potential force to combat corruption. The semi-structured interview guide was used to collect data from research participants while thematic analysis was adopted. Data from the study revealed that corruption in Ghana is caused by factors such as weak institutions, greed, poverty-related issues and cultural practices. The results also indicated that Social Studies could significantly help curb corruption. Beside Social Studies, other measures including strengthening institutions, meting out severe punishment to culprits and moral education can also reduce corruption. It was, therefore, recommended that the Ministry of Education through the Ghana Education Service should retool the Social Studies subject, and make it compulsory at all levels of education since it has the potential to reduce corruption.

Intergenerational persistence of poverty in five high-income countries.

Childhood poverty increases the likelihood of adult poverty. However, past research offers conflicting accounts of cross-national variation in the strength of-and mechanisms underpinning-the intergenerational persistence of poverty. Here the authors investigate differences in intergenerational poverty in the United States, Australia, Denmark, Germany and the United Kingdom using administrative- and survey-based panel datasets. Intergenerational poverty is decomposed into family background effects, mediation effects, tax and transfer insurance effects and a residual poverty penalty. The intergenerational persistence of poverty is 0.43 in the United States (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.40-0.46; P < 0.001), compared with 0.16 in the United Kingdom (95% CI = 0.07-0.25; P < 0.001) and 0.08 in Denmark (95% CI = 0.08-0.08; P < 0.001). The US disadvantage is not channelled through family background, mediators, neighbourhood effects or racial or ethnic discrimination. Instead, the United States has comparatively weak tax and transfer insurance effects and a more severe residual poverty penalty. If the United States were to adopt the tax and transfer insurance effects of its peer countries, its intergenerational poverty persistence could decrease by more than one-third.

Disciplinary Liability and Other Means Impacting the Employee’s Behaviour in Labour Relations in Latvia and Lithuania

The article examines the regulation and practice of employee liability in employment relationships in two Baltic states – Latvia and Lithuania. Considering that the Latvian Labour Law regulates the disciplinary liability of employees, while in Lithuania disciplinary punishments (except for the most severe punishment – dismissal) have not been provided for since 2017, the authors analyse the regulatory framework of these countries and reflect on the case law, as well as outline the main differences and problematic issues in the context of employee liability.

A contemporary analysis of policy implementation for the coastal mangrove forest management in Bangladesh Sundarbans

Despite having more than 200 environmental laws and policies in Bangladesh, the overall ecological situation is almost beyond control. Relying on both primary and secondary sources of data, particularly the legal texts, this study delves into analysing the legal frameworks of Bangladesh pertaining to wildlife and biodiversity conservation in the Sundarbans mangrove forest (SMF). This study finds that the lack of implementation of stringent provisions is one of the key reasons for the failure to successfully conserve biological diversity in the SMF. The other reason that heavily accelerates environmental crimes in Bangladesh is the less severe punishment compared to other crimes. This study result reveals that the Animal Welfare Act 2019 imposes a mere BDT 10,000 (USD 116) for harming any animal. This study also finds that the Environment Court Act 2010 strives to expand environmental governance in every district, but the absolute authority of the Department of Environment (DoE) and its limited resources hinder such lavish expansion. Although the government has revised many outdated laws and policies and enacted new laws such as Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act 1995 (2023), Forest Act 2023, and Forest Conservation Act 2023, evidence indicates that most of the provisions were not successfully implemented due to overlaps with other laws and loopholes within the laws. In addition, complex bureaucratic systems significantly hamper the administration system in forest management. Furthermore, the Director General (DG) of the DoE’s sole authority often sparked concerns regarding the transparency and accountability of this department. Therefore, this paper examines the domestic legal system of Bangladesh for conserving biodiversity in the SMF.

LAW, SOCIAL MEDIA, AND THE KARAOKE BUSINESS

Intellectual property law, particularly copyright law, is a significant challenge for karaoke businesses. The necessity of obtaining proper music licenses is well-understood, but the complexities and costs involved often lead to gaps in compliance. Local regulations, including zoning laws, noise ordinances, and alcohol licensing, further complicate the legal landscape for karaoke operators. Non-compliance with these laws can result in severe penalties, including fines, legal disputes, and potential business closures. Social media has emerged as an essential tool for marketing and customer engagement in the karaoke industry. Platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok enable businesses to reach a broader audience and create interactive experiences that enhance customer loyalty. However, the use of copyrighted music in social media posts poses significant legal risks. While social media offers opportunities for growth, businesses must navigate these platforms carefully to avoid copyright infringement and other legal challenges. Managing online reputations is critical in the age of social media, where negative reviews or viral posts can significantly impact a business's image. Proactive strategies for handling customer feedback and maintaining a positive online presence are essential for mitigating reputational risks. The regulatory environment for karaoke businesses is evolving, with stricter enforcement of copyright laws and changing social media policies. Businesses must stay informed and adapt to these changes to ensure continued compliance and operational success. Karaoke businesses should prioritize legal education and seek expert guidance to navigate the complexities of copyright law and other regulatory requirements effectively. Clear social media policies that address the use of copyrighted material and customer interactions are vital for minimizing legal risks and maximizing the benefits of digital marketing. Implementing robust reputation management strategies, including prompt responses to online reviews and engagement with customers, can help maintain a positive public image and reduce the impact of negative feedback. Businesses should monitor changes in copyright enforcement and social media regulations, adapting their practices accordingly. Forming partnerships with music rights organizations or utilizing technology solutions can streamline compliance efforts.

