Severe Histological Changes Research Articles

Oxidative stress-induced apoptotic changes after acute exposure to antifouling agent zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) in Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamark (Mediterranean mussels) tissues

ABSTRACT Zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) is one of the components used in antifouling paints and can be an alternative to classical toxic chemicals such as organotin. However, there is still remarkable concern about the environmental safeness of ZnPT due to rapid transchelation and degradation into several metabolites that have their own toxicity. The effect after acute exposure of ZnPT is investigated on Mediterranean mussels exposed to 20 and 40 μg/L concentrations for 48 and 96 h and antioxidant responses [superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced glutathione (GSH)], genotoxicity [micronuclei (MN) frequency], apoptotic and histological changes were determined. Severe histological changes in hepatopancreas and gill tissues of mussels were observed in ZnPT exposed groups due to dose-dependent increase. ZnPT also caused a dose-dependent increase of TUNEL-positive cell count in the mussel tissues, especially in the hepatopancreas. Increasing in SOD activities and decreasing in GSH levels in both ZnPT concentrations compared to the control were observed. MN and binuclei numbers in all exposure groups were significantly increased. The results of the present study demonstrate that acute exposure to ZnPT could cause an adverse effect on mussel tissues at especially higher concentrations.

Effects of Moringa oleifera aqueous extract on the growth performance, blood characteristics, and histological features of gills and livers in Nile tilapia

Moringa oleifera is well known as a highly nutritious plant and a water purifier in fish culture. Tilapia fish has many impressive qualities making them very suitable for aquaculture. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementation of Moringa oleifera aqueous extract (MOAE) at varying concentrations (0, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg diet for 90 days) on growth performance, hematological, and some biochemical parameters of Nile tilapia. Additionally, histological changes and immunohistochemical expression of caspase 3 in gills and livers were evaluated. Significant enhancements (P < 0.05) in the final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, red blood cells, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, white blood cells, and total serum protein were observed in fish fed 200 mg MOAE/kg diet compared with other groups. However, a significant reduction (P < 0.05) of liver and kidney function tests and non-significant changes in lipid profile were recorded. On the other hand, fish fed 400 mg MOAE/kg diet revealed disturbance in the corresponding parameters. Severe histological degenerative changes were detected in the gills and liver of fish fed 400 mg MOAE/kg diet. In comparison, fish fed 200 mg MOAE/kg diet showed the best histo-architectures of these organs compared with other groups. Concomitant immune expressions of caspase 3 were determined where gills and liver of fish fed 400 mg MOAE/kg diet revealed extensive number of positive caspase 3 cells indicating severe apoptotic features. Accordingly, a dietary MOAE at 200 mg/kg diet is recommended to improve the growth performance, hematological parameters, liver and kidney functions in Nile tilapia. Meanwhile, caution must be considered when using MOAE at a concentration over 200 mg/kg diet.

Eugenol and Lippia alba essential oils as effective anesthetics for the Amazonian freshwater stingray Potamotrygon wallacei (Chondrichthyes, Potamotrygonidae)

This study assessed the potential of eugenol and the essential oil of Lippia alba (EOLA) in providing suitable anesthetic induction and recovery times, and their consequent effects on the blood and respiratory physiology, as well as the gill architecture of an Amazonian freshwater stingray, Potamotrygon wallacei, shortly after reaching the recovery and 48 h later. Juveniles of P. wallacei were exposed to increasing concentrations of eugenol (75, 100, 125, and 150 µL L-1) and EOLA (150, 175, 200, and 225 µL L-1) in an immersion bath. Anesthetic induction was found to be faster with the use of eugenol compared to EOLA. On the other hand, the stingrays anesthetized with eugenol displayed a longer recovery time than those exposed to EOLA. The highest concentrations of eugenol caused moderate to severe histological changes in the gills. No significant changes were found for hematocrit and plasma energy metabolites in the stingrays anesthetized with all concentrations of both eugenol and EOLA shortly after reaching the recovery from the ansthesia, when compared to those recovered after 48h. Investigations regarding the potential use of these natural anesthetics are unprecedented for freshwater stingray species, and 200 μL L-1 EOLA is recommended as the most suitable anesthetic for use in juveniles of P. wallacei.

