Severity Of Crime Research Articles

Evidence vs. Professional Judgment in Ranking \u201cPower Few\u201d Crime Targets: a Comparative Analysis

Research questionHow accurately can local police officers use professional judgement to identify the highest-crime street locations and offenders with the most crime and harm, in comparison to an evidence-based rank-ordering of all possible locations and names derived from police force records?DataA face-to-face survey was conducted in groups with a purposive convenience sample of 123 operational police officers to ask their professional judgement for selecting the ten most crime-prone streets and suspected offenders in their command areas. Separate rankings by crime harm were also requested. Cambridgeshire Constabulary crime and confirmed suspect reports were analysed to create the same lists the officers were asked to provide.MethodsThe study compared results of surveys of police officers asked to name the top 10 streets and offenders for volume and harm of crimes committed in each policing area to the top ten lists generated by comprehensive and systematic analysis of reported crimes.FindingsThe top ten lists generated by officers were highly inaccurate compared to the lists produced by comprehensive analysis of crime and charging records. Officers surveyed were 91% inaccurate in naming the most prolific suspected offenders in their areas and 95% inaccurate in naming the most harmful suspected offenders. Officers were slightly less inaccurate in naming the streets in their areas with the highest frequency of crimes (77% incorrect) and the greatest severity of crimes (74% incorrect). Officers in urban areas (N = 42) were substantially more accurate than officers working in semi-rural areas (N = 30) in identifying streets with the highest crime frequency (Cohen’s d = 0.9; p = .00) and highest total harm (Cohen’s d = 1.3; p = .00), but urban officers still failed to name about two-thirds of the most harmful streets.ConclusionsPolice officers can benefit from evidence-based targeting analysis to help them decide where their proactive and preventive work can be deployed with the greatest benefit.

CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF A JUVENILE PERSON ON BREAKING OF TRAFFIC REGULATIONS

In implementing of the norms provided for by the section 260, article 2 of the of the Republic of Latvia Criminal Law into practice (for breaking of traffic provisions or provisions regarding vehicle operation, if it has been committed by a person operating a vehicle and as a result thereof serious bodily injury has been caused to the victim or death of a person has been caused thereby, the applicable punishment is deprivation of liberty for a period up to eight years, with deprivation of the driver’s licence for a period up to five years), the legislator has not taken into account that this violation may be committed by a minor. It results from the analysis of the provisions of Section 260, article 2, section 7, article 3, and section 65, article 2 stems that section 260, article 2 is a less serious crime, for which a minor is not punishable with deprivation of liberty – the sole main punishment intended by the sanction of the provision in question. Therefore, the appropriate punishment for the committing of such a crime resulting in a death of a person and/or serious bodily injury that threatens the life of a person cannot be applied to a juvenile person. With respect to the specifics of criminal liability of juvenile persons for the violation of section 260, article 2 as it is laid down by the Criminal Law the basic punishment – imprisonment for a period exceeding eight years – is not applicable to juvenile persons. Only the additional punishment of deprivation of the driver’s licence for a period of up to five years, which is disproportionate to the harm caused. In order to enable the application of the basic punishment for the committing of the crime as set out by section 260, article 2 of the Criminal Law ( legal effects: death of a person and/or serious bodily injury), it is necessary to amend the sanction of section 260, , article 2 to the imprisonment for a period exceeding eight years. Subsequently, such an amendment would re-classify the crime as a severe crime committed through negligence and for the committing which the basic punishment – imprisonment would be applicable, as it was most likely intended by the legislator.

Disparity Analysis of Judge’s Decisions of The Crime of Premeditated Murder

Abstract: This study aims to find out the Disparity analysis of judges' decisions on the crime of premeditated murder in Decision Number 7/Pid.Sus-Anak/PN.Kbj and Decision Number 1/Pid.Sus-Anak/2016/PN.Gto. The method used in this research was normative legal research. The approach used a legal approach or a statute approach and a case approach. The judge in making a decision, of course, first sees whether the act committed by the child is intentional or unintentional so that it can be seen by a judge when enforcing Restitave Justice where one way to move the legal process through the courts is to become a legal settlement outside the court by involving the victim's family as the most important element in the settlement of a crime. However, if you look at the crimes against children that have been committed, diversion efforts are not enforced because the child has committed a very severe crime. The community needs to understand that inequality or disparity is not a bad thing but it is natural for clear legal reasons except arbitrarily, this is normal and is not prohibited by the legal system in Indonesia. The community needs to be informed in advance about the background of the emergence of disparities in decision-making.Keywords: Disparity Analysis, Murder;