The Role of The Courts in The Application of Criminal Policy to Reduce Drug Crimes

The Iraqi judiciary has been keen to reduce crimes in general, and has paid a high degree of attention to drug crimes, because of their negative effects on the entire society, as the weakness of the state apparatus in general, and the spread of terrorist groups, in the past twenty years have led to an increase in these crimes, which prompted the Iraqi legislator to update the Drug Law No. ( 68 of 1965 ) by legislating the Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law No. ( 50 of 2017), in addition to taking preventive measures concurrent with punitive measures, by working to create an environment free of elements that encourage the commission of this type of crimes, by removing the factors and circumstances that can contribute to the formation of the criminal personality. However, the judiciary has worked hard to reduce these crimes by forming courts specialized in the crimes of drugs and psychotropic substances in each governorate, and imposing the most severe penalties and measures on the perpetrators of this type of crimes.

Mi történik az igazságszolgáltatásban? Hatóságok és bántalmazottak a kapcsolati erőszak színterén

Aim: Although it was possible to sanction acts falling within the conceptual scope of domestic violence earlier as well, from 1 July 2013, the Hungarian Criminal Code contains an independent criminal offense covering a wide range of abusive behaviours committed against family members. This article presents the essence of the regulation, the statistical data of the past few years, as well as the difficulties and best practices that we can encounter when analysing the application of the law. It’s the summary of the judicial practice of the criminal offense of domestic violence. Methodology: The research methodology behind the study consisted of criminal-statistical and legislative analysis, focus groups, in-depth interviews and case file reviews. Findings: A number of to-dos are being formulated for the future, including: conducting a follow-up analysis, establishing uniform legal practice, popularizing the relevant instruction of the chief of police, increasing the responsibility of the child protection alert system, organizing targeted trainings, strengthening professional collaborations and providing information for victims, inspiring the imposition of more severe punishments, and a change in communication directions. This study presents the most typical difficulties from the side of the authorities and the victims. Value: The analysis of the criminal offense from many aspects helps to draw conclusions and find the directions to follow.

Asset redeployability and the market reaction to cyberattacks

We examine how asset redeployability affects the market's response to cyberattacks. There is a robust positive relationship between the announcement returns and redeployable assets, and the correlation is stronger in firms that engage in fewer real activities manipulations and those with higher market share growth. Therefore, cyberattacks elicit a less negative response from investors when breached firms have more redeployable assets, as redeployability provides enhanced protection against adverse outcomes and higher liquidation values. Yet, breached firms that resort to asset sales to manipulate earnings face severe penalties. Our study underscores the value of cultivating redeployable assets for cyber risk mitigation.

Law Enforcement Against the Practice of Advertising Fraud in Indonesia: A Review from the Aspect of Indonesian Criminal Law

Advertising is used as a common marketing strategy by various companies and individuals to promote their products or services to potential consumers. However, it is not uncommon for advertising to contain illegal and fraudulent activities that can cause harm to users through misdirection. In the act of advertising fraud, it is necessary to analyze the application of articles in the Criminal Code (KUHP) which regulates the concept of concursus in criminal law. The purpose of this study is to explain, identify and analyze the applicable legal framework, penalties imposed and law enforcement against advertising fraud in terms of criminal aspects. This research uses a normative juridical method by using a statutory approach (state approach), case approach (case approach), comparative approach (comparative approach), conceptual approach (conceptual approach). Based on the results of the research, advertising that deceives and harms consumers is an illegal act known as fraud and can be subject to the provisions in Article 378 of the Criminal Code. Article 379 of the Criminal Code stipulates that if as a result of the fraudulent act, a person suffers a loss, then the perpetrator of fraud may be subject to a more severe punishment. The provisions in the Criminal Code are used to protect the public from acts of fraud, and are expected to reduce the incentives of individuals, groups or other parties to commit fraud and provide a deterrent effect for the perpetrators.

Share Pledging and Corporate Misconduct

We investigate and find a significant and positive relation between share pledging by controlling shareholders and the likelihood of corporate misconduct. The results remain robust after classifying misconduct into accounting and non-accounting misconduct, and misconduct receiving severe and light penalties. Alleviation of financial constraints, inflation of stock prices, mitigation of margin calls, and expropriation under poor corporate governance are the main motives for corporate misconduct by firms with pledging controlling shareholders. The positive relation between share pledging and corporate misconduct propensity remains after accounting for endogeneity issues, political connections, intensified bank monitoring, and share repurchasers.