Toxicity evaluation and oxidative stress response of fumaronitrile, a persistent organic pollutant (POP) of industrial waste water on tilapia fish (Oreochromis mossambicus)

The study was designed to determine the impact of acute toxicity of fumaronitrile exposure through tissue damaging, oxidative stress enzymes and histopathological studies in gills, liver and muscle cells of freshwater tilapia fish (Oreochromis mossambicus). In gill, liver, and muscle cells, biochemical indicators such as tissue damage enzymes (Acid Phosphatase (ACP), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)) and antioxidative enzymes (Superoxide Dismutase (SOD); Catalase (CAT); Glutathione-S-transferase (GST); Reduced Glutathione (GSH); Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and Glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were quantified in the time interval of 30, 60 and 90 days exposure to the fumaronitrile. After 90 days, under 6 ppb exposure conditions, the acid phosphatase (ACP) levels of fish increased significantly in the gills (3.439 μmol/mg protein/min), liver (1.743 μmol/mg protein/min), and muscles (2.158 μmol/mg protein/min). After 90 days of exposure to the same concentration and days, ALP activity increased significantly in gills (4.354 μmol/mg protein/min) and liver (1.754 μmol/mg protein/min), but muscle cells had a little decrease in ALP activity (2.158 μmol/mg protein/min). The LDH concentration in gills following treatment with fumaronitrile over a period of 0–90 days was 3.573 > 3.521 > 2.245 μmol/mg protein/min over 30 > 60 > 90 days. However, at the same dose and treatment duration, a greater LDH level of 0.499 μmol/mg protein/min was found in liver and muscle cells. Histopathological abnormalities in the gills, liver, and muscle cells of treated fish were also examined, indicating that fumaronitrile treatment generated the most severe histological changes. The current study reveals that fumaronitrile exposure has an effect on Oreochromis mossambicus survival, explaining and emphasising the risk associated with this POP exposure to ecosystems and human populations.

Klebsiella pneumoniae causing mass mortality in juvenile Nile tilapia in Brazil: Isolation, characterization, pathogenicity and phylogenetic relationship with other environmental and pathogenic strains from livestock and human sources

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a critical-priority human pathogen, considered a key trafficker of drug resistance genes from environmental to clinically important bacteria. Although current evidence suggests its potential role as aquatic pathogen, there are few reports of infections in cultured fish, and its pathogenicity to Nile tilapia remains unknown. Here we report the mass mortality in cultured Nile tilapia caused by a natural infection of K. pneumoniae, along with the bacteria isolation, phenotype, pathogenesis in Nile tilapia, and phylogenetic relationships with strains isolated from environmental, livestock, and human samples from different locations. High morbidity and mass mortality (~90 thousand fish within 4 days) of juvenile Nile tilapia (32 ± 6.0 g) occurred in July 2018 in a commercial fish farm located in Brazil. The main clinical signs during the outbreak included lethargy, anorexia, subcutaneous haemorrhages, urogenital bleeding, and ascites. The bacteria (n = 7) were isolated and identified as K. pneumoniae by morphological evaluation, biochemical tests, nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of a partial sequence of the highly conserved 16S rRNA gene. All clinical isolates were catalase-positive, and the hypermucoviscous phenotype associated with hypervirulent K. pneumoniae was not detected. The pathogenicity for Nile tilapia and phylogenetic relationships with other K. pneumoniae strains were determined by experimental infection and phylogenetic reconstruction by maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods, respectively. All clinical isolates were included in the clade of K. pneumoniae, and most of them were differentiated from both environmental and pathogenic strains from different locations, including Brazil. Experimentally infected Nile tilapia exhibited similar clinical signs and severe histological changes in the liver, spleen, intestine, kidney, and gills as fish that were naturally infected, fulfilling Koch's postulates and demonstrating the virulence of the recovered strain. The LD10, 50, 90, and 99 were established in 2.1 × 103, 1.2 × 107, 1 × 1010, and 8.7 × 1013 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL, respectively. This is the first description of K. pneumoniae natural infection in Nile tilapia along with its pathogenesis, denoting a hidden risk for both animal and human health.