Humanitarian Aid and the Responsibility to Protect: NGOs between Neutrality and Instrumentalization

By endorsing the Responsibility to Protect (R2P), the UN General Assembly aimed to protect civilians from severe crimes. The state-centric discourse in the International Relations discipline often ignores that humanitarian non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are also expected to contribute to the implementation of R2P. However, R2P also suggests that humanitarian NGOs could play an important role in the prevention of and reaction to such crimes against humanity, and thus places them in a context of military-led “humanitarian interventions”. This changes the conditions under which humanitarian NGOs provide humanitarian aid: it threatens their neutrality and risks that other actors perceive them as being instrumentalized. NGOs react by discussing what R2P means; in general, for the practice of humanitarian aid, and for the NGOs’ role of protecting people against severe crimes in situations of armed conflict and violence. This article identifies different positions of and within humanitarian NGOs on these issues. The analysis also shows that R2P urges humanitarian NGOs to reflect more on their political role and on their potential to protect civilians and promote peace.

Predicting criminality with social perspective taking, attachment relationship, anger, impulsivity and depression

Summary Criminality and what turns a person into a criminal has been a moral, legal and psychological debate. Existing literature has been faithful with exploring different sides to the nature of criminality, either by tracking criminals’ history of personal experiences or investigating their brain functions. In a different approach, this paper administers a behavioral perspective to studying the criminal tendency of human beings by processing scales that are strictly unidimensional in order to predict a criminal's number of crimes committed and severity of such crimes. The researchers argue that approaches to criminality through personal history is fundamentally flawed because an abstract variable such as a person's past is impossible to be randomized, quantified, and measured ethically. By creating and measuring six psychological and behavioral factors (social perspective-taking (intelligence stage), attachment relationship, anger, impulsivity , depression, and lying tendency) with unidimensional scales, the researchers were able to identify current factors and interactions between factors that are able to predict a criminal's counts and severity with a reliable strength ( r = 0.819 and r = 0.993).

Acid Attack: No More A Gender Specific Menace

A significant number of acid attack victims are men but those cases generally go unreported, the society has sympathy for the female acid attack survivors but fails to address the issue when male victims are involved. Their cases are neither highlighted nor their issues addressed. The violence devastates the victim, disfigures and disables them. Men hardly receive any co-operation from legal system. It is surprising how as a society we discriminate the agony of a person if one’s gender is male. In case of acid attacks on men, the reasons are basically revenge and jealousy. Acid attacks are heinous crime, irrespective of the gender who suffers because of it. We need to understand that acid attack against men generally are under reported but this does not lessens the severity of crime or the trauma that the victim has to face.

Konsep Islam Dalam Merehabilitasi Pecandu Narkoba

Khamer and all intoxicants (drugs and the like) are the culprits of all evil. The picture of the negative influence of drugs is so terrible. A person who consumes drugs can commit any crime, from the lightest crime to the most severe crime. Drug abuse is rampant in all circles, especially teenagers and children. Even though they are a generation of people who will replace the leadership relay in the future. Actually these concerns are also experienced by parents or families who have family members as victims of drug abuse, but most victims’ families do not know the solution to cure victims of drug addiction. Therefore, Islam as a natural religion is present to save them from the snares of drugs. Islam is truly present to position humanity in its noble place, birth and mind, soul and body both when they are alive and when they have died. The main points of Islamic teachings, such as prayer, fasting, charity and other services have many benefits and become the most effective therapy for body health, faith, intelligence, intelligence, and moral glory. The rehabilitative process is a continuation of the curative process. For drug addicts, by carrying out Islamic Shariâa teachings continuously (mudawamah) then by Allah SWT permission they will truly be released from the snares of drugs and their lives become more calm, peaceful, and comfortable. Islamic-style treatment methods for mental disorders and drug addiction become an alternative, even now many are used as references by the National Narcotics Agency. Because in addition to the method which is considered effective, easy, and simple also has no side effects compared to using medical rehabilitation methods. This method of treatment is merely an attempt and be aware to get healing. With full confidence that Allah SWT is the only One Who heals all kinds of diseases, there is no disease in this world that is not found in medicine, both physical and mental illness

