Severe Adverse Impact Research Articles

Adverse effects of criminal legal system involvement: a qualitative study examining the role of incarceration and reentry on substance use trajectories among women with opioid use disorders

BackgroundWomen with substance use disorders (SUDs) often experience adversity related to incarceration and reentry that can impact their substance use outcomes. This study aims to examine the adverse effects of incarceration and reentry on substance use outcomes among women with a history of opioid use disorder (OUD).MethodsWe carried out 42 semi-structured interviews (May–July 2022) with women with a history of criminal legal involvement and OUD (n = 20), criminal legal professionals (n = 10), and SUD treatment professionals (n = 12). The interviews focused on women’s substance use trajectories, barriers to treatment, and the intersection of the criminal legal system and treatment. None of the women were presently incarcerated during their interviews.ResultsParticipants expressed the severe adverse impact of criminal legal involvement on women with OUD. Many women felt traumatized by experiencing detox while incarcerated, especially as they received minimal aid for withdrawal symptoms. Women seeking recovery while incarcerated felt unsupported, being afforded few treatment options, and experiencing stigma. Reentering society after incarceration also posed significant challenges to women’s individual recovery goals. Reentry-related challenges such as returning to unsupportive environments, facing difficulties finding employment, lacking secure housing, and facing the stigma of incarceration triggered adverse outcomes, such as relapse among those who were seeking to avoid illicit substances.ConclusionsFindings suggest a need to evaluate detox protocols, medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) access, and stigma in the criminal legal system. Interventions facilitating women’s reentry, reducing the combined stigma of incarceration and OUD, and restoring agency for women with OUD are also needed.

Effects of Acupuncture-Point Stimulation on Perioperative Sleep Disorders: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis.

Perioperative sleep disorders exert a severe adverse impact on postoperative recovery. Recently, some observational studies reported that acupuncture-point stimulation (APS) provided benefits for promoting perioperative sleep quality. However, the effects of APS on perioperative sleep disorders following general anesthesia have not been thoroughly assessed by any systematic study and meta-analysis. Therefore, we conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to reveal the effects of APS on perioperative sleep disorders. Eight databases (Chinese: CNKI, VIP, CBM, and Wanfang; English: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library) were thoroughly searched to find randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that indicated a link between APS and the occurrence of perioperative sleep disorders. We applied RevMan 5.4 (Cochrane Collaboration) and Stata 16.0 (Stata Corp) to conduct our meta-analysis. In addition, the trial sequential analysis (TSA) tool was utilized to estimate the validity and reliability of the data. In this study, nine RCTs with 719 patients were conducted. Compared to the control group, APS significantly improved perioperative subjective sleep quality (SMD: -1.36; 95% CI: -1.71 to -1.01; P < 0.00001). Besides, it increased perioperative TST (preoperative period MD = 24.29, 95% CI: 6.4 to 42.18, P = 0.0008; postoperative period MD = 45.86, 95% CI: 30.00 to 61.71, P < 0.00001) and SE (preoperative MD = 3.62, 95% CI: 2.84 to 4.39, P < 0.00001; postoperative MD = 6.43, 95% CI: 0.95 to 11.73, P < 0.00001). The consequence of trial sequential analysis further confirmed the reliability of our meta-analysis results. According to the currently available evidence, APS could effectively improve perioperative sleep quality and play an essential role in decreasing the incidence of perioperative sleep disorders.

Green growth in the global south: How does metallic minerals affect GTFP enhancement?

Metallic mineral mining plays a pivotal role in the economic development of countries located in the Global South, necessitating a comprehensive assessment of its compatibility with environmentally sustainable progress. This study is grounded in an extensive analysis of panel datasets encompassing 134 nations in the Global South, spanning the years 2000–2019. We explore the impact of metallic mineral mining on GTFP by employing the system-generalized method of moments (SYS-GMM) approach. In addition, this study further conducts robustness and heterogeneity tests, and analyze the mediating and moderating effects. The principal findings are as follows: (1) The practice of metallic mineral mining exercises a dampening effect on the augmentation of GTFP, posing a significant challenge to the pursuit of environmentally sustainable economic progress; (2) Metallic mineral mining has the most severe adverse impact on GTFP in Latin America region; (3) Metallic mineral mining indirectly reduces GTFP by affecting the reduction of human capital levels; (4) The development of renewable energy and technological innovation have become potential antidotes to offset the adverse effects of metallic mineral mining on GTFP. Our research results offer practical and effective references for promoting sustainable green development in the Global South.

COVID vaccine: Social, menstrual and psychological aftermath

ObjectiveBeginning from the end of year 2019 till end of year 2021 the whole world has witnessed a calamity that shook every aspect of human life. Globally, countries were engrossed in developing the vaccine at the earliest. Several vaccines having Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) were distributed and administered, after assuring no severe adverse impact. However, certain side effects persist. These unforeseen outcomes led to vaccine hesitant behavior and even refusal to take a jab. In this context, the present study attempts to investigate the social, psychological and menstrual changes perceived after inoculation. Material and methodsCross-sectional observational study following the CHERRIES publication guidelines for the description of research results from web based surveys and questionnaires. ResultsThe study reveals that almost 40 % of the respondents have received some information relating to the impact that vaccine has on menstrual health and out of which almost 65% have received negative information. Moreover, 32% of the respondents were not very sure about the side effects or after effects of the vaccine. The inferential findings of this study suggest that COVID vaccine has affected the menstrual cycle, particularly cycle length and volume. Majorly, the impact of vaccine was reported by those who have already suffered from past menstrual illnesses. However, age, geographical demography and the type of vaccine injected does not significantly impact the menstrual homeostasis. ConclusionGeographical demography of respondents have significant impact on their perceived psychological stress after the vaccination. This study shows the significance of gender-based trials of vaccines in the coming future so that these unforeseen physiological and psychological ailments can be evaded.