Morphmetrical and Histological Changes in Domestic Chicken Kidneys in Response to Salinated Water

Background: The high ratio of salt in the water of my country (Iraq) had bad effect on the products of the poultry industry, therefor were focusing in this study on the effect of salt on the kidney of birds Material and Method: were carried on Twenty domesticate chicken(Gallus gallus) and divided into two groups (control and stressed) ten birds for each, used for determinate the morphological and histological differences in the kidneys .For histological study, kidney samples were taken to prepared slid to check the structure tissue of kidney in both groups. Result: The mean weight of kidney in stressed was (5.31 ± 0.55) g. It was heavier than the kidney of control group which weighted (4.08±0.47) g. The same difference was recorded about the size of kidney; the length (5.38 ± 0.49 cm) and width (2.40±0.32 cm) of kidney in stressed group was higher than that of control group (length 4.33±0.41 cm) and width (2.00±0.31 cm). Also some histological changes in stressed group was differed than control.Conclusion: The moderate salt level in food or drinking water was a toxic for chickens. The structure and function of chickens’ kidney were less efficiently to eliminate (NaCl), therefore severe histological changes in kidney and others vital organs.

Preimplantation Histological Score Associates with 6-Month GFR in Recipients of Perfused, Older Kidney Grafts: Results from a Pilot Study

Background: Biopsy-guided selection of older kidneys safely expands the organ pool, and pretransplant perfusion improves the preservation of these fragile organs. Herein, we studied morphofunctional variables associated with graft outcomes in perfused, histologically evaluated older kidneys. Methods: This single-center prospective cohort pilot study evaluated the relationships between preimplantation histologic scores and renal perfusion parameters during hypothermic, pulsatile, machine perfusion (MP) and assessed whether these morphofunctional parameters associated with GFR (iohexol plasma clearance) at 6 months after transplantation in 20 consecutive consenting recipients of a biopsy-guided single or dual kidney transplant from >60-year-old deceased donors. Results: The donor and recipient age was 70.4 ± 6.5 and 63.6 ± 7.9 years (p = 0.005), respectively. The kidney donor profile index (KDPI) was 93.3 ± 8.4% (>80% in 19 cases), histologic score 4.4 ± 1.4, and median (IQR) cold ischemia time 19.8 (17.8–22.8 h; >24 h in 5 cases). The 6-month GFR was 41.2 (34.9–55.7) mL/min. Vascular resistances positively correlated with global histologic score (p = 0.018) at MP start and then decreased from 0.88 ± 0.43 to 0.36 ± 0.13 mm Hg/mL/min (p < 0.001) in parallel with a three-fold renal flow increase from 24.0 ± 14.7 to 74.7 ± 31.8 mL/min (p < 0.001). Consistently, vascular resistance reductions positively correlated with global histologic score (p = 0.009, r = −0.429). Unlike KDPI or vascular resistances, histologic score was independently associated with 6-month GFR (beta standardized coefficient: −0.894, p = 0.005). Conclusions: MP safely improves graft perfusion, particularly in kidneys with severe histologic changes that would not be considered for transplantation because of high KDPI. The preimplantation histologic score associates with the functional recovery of older kidneys even in the context of a standardized program of pulsatile perfusion.

Genetic and histopathological characterization of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes isolated from free-range chickens reared in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil.

This study aimed to genetically characterize Toxoplasma gondii isolates obtained from free-range chickens reared in the metropolitan region of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and to evaluate the morbidity and histological changes associated with these isolates in mice. A mouse bioassay was used to isolate T. gondii from a pool of tissue samples (brain, heart, and thigh muscles) collected from 163 chickens. The 36 isolates obtained were genetically characterized by restriction fragment polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of the SAG1, 5'-3'SAG2, aSAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, Apico, and CS3 genomic regions. Seventeen atypical genotypes were identified and nine of them were reported for the first time. All identified genotypes caused clinical signs and histological changes in mice, with the majority being associated with high cumulative morbidity (65%) and severe or very severe histological changes (76%). The exclusive identification of atypical genotypes, with a predominance of new genotypes, indicates great genetic diversity of T. gondii in the region studied. In addition, the finding that all identified genotypes caused clinical signs and often severe histological changes in mice suggests potentially relevant virulence of these strains.

Effects of free and nanoparticulate curcumin on chemically induced liver carcinoma in an animal model.