Incidence of future arrests in adults involved in the criminal justice system with opioid use disorder receiving extended release naltrexone compared to treatment as usual

BackgroundCriminal justice involved (CJS) populations with opioid use disorder (OUD) have high rates of relapse, future arrests, and death upon release. While medication for OUD (MOUD) reduces opioid relapse, concerns regarding diversion and stigma limit treatment in CJS populations. Extended release naltrexone (XR-NTX), as an opioid antagonist, may be more acceptable to CJS administrators. However, the impact of XR-NTX on criminal recidivism remains unknown. MethodsArrest data from a published randomized trial comparing XR-NTX to treatment as usual (TAU) was captured by self-report and official state arrest records. Comparisons of future arrests, time to first arrest and total number of arrests were performed using chi square tests and multivariable generalized regression models. Secondary outcomes explored differences in arrests by type and severity of crime, use of opioid and other drugs, and study phase. ResultsOf 308 participants randomized, 300 had arrest data. The incidence of arrests did not differ between XR-NTX (47.6%) and TAU (42.5%) participants. (ChiSq p = 0.37). Additionally, there was no significant difference in time to first arrest (adjusted HR 1.35, CI 0.96–1.89) and number of arrests per participant (adjusted IR 1.33, CI 0.78–2.27). Controlling for gender, age, previous criminal activity, and use of non-opioid drugs, logistic regression demonstrated no significant difference in incidence of arrests between groups (adjusted OR 1.38, 95% CI 0.85–2.22). ConclusionsWe detected no significant difference in arrests between CJS participants with OUD randomized to XR-NTX or TAU. Despite its efficacy in reducing opioid use, XR-NTX alone may be insufficient to reduce criminal recidivism.

Trials by Peers: The Ebb and Flow of the Criminal Jury in France and Belgium

The participation of lay jurors in criminal courts has known much ebb and flow both in France and in Belgium. These two countries belong to the civil law tradition, where juries are the exception rather than the rule in criminal trials, and they only exist in criminal cases, not civil cases. In spite of some similarities, there are substantial differences between the two countries, and their systems will be examined in turn. In France, the Cour d’assises itself was inherited from the French Revolution. Since a law of 1941, it is a mixed jury system, meaning that lay citizens sit together with professional judges, The Cour adjudicates severe crimes only, mostly rapes and murders. A pilot program extended lay participation to criminal courts beyond the Cour d’assises, but was stopped and resulted in the reduction of the number of lay citizens on the Cour d’assises. In Belgium, the institution of the criminal jury in the Cour d’assises is enshrined in the Belgian Constitution. Up until 2016, it functioned as a “true” jury, in the sense that only lay citizens sat on the jury, without the participation of professional judges. A 2016 reform allowed for the reclassification of crimes into lesser offenses within the competence of the criminal courts, with very few exceptions. Additionally, from February 2016 on, judges deliberate with lay citizens on the guilt of the accused. The paper will explain the reasons for these changes and evolution of the participation of lay citizens in the criminal jury in France and Belgium, and include a few remarks about the future for lay participation in these two countries, since there are several current proposals on the table, both in France and in Belgium.

Male Sexual Victimization: Examining Variation in the Probability of Weapon Use and Victim Injury.

The sexual victimization of adult males remains an understudied subject within criminology. Prior research has generally been restricted to descriptive analysis of small clinical samples and inmate populations. Using general strain theory (GST), this study examines the simultaneous influence of community- and incident-level factors on the likelihood of weapon use and victim injury in cases of adult male sexual victimization. This study applies hierarchical generalized linear modeling (HGLM) to 2,155 cases of sexual victimization of adult males nested within 113 U.S. cities. Community-level data are procured from the 2011-2015 American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year summary file and incident-level data are taken from cases of sexual violence contained in the 2011-2015 National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). Findings demonstrate moderate support for GST as a framework through which to examine male sexual victimization, as community levels of disadvantage/violence and ethnic heterogeneity, as well as offender gender, race, intoxication, and weapon use each exhibit statistically significant relations with crime severity. This study finds that community and situational context are each important in predicting weapon use and victim injury, demonstrating the need to further explore male sexual victimization from a multilevel perspective.