The business and moral image of the party officials of the "second echelon" of the Bashkir ASSR in the era of "Khrushchev's reformism"

The article examines the business and moral qualities of the party managers of the "second echelon" of the period of the "Khrushchev reforms" in the context of one of the major national republics of the RSFSR – the Bashkir ASSR. The authors reconstruct the appearance of middle-level party officials who adhered to double standards in their party management activities. The phenomenon of the formation of a "new-moral" communist party subject with a pronounced focus on wealth is also concretized, which contradicted the official discourse of a highly moral socialist personality, who is not only a party worker, but, above all, a disinterested communist. The new trend observed among the party officials of the "Khrushchev set" – industrial and moral emancipation, which did not entail the irreversibility of severe punishment, was one of the manifestations of the complex institutional process of the era of "Khrushchev reformism". We are talking about a change in the value paradigm in the form of the refusal of party officials from rigid stoicism and orientation towards satisfying their personal interests. The research methodology is based on the principles of critical research understanding of the activities of the BASSR party apparatus in 1953-1964. The structural and functional method made it possible to reconstruct the managerial and business portrait of the BASSR party members of the Khrushchev era.

갑오개혁기 징역형 도입과 내륙(內陸) 유배의 소멸(消滅) - 『사법품보(司法稟報)』 분석을 중심으로

This study analyzes the official document Sabuppumbo and related sources from the Gabo Reform and Daehan Empires to derive the changes in penal administration and their implications after the introduction of imprisonment in Joseon. In Joseon, exile was a severe punishment next to death, but there were many cases where exiles were released midway due to various factors. And it was a punishment that was applied not only to the ruling class but also to the general public. this principle was maintained until the early days of the Gwaeo Reform. By 1895, both exile and imprisonment coexisted as punishments in Joseon, and inland exile became abolished in 1898. Looking at the operation of the penal system, we can see that Joseon did not uncritically adopt Western or Japanese systems. Despite its limitations in prison management, the fact that the penal system was established in a short period of time indicates that Joseon was capable of understanding and accepting new institutions and laws.

Park smart or face the music: Understanding users’ orderly parking behavior of dockless shared bikes from the perspective of deterrence theory

The rapid growth of dockless bike-sharing has revolutionized urban transportation. However, the disorderly parking of dockless shared bikes has emerged as a critical challenge, significantly hindering the benefits of this system by causing obstructions, safety hazards, and public nuisance. This study aims to investigate users’ orderly parking behavior of dockless shared bikes through the lens of deterrence theory. Our findings reveal that punishment severity, punishment certainty, personal norm, and descriptive norm have significant positive effects on users’ attitudes towards orderly parking, which in turn positively influences their orderly parking behavior. This study contributes to the literature by extending the application of deterrence theory to the context of dockless bike-sharing and providing empirical evidence on the role of deterrence factors in shaping users’ orderly parking behavior. Our findings offer valuable insights for bike-sharing operators and policymakers to develop effective strategies.

Law Enforcement Against Perpetrators of Illegal Firearms Possession According to Emergency Law Number 12 of 1951; A Study in Banko District Court, Indonesia

Indonesia is one of the countries that is very strict in regulating firearms, namely in Emergency Law Number 12 of 1951, where one of the provisions is that firearms are prohibited from being possessed without rights with a serious criminal threat. However, in reality, there are still cases of illegal firearm ownership by civilians that can threaten the safety of the wider community. This study aims to find out how law enforcement is carried out against people who own firearms without official permits, and to find out the obstacles in law enforcement against perpetrators of illegal firearms ownership. This research method is normative juridical, with a legislative approach and a case approach. The results of the research show that the provisions in Emergency Law Number 12 of 1951 state that every person who violates the provisions of the law is punished with a severe penalty, namely the death penalty, life imprisonment or twenty years, but in its implementation, the punishment imposed by the judge on the perpetrator is still very light. Second, related to legal obstacles in law enforcement, namely the lack of firmness of law enforcement, especially judges in imposing criminal penalties on perpetrators of the crime of possession of firearms, and the lack of public awareness of the law.

Not all punishment is equal: The effect of punishment severity on children’s social evaluations.

Not all punishment is equal: The effect of punishment severity on children’s social evaluations.

Supplemental Material for Not All Punishment Is Equal: The Effect of Punishment Severity on Children’s Social Evaluations

Supplemental Material for Not All Punishment Is Equal: The Effect of Punishment Severity on Children’s Social Evaluations

Sharpened “Real Teeth” of China's securities regulatory agency: Evidence from CEO turnover

This study examines the real impacts of the China Securities Regulatory Commission's (CSRC) enforcement actions on CEO turnover in China's fully circulated market. Using data on Chinese publicly listed firms from 2008 to 2022, we find that misconduct behavior alone does not directly lead to CEO turnover. In contrast, CSRC's enforcement actions elicit significant negative stock market reactions for both SOEs and non-SOEs post-2016 and substantially increase the likelihood of CEO turnover, with a notably larger impact on non-SOEs. Furthermore, enforcement actions involving more severe punishments and targeting information disclosure violations and operational misconduct are more effective at compelling CEOs to step down. Potential channels through which external regulatory actions influence firms' CEO replacement decisions include reducing agency costs and enhancing information transparency. These findings suggest that the “teeth” of China's securities regulatory agency now function primarily through market-based mechanisms rather than administrative force, and these “real teeth” are being sharpened by ongoing regulatory reforms.