IntroductionCurcumin therapeutic applications are constrained by its prominent metabolic instability as well as inadequate absorption and bioavailability. The current study was designed to enhance the curcumin bioavailability by exploiting nanoparticles.Material and methodsEleven groups of mice were divided into: normal and nanoparticle control groups, a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) group induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN), 2 groups treated with DEN plus a high dose/low dose of free curcumin, 2 groups treated with a high dose/low dose of free curcumin, 2 groups treated with DEN plus a high dose/low dose of nanoparticulate curcumin, and 2 groups treated with a high dose/low dose of nanoparticulate curcumin.ResultsDEN administration significantly increased liver enzymes, vascular endothelial growth factor, tumor necrosis factor-α, α-fetoprotein, malondialdehyde, and nucelar factor-κB. Also, it decreased serum albumin and tissue antioxidant activities and caused severe histological changes in hepatic tissue. Oral treatment of DEN-injected mice with either a high dose of free curcumin or the tested doses of nanoparticulate curcumin resulted in a significant improvement of all the tested parameters.ConclusionsAlthough the two tested doses of nanoparticulate curcumin were much lower than free curcumin, both doses were effective in preventing HCC development while the low dose of free curcumin was hardly effective. Hence, we conclude that nanoparticles enhance the bioavailability of curcumin.

Toxicological, biochemical and morphophysiological effects of Serjania erecta leaf aqueous extract on Piaractus mesopotamicus.

This study was carried out to determine the toxicity and biochemical and morphophysiological changes caused by Serjania erecta leaf aqueous extract in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). For acute toxicity testing (CL50-4h), pacu juveniles were exposed during 4 h to Serjania erecta aqueous extract concentrations of 2.5, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 150 µg mL-1, which were added directly to the water in the tanks. In the control group, the animals were kept in water free from aqueous extract. CL50-4 h was estimated at 57.43 µg mL-1. After exposure to the aqueous extract, the highest (P<0.05) glucose concentration and the lowest (P<0.05) plasma sodium level were when the fish were exposed to the S. erecta concentration of 50 µg mL-1. Mortality occurred at S. erecta extract levels higher than 50 μg mL-1, and all fish died at concentrations greater than 100 μg mL-1. In addition, exposure to this extract caused severe histological changes in the gills and liver with higher prevalence of necrosis (30.2%), and fatty degeneration (77.4%) respectively. At the concentrations tested here, S. erecta aqueous extract causes morphofunctional alterations in this fish species.

Consumption of Citrullus colocynthis Fruit Extract Causes Histological and Immunological Alterations in Mice

Traditionally, the usage of Citrullus colocynthis (CCT) causes severe side effects. The side effects of CCT fruit extract administered orally at different doses related to gastric tissues and circulating cytokines profiles were reported. Thirty-five adult male albino mice were divided into 4 groups, a control group (G1) and three experimental groups. They orally received aqueous fruit extract over 20 days at different doses; 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg of body weight/day. Total body weight, stomach tissue, peripheral blood, anti-inflammatory, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated. Body weight significantly decreased in groups 2 and 3 over four weeks. Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and basophils were significantly (p&lt;0.05) elevated in group 4; while hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were significantly decreased (p&lt;0.05). Interleukin-8 (IL-8) level was significantly elevated in groups 3 and 4 versus the control group (p&lt;0.05). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels showed a significant (p&lt;0.05) increase in group 4 only. Anti-inflammatory cytokines showed a significant (p&lt;0.05) decrease in all treated groups. The stomach tissues revealed that the extract induced a superficial focal loss of the surface mucous protective epithelium, the atrophy of peptic cells, and a thickening of mucosal connective tissue. The submucosa showed vascular congestion and inflammatory cell infiltration. Severe histological changes were reported in group 4. Using the extract for 20 days led to the elevation of the differential white blood cell (WBC) count as well as the destruction of the gastric mucosal lining at high doses. This could be due to an increase in pro-inflammatory and declining anti-inflammatory cytokines. It is not recommended to use CCT in high doses or for long periods.

Exposure to chlorantraniliprole reduces locomotion, respiration, and causes histological changes in the midgut of velvetbean caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The anthranilic diamide, chlorantraniliprole is a systemic insecticide affecting ryanodine receptors. This insecticide is used to control caterpillars in soybean crops because it has low toxicity to non-target organisms. The objective was to identify side-effects of chlorantraniliprole on midgut histopathology, respiration and behavior of the velvetbean caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis in laboratoty. Chlorantraniliprole has LC50 = 0.61 (0.58–0.64) mg mL−1 for A. gemmatalis fourth instar caterpillars after 96 h. The insecticide causes severe histopathological effects in the midgut with epithelial disorganization, microvilli degeneration, cytoplasm vacuolization, cell fragmentation, and peritrophic matrix disorganization. The respiratory rate and the walking speed decrease, whereas the resting period increase for caterpillars exposed to this insecticide. Chlorantraniliprole is toxic to A. gemmatalis at median lethal concentrations causing severe histological and ultrastructural changes with degeneration of the midgut epithelium, reduction of respiratory rates and inducing an arresting behavioral response of this insect.