Helplessness and Hopelessness in Adolescents who Commit Sexual and Nonsexual Crimes

ABSTRACTThe authors’ purpose was to test the relationship of helplessness and hopefulness to experienced trauma, as well to explore the role of these emotions to sexual and nonsexual criminal behaviors among 332 residential youths adjudicated for sexual crimes. All subtypes of trauma measured were positively correlated with helplessness, whereas hopelessness was not associated with sexual or physical abuse. Helplessness was associated with the severity of sexual crimes, as well as the commission of multiple nonsexual crimes. Hopelessness was not associated to any sexual crime characteristics and only associated with general delinquency and property damage. In the regression models, controlling for trauma, helplessness predicted sexual and nonsexual criminality, and hopelessness predicted nonsexual criminality. Implications for practice, policy, and research are discussed.

ALARMING SIGNALS OF DRUG ADDICTION AMONG THE SOUTHERN YOUTHS IN BANGLADESH: A SURVEY BASED RESEARCH

Background: Drug addiction is a serious public health crisis which affects almost every sphere in a community in a way or another and this in turn can possibly lead to social disharmony, severe crimes, degraded social status and most possibly physical and mental health deterioration. The sole purpose of our study was aimed to analyze the current awful situation of drug addiction at four different southern cities of Bangladesh. Methods: This cross sectional health based survey was carried out with a self-designed standard questionnaire by manual data collection over a nine months period (12.09.2015 to 10.04.2016) at four adjacent cities Gopalganj, Khulna, Bagerhat and Narail respectively. Total 300 substance abusers were investigated by majorly visiting at their home and sometimes visiting the places where they usually take drugs. Descriptive statistics were applied to the collected data and analyzed using Microsoft Excel software. Results: In this cross sectional study we observed that, 82% addicts are predominantly young males mostly between the ages of 10-30. About 48% are addicted by cannabis, 19% and 17% by yaba and phensedyl respectively. In case of first starting of drug use curiosity, surrounding environment were the primary reason and cannabis as their first drug (61%) followed by phensedyl (16%). At least 53% addict's relayed on locality like friends and 30% used local dealers as a main source to collect these abused drugs. Healthy financial support is very important for collecting abused drugs and 30% addicts spend pocket money, 23% job, 20% business source to buy these costly substances. Although it is important to mention that 61% addicts are compromising either physical or psychological complications but it is one of good symptoms to observe that more than 60% of drug addicts are trying to give up addiction forming agents in these days. Conclusion: In recent years drug addiction has significantly increased in the whole world especially in South Asian countries. It must be emphasized as an alarming sign by the government as well as awareness among the peoples are very essential to stop this critical condition from affecting our future young leaders.
 Keywords: Drug; Addiction; Youths; Bangladesh.

Effects of practice on Lukacs' (2016) countermeasures (CMs) to the P300-based Complex Trial Protocol (CTP) for detection of concealed information

Restrictive deterrence refers to the strategies offenders use to reduce their risk in response to sanctions. It occurs when offenders reduce the frequency, severity, or duration of their offending, or displace their crimes temporally, spatially, or tactically. We summarize and synthesize qualitative research focused on restrictive deterrence.We conduct a qualitative meta-synthesis (QMS) on research on restrictive deterrence with the aims of integrating, comparing, and translating findings across 17 studies. The studies examine restrictive deterrence in drug dealing, prostitution and auto-theft. The method reveals coherent themes and provides interpretations spanning the works to guide further investigation.Offenders use strategies for avoidance and management of arrest risk and mitigation of punishment in response to sanction threats. Their advance plans and mental preparations structure crime choices. However, both their decisions and their strategies are subject to many influences including variable frictions, restricted options, and bounded rationality.Reductions in offending from deterrent efforts, including the frequency, duration and severity of crime is crime-contingent and partially offset by offenders becoming more embedded in criminal networks and emboldened as they perceive their adaptations as effective.

Cast into doubt: Free will and the justification for punishment.