Subjugation by superstition: Gender, small business and family in Bangladesh

AbstractThis feminist research explores how superstition is used by in‐law's family to subordinate women business‐owners in a highly patriarchal developing context. Whereas the exploration of gender subordination regarding women's entrepreneurship is almost exclusively confined to developed nations, little is known regarding the way women are subjugated in managing their small businesses in a patriarchal developing nation. This research generates data by conducting a case study on a woman's business in Bangladesh. This study yields unique insights by unfolding a specific form of superstition that attempts to restrain a woman from continuing her small business. The paper reveals that the male relative caused a severe adverse impact on the personal life and business of the woman by employing superstition. With particular reference to superstition, this feminist study substantially extends the theoretical understanding of gender subordination within the context of small businesses of women in a highly patriarchal developing nation. The research strongly suggests policymakers to consider familial issues of women business‐owners in designing programmes to empower them effectively.

COVID vaccine: Social, menstrual and psychological aftermath

ObjectiveBeginning from the end of year 2019 till end of year 2021 the whole world has witnessed a calamity that shook every aspect of human life. Globally, countries were engrossed in developing the vaccine at the earliest. Several vaccines having Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) were distributed and administered, after assuring no severe adverse impact. However, certain side effects persist. These unforeseen outcomes led to vaccine hesitant behavior and even refusal to take a jab. In this context, the present study attempts to investigate the social, psychological and menstrual changes perceived after inoculation. Material and methodsCross-sectional observational study following the CHERRIES publication guidelines for the description of research results from web based surveys and questionnaires. ResultsThe study reveals that almost 40 % of the respondents have received some information relating to the impact that vaccine has on menstrual health and out of which almost 65% have received negative information. Moreover, 32% of the respondents were not very sure about the side effects or after effects of the vaccine. The inferential findings of this study suggest that COVID vaccine has affected the menstrual cycle, particularly cycle length and volume. Majorly, the impact of vaccine was reported by those who have already suffered from past menstrual illnesses. However, age, geographical demography and the type of vaccine injected does not significantly impact the menstrual homeostasis. ConclusionGeographical demography of respondents have significant impact on their perceived psychological stress after the vaccination. This study shows the significance of gender-based trials of vaccines in the coming future so that these unforeseen physiological and psychological ailments can be evaded.

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Medical Oncology Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital

Objective: To assess the degree of impact the pandemic had on the Oncology Department regarding patient visits and elective procedures.&#x0D; Study Design: Comparative pre-post analysis study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Medical Oncology Department of Combined Military Hospital, Lahore Pakistan, from Oct to Dec 2019 before the pandemic, and then 2020 during the pandemic.&#x0D; Methodology: Data was collected from the Department regarding the number of outpatient visits, indoor admissions, new cases diagnosed, chemotherapies administered, blood transfusions, and various procedures like lumbar puncture, ascitic fluid paracentesis, pleural fluid drainage, etc.&#x0D; Results: Our study showed an overall decrease in all the study parameters. The average monthly Outpatient visits fell by 395 patients (55.6%). The new cases decreased by 25 patients (36.2%). The indoor admissions also came down by 17 patients (42.5%). Furthermore, the procedures performed in the Oncology department were also observed to have decreased.&#x0D; Conclusion: Oncology has suffered dramatically in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, with fewer patients visiting the hospital for their consultations, follow-ups, as well as treatments. This has resulted in a delay in diagnosis and treatment and has had a severe adverse psychological impact on the patients.Keywords: COVID-19, Elective procedures, Pandemic, Oncology.

Flufenamic Acid, a Promising Agent for the Sensitization of Colistin-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria to Colistin.

The continuous development of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria poses a serious risk to public health on a worldwide scale. Colistin is used as the last-line antibiotic for the treatment of MDR pathogens, and colistin-resistant (COL-R) bacterial emergence thus has the potential to have a severe adverse impact on patient outcomes. In this study, synergistic activity was observed when colistin and flufenamic acid (FFA) were combined and used for the in vitro treatment of clinical COL-R Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii strains, as shown by checkerboard and time-kill assays. Crystal violet staining and scanning electron microscopy revealed the synergistic action of colistin-FFA against biofilms. When used to treat murine RAW264.7 macrophages, this combination did not induce any adverse toxicity. Strikingly, the survival rates of bacterially infected Galleria mellonella larvae were improved by such combination treatment, which was also sufficient to reduce the measured bacterial loads in a murine thigh infection model. Mechanistic propidium iodide (PI) staining analysis further demonstrated the ability of these agents to alter bacterial permeability in a manner that enhanced the efficacy of colistin treatment. Together, these data thus demonstrate that colistin and FFA can be synergistically combined to combat the spread of COL-R Gram-negative bacteria, providing a promising therapeutic tool with the potential to protect against COL-R bacterial infections and improve patient outcomes. IMPORTANCE Colistin is a last-line antibiotic used for the treatment of MDR Gram-negative bacterial infections. However, increasing resistance to it has been observed during clinical treatment. In this work, we assessed the efficacy of the combination of colistin and FFA for the treatment of COL-R bacterial isolates, demonstrating that the combined treatment has effective antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