Newcastle disease virus induces testicular damage and disrupts steroidogenesis in specific pathogen free roosters

Newcastle disease (ND), which is caused by Newcastle disease virus (NDV), can cause heavy economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. It is characterised by extensive pathologies of the digestive, respiratory, and nervous systems and can cause severe damage to the reproductive system of egg-laying hens. However, it is unknown whether NDV replicates in the male reproductive system of chickens and induces any pathologies. In this study, we selected a representative strain (i.e. ZJ1) of the most common genotype (i.e. VII) of NDV to investigate whether NDV can induce histological, hormonal, and inflammatory responses in the testes of specific pathogen free (SPF) roosters. NDV infection increased the expression of toll like receptor TLR3, TLR7, MDA5, IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-8, and CXCLi1 in the testes of NDV-infected roosters at 5 days post-infection (dpi). Severe histological changes, including decrease in the number of Sertoli cells and individualized, shrunken spermatogonia with pyknotic nuclei, were observed at 3 dpi. At 5 dpi, the spermatogenic columns were disorganized, and there were fewer cells, which were replaced by necrotic cells, lipid vacuoles, and proteinaceous homogenous material. A significant decrease in the plasma concentrations of testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) and the mRNA expression of their receptors in the testes, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme, and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the NDV-infected group was observed relative to those in the control group (P < 0.05). Collectively, these results indicate that NDV infection induces a severe inflammatory response and histological changes, which decrease the steroidogenesis.

Novel Polymeric Micelles-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for In Vivo Bioimaging of Liver: Toxicological Profile and Contrast Enhancement

Magnetic nanoparticles are intensively studied for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as contrast agents but yet there remained some gaps regarding their toxicity potential and clinical implications of their biodistribution in organs. This study presents the effects induced by magnetite nanoparticles encapsulated in polymeric micelles (MNP-DSPE-PEG) on biochemical markers, metabolic functions, and MRI signal in CD1 mice liver. Three groups of animals, one control and the other ones injected with a suspension of five, respectively, 15 mg Fe/kg bw nanoparticles, were monitored up to 14 days. The results indicated the presence of MNP-DSPE-PEG in the liver in the first two days of the experiment. The most significant biochemical changes also occurred in the first 3 days after exposure when the most severe histological changes were observed. The change of the MRI signal intensity on the T2-weighted images and increased transverse relaxation rates R2 in the liver were observed after the first minutes from the nanoparticle administration. The study shows that the alterations of biomarkers level resulting from exposure to MNP-DSPE-PEG are restored in time in mice liver. This was associated with a significant contrast on T2-weighted images and made us conclude that these nanoparticles might be potential candidates for use as a contrast agent in liver medical imaging.

P1025HISTOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL FINDINGS IN ADULT AUTOPSIES OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS WITH OR WITHOUT DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Abstract Background and Aims Few studies have analyzed early lesions of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in those patients who do not have clinical signs of this involvement, since the indication of renal biopsy is usually performed in patients with significant renal manifestations.The aim of the study was to analyze renal histological lesions from autopsies of diabetic patients with or without clinical expression of DN. Thus, we analyze their correlation according to the presence or absence of proteinuria (albumin/creatinine to ratio &amp;gt; 300). Autopsies from non-diabetic patients was used as a control group. Method Kidneys from autopsies of 21 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 4 non-diabetic controls were analyzed by two pathologists. The histological lesions score of DN was performed according to the classification of Tervaert et al. (JASN. 2010; 21: 556–63), and a description of histological findings, clinical and analytical data were made. Results The mean glomeruli per sample was: 170 ±88. Patient demographics of autopsies: mean age 76 ± 11 years, mean duration of diabetes 6.08 ± 3.2 years (20%&amp;gt; 10 years). Last known eGFR: 51 ± 28, HbA1c: 7.3 ± 1.9%. Albuminuria and cardiovascular disease were present in 42% and 60% of patients with T2DM. Histological and clinical data are shown in Table and Graphics. Conclusion A high percentage of diabetics without early clinical lesions of DN (albuminuria) already express moderate to severe histological changes, especially severe mesangial expansion and severe glomerular vascular lesions. The control group showed minimal histological lesions except for mild expansion of the mesangium and inflammation associated with IFTA. Our data suggest renal involvement in T2DM is present in earlier stages (patients without albuminuria). Therefore, early metabolic control is important, as well as other risk factors that may influence in the development of DN. Large sample size studies are pending to confirm these data.