Criminal punishment is justified on either retributive or consequential grounds. The retributive justification is premised on a common-sense view of free will: offenders can freely choose to commit crimes and so deserve blame for their actions. The consequentialist justification, in contrast, is not necessarily premised on the free will concept, but rather justifies punishment when it is the most cost-effective way of preventing crime. Science elucidating the mechanistic causes of human behavior has thrown the notion of free will into doubt, leading some to predict a shift in public support away from retribution towards consequentialism. Past research shows that free will doubt weakens support for retribution, but less is known about its effects on support for consequentialism, or about whether these effects differ across the crime severity spectrum. In this study, we explore the effects of free will doubt on support for retribution and consequentialism in response to three different categories of crime - drug crime, property crime, and violent crime - which have been shown to evoke varying levels of emotion. We find clear inconsistencies across the crime spectrum. For high affect crime, free will doubt weakens support for retribution via blame, and increases support for consequentialism. For low affect crime, free will doubt weakens support for retribution to an even greater extent, yet also decreases support for consequentialism via blame. These findings suggest that, as science reveals the mechanistic causes of criminal behavior, support for criminal punishment will decrease, especially with respect to less serious crimes.

Instytucja przedawnienia karalności a działalność Policyjnych Zespołów ds. Przestępstw Niewykrytych, tzw. policyjnych Archiwów X

Policyjne Zespoły ds. Przestępstw Niewykrytych, zwane potocznie policyjnymi Archiwami X, na stałe wpisały się już w strukturę polskich organów ścigania, stanowiąc istotny element instrumentarium państwa w walce z przestępczością. Grupom tym powierzono szczególny rodzaj spraw. Do ich właściwości należą przypadki najcięższych zbrodni (przede wszystkim zabójstw) oraz niewyjaśnionych zdarzeń, popełnionych przed wieloma laty, umorzonych z wynikiem negatywnym – z powodu niewykrycia sprawcy lub braku dostatecznych dowodów jego winy. W niniejszym artykule podjęto próbę ukazania specyfiki spraw podejmowanych przez policyjne Archiwa X. Zwrócono też uwagę na to, jak silnie w pracy tego rodzaju zespołów zaznacza się obecność instytucji przedawnienia karalności przestępstw. Wzgląd na skutki, jakie niesie ze sobą upływ związanych z nią terminów, nie tylko legł u podstaw decyzji o utworzeniu policyjnych Archiwów X, lecz także wywiera wpływ na ich działania w wielu obszarach.

Juror perceptions of false confessions versus witness recantations

In false confessions, someone confesses to a crime but then later retracts that confession, whereas in witness recantations, an eyewitness testifies but then later revokes that testimony. The revocations are conceptually similar, but they differ in the author of the revocation – the defendant versus a third party. The current study examines differences in juror perceptions of the legitimacy of false confessions versus witness recantations, and also takes contextual influences (coercion and crime severity) into account. False confessions were found to be judged more harshly than witness recantations, but, surprisingly, levels of coercion and the severity of the crime did not influence decision-making in the manner that the original hypotheses predicted. Implications for the application of this research are discussed.

Initiating buprenorphine treatment prior to versus after release from prison: Arrest outcomes

BackgroundThis secondary analysis of a randomized trial examines the association between initiation of buprenorphine treatment prior to, versus post-release, and rearrests during the 12-months following release. MethodsOfficial rearrest data (N = 199) for the 12-months post-release were examined. Four outcomes were measured: (1) rearrested (yes/no), (2) time to rearrest, (3) number of rearrests, and (4) severity of charges (less severe vs. severe). ResultsA minority (43.1%) of the sample were rearrested (N = 91). There were no significant differences between study conditions in the proportion of rearrested participants [P = 0.28] nor in the mean number of arrests [P = 0.15]. Likewise, the condition was not a significant predictor of the hazard of rearrest [p = 0.10]. The mean number of days until rearrest for the in prison vs. post-release buprenorphine conditions were not significantly different (205.8 days (SD = 104.6) vs. 170.8 days (SD = 113.1), respectively; P = 0.13]. Treatment condition was not a significant predictor of the likelihood of rearrest for a severe crime compared to a less severe crime [P = 0.09]. ConclusionDespite the parent study finding of higher rates of post-release drug treatment entry in the group assigned to start buprenorphine treatment prior to, compared to post-release, there were no significant differences in the proportion of individuals arrested, the mean number of arrests, the time to first arrest, or the severity of their charges.