Ablation of Myeloid Cell MRP8 Ameliorates Nephrotoxic Serum-induced Glomerulonephritis by Affecting Macrophage Characterization through Intraglomerular Crosstalk

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and one of its endogenous ligands myeloid-related protein 8 (MRP8 or S100A8), especially expressed in macrophages, play an important role in diabetic nephropathy and autoimmune disorders. However, detailed mechanisms and consequence of MRP8 expression remain unknown, partly due to embryonic lethality of MRP8 knockout mice. In this study, Myeloid lineage cell-specific MRP8 knockout mice were generated, and nephrotoxic serum-induced glomerulonephritis was developed. Mice with conditional ablation of MRP8 gene in myeloid cells exhibited less severe histological damage, proteinuria and inflammatory changes compared to control mice. Mechanism of MRP8 upregulation was investigated using cultured cells. Co-culture of macrophages with mesangial cells or mesangial cell-conditioned media, but not with proximal tubules, markedly upregulated MRP8 gene expression and inflammatory M1 phenotype in macrophages, which was attenuated in MRP8-deleted bone marrow-derived macrophages. Effects of MRP8 deletion was further studied in the context of macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle), which is critically involved in maintenance of M1 phenotype of macrophages. MRP8 ablation in myeloid cells suppressed the induction of Mincle expression on macrophages in glomerulonephritis. Thus, we propose that intraglomerular crosstalk between mesangial cells and macrophages plays a role in inflammatory changes in glomerulonephritis, and MRP8-dependent Mincle expression in macrophage may be involved in the process.

ASSESSMENT OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES TOXICITY AND THE POSSIBLE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ADMINISTRATION OF VITAMIN C ON FILIFORM AND CIRCUMVALLATE TONGUE PAPILLAE OF ALBINO RATS HISTOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICALLY STUDY

Introduction: Silver nanoparticles have been used in many fields as catalysts, textile engineering, electronics, optics, and most importantly in the medical field as a bactericidal and as a therapeutic agent. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the toxic effect of silver nanoparticles on filiform and circumvallate tongue papilla of albino rats. In addition to reveal the effect of administration of vitamin c as an antioxidant to overcome this toxicity. Materials and methods: Twenty-eight male Albino rats weighing 200-250 grams were divided into two groups; the control and the experimental groups. The experimental group which is divided into two subgroups, subgroup I receiving silver nanoparticles and subgroup II receiving silver nanoparticles and vitamin c. Animals were kept for 28 days, then rats tongue were dissected and processed to be stained by H & E and examined immunohistochemically for BCL-2. Results: Histological examination of the circumvallate and filiform papillae showed changes in the general outline with apparent thinning of the covering epithelium and overlying keratin layer. In the CVP there was degeneration of some taste cells while in the filiform papilla there were few epithelial cell vacuolations observed specially in the prickle cells layer. On the other hand, vitamin c group showed better histological picture and minimized apoptotic changes. Conclusion: Using of silver nanoparticles caused severe histological and apoptotic changes in the filiform and circumvallate papillae, while using of antioxidants as vitamin c reverse this toxic effect of silver nanoparticles by minimizing the severity of both histological and apoptotic changes.

Protective effects of Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) on Methotrexate induced morphological changes in the liver of albino mice.

Background. Drugs induced liver injury is a major health problem.1 Methotrexate which is antagonist of folic acid is used to treat different types of neoplasms, rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis.2 The therapeutic applications of Methotrexate is usually limited by its severe Hepatotoxicity. Herbs play important role for the treatment of various liver diseases.3 Turmeric (Curcuma Longa L, zingiberaceae) is used to treat cancer, inflammatory disorders, hepatitis and other liver disorders, skin diseases, Alzheimer’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis.4 Study Design: Laboratory based randomized controlled trial. Setting: Animal House of IBMS (Institute of Basic Medical Science), by the permission of Ethical Committee of (KMU) Khyber Medical University Hayatabad Peshawar. Period: March to September 2018. Material &amp; Methods. 28 adult male albino mice were divided into control Group A and experimental Groups B,C and D. Group B was given Turmeric extract per oral (400mg /kg) daily for 14 days. Group C was given Injection Methotrexate (40mg/kg) intraperitoneally (I.P) on day 7. Group D was given Turmeric extract per oral (400mg /kg) daily for 7 days as pre administration to injection Methotrexate and on day 7 injection Methotrexate (40mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally (I.P) and Turmeric extract per oral (400mg/kg) was given daily for further 7 days as post administration to injection Methotrexate. Histological slides were prepared to see the effects of Turmeric plus Methotrexate on diameter of central vein and congestion in central vein. Results: The histological examination of liver sections of control group. A showed normal appearance of central vein. In Turmeric treated group (Group B) also no obvious histological changes were observed. Examination of liver tissue of Group C (Methotrexate group) showed severe histological changes which include dilation and congestion of central vein. Group D (Methotrexate + Turmeric group) showed significant reduction in dilation and congestion of central vein. Conclusion: This study is in accordance with other studies in which different types of herbals showed protective effects on Methotrexate induced liver damage.

Nigella sativa (black seed) oil ameliorates CCl4 -induced hepatotoxicity and mediates neurotransmitter levels in male Sprague Dawley albino rats.

The liver is a metabolically active organ which is prone to oxidative damage. The hepatoprotective effect of Nigella sativa (black seed oil extract) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 )-induced hepatotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley albino ratswas determined. There were four groups of eight rats; Group 1 (control) was administered with distilled water for 28days, Group 2 was administered with 4ml/kg of CCl4 (70% olive oil: 30% CCl4 ) on alternate days for 28days. Group 3 was administered with 4ml/kg of CCl4 (70% olive oil: 30% CCl4 ) and 2ml/kg of Nigella sativa oil orally for 28days. Group 4 was administered with 4ml/kg of CCl4 (70% Olive oil: 30% CCl4 ) and 4ml/kg of Nigella sativa oil orally for 28days. Blood samples were collected for biochemical assessment. Liver, kidney, and brain tissues were determinedfor antioxidant enzymes and histopathological features. There were significant ameliorative effects of the oil extract in the treatment groups compared to control (p<.05). PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Nigella sativa (black seed oil) also known as Habbatus sauda has been used for therapeutic and nutritional purposes for decades due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities. It is a potent brain tonic due to the presence of linoleic, palmitic, oleic, eicosapentanoic (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA), hence, may enhance brain and heart functions. This research analysis carried out on the neurotransmitter (glutamate and GABA) levels showed a significant decrease at p<.05 in the group administered with CCl4 alone, which was reversed significantly upon the administration of Nigella sativa oil. The histological features reported in the current study correlated with the biochemical parameters. The CCl4 induced severe histological changes on the hepatic, renal, and brain tissues, which, was ameliorated by the Nigella sativa oil administration. The administration of Nigella sativa oil exerted a protective effect on the brain, liver, and kidney during CCl4 -induced oxidative stress.

Molecular, biochemical and histopathological studies on the ameliorative effect of vitamin C on the renal and muscle tissues of Nile tilapia fish ( Oreochromis niloticus ) affected by the usage of engine oil

The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of vitamin C on the performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) affected by the usage of engine oil. A total of 120 tilapia fish were randomly divided into four equal groups according to dietary treatments applied for 3 weeks: group I (control); group II was exposed to engine oil; group III was exposed to engine oil and supplemented with vitamin C: and group IV was fed only a diet supplemented with vitamin C. According to our results, the group exposed to engine oil (II) showed an induced elevation of kidney function parameters, an upregulation of CYP1A1 mRNA expression level, a reduction in antioxidant status (SOD, GSH) and severe abnormal histological and ultra-structural changes in the head kidney, trunk kidney and muscle tissue. Supplementation of group III with vitamin C ameliorated the toxic effect induced by engine oil through improvement of kidney function parameters, elevation of the antioxidant status of tissue and improvement of the histological images of renal and muscle tissues. In conclusion, vitamin C has the ability to ameliorate engine oil oxidative stress toxicity in Nile tilapia.