Be Careful What You Wish For: The Comparative Impacts of Juvenile versus Criminal Court Sanctions on Recidivism among Adolescent Felony Offenders

Three decades of legislative activism have resulted in a broad expansion of states' authority to transfer adolescent offenders from juvenile to criminal (adult) courts. At the same time that legislatures have broadened the range of statutes and lowered the age thresholds for eligibility for transfer, states also have reallocated discretion away from judges and instituted simplified procedures that permit prosecutors to elect whether adolescents are prosecuted and sentenced in juvenile or criminal court. These developments reflect popular and political concerns that relatively lenient or attenuated punishment in juvenile court violates proportionality principles for serious crimes committed by adolescents, and is ineffective at deterring or controlling future crimes. This legislative activism has reshaped the boundaries of the juvenile court, and animated calls for its elimination. Yet these developments have taken place in a near vacuum of empirical analysis of the efficacy of these measures to increase punishment or reduce crime. Jurisprudential analyses of the fit between the traditional doctrines of immaturity and reduced culpability of juveniles also has lagged far behind the pace of legislative change. The redrawing of the boundaries of the juvenile court also has not reflected new knowledge on adolescent development, the legal socialization of adolescents, and their responsiveness to criminal sanctions. The new boundaries of the juvenile court also threaten to reify and intensify social and racial dimensions of criminal punishment. To address these questions, we conducted a natural experiment to assess whether prosecuting and sentencing adolescent felony offenders in the criminal court leads to harsher punishment, and whether that harsher punishment translates into improved public safety. We show that serious adolescent offenders prosecuted in the criminal court are likely to be rearrested more quickly and more often for violent, property and weapons offenses, and they are more often and more quickly returned to incarceration. Adolescents prosecuted and punished in the juvenile court are more likely to be rearrested for drug offenses. These results suggest that law and policy facilitating wholesale waiver or categorical exclusion of certain groups of adolescents based solely on offense and age, are ineffective at both specific deterrence of serious crime, despite political rhetoric insisting the opposite. Such laws may increase the risk of serious crimes by adolescents and young adults, by heavily mortgaging their possibilities to deflect their criminal behavioral trajectory and enter a path of prosocial human development. Returning to a discretionary, judge-centered transfer policy, rather than wholesale waiver or surgical exclusion of entire categories of adolescent offenders, would limit the number of youth subjected to criminal court prosecution and harsh punishment conditions in adult corrections. A policy of discretionary transfer of only the most serious offenders, whose eligibility for transfer would be transparently assessed with full access to evidence and expertise, would ensure proportional punishment for the few adolescents whose severe crimes demand greater punishment than is available in the juvenile court, and whose punishment as juveniles might corrode the legitimacy of the juvenile court.

When Being Nice or Being Smart Could Bring You Down: Compensatory Dynamics in Strategic Self-presentation

Research shows that the two fundamental dimensions of social perception, warmth and competence, are often negatively related in our perceptions of others, the so-called compensation effect. The current experiments investigate people’s use of such compensation when self-presenting strategically to reach a desired goal. In Experiment 1, participants applying for a qualified job emphasized their competence while downplaying their warmth. In Experiments 2 and 3, participants role-playing as crime witnesses similarly attenuated their warmth relative to their competence. In contrast, in Experiment 3, participants in the role of suspects of a severe crime chose to downplay their competence. Results suggest that self-presenters are sensitive to warmth-competence dynamics in social perception as a means to promote the optimal self-image given their specific goals.

La gravité des faits comme condition à l’internement

In Belgium, individuals who commit an offense in a state of mental insanity are sanctioned to a compulsory care measure. This law has been recently revised in order to restrict the scope of this legal sanction. From now on, only offenses that include a “physical or psychological threat” are considered. The idea was to prevent less serious offenses to lead to a compulsory care who generally last many years. In the present study, we examined the index offense of 153 forensic psychotic patients. We correlated crime severity with psychopathology and risk measures. Results indicate that there is no correlation between crime seriousness and psychopathology, and that there is no correlation between crime seriousness and estimates. As expected, psychopathology and risk estimates do correlate. About one out of six forensic psychotic offenders could not be interned with this new criteria. There is no difference in psychopathology nor in risk estimates between patients who were interned for an offense including a psychological or physical threat from those who were interned from an offense without. Our findings suggest that it is possible that the new modification to the law will not reach its purpose and it is unsure whether these patients will easily find proper care within the current (compulsory) mental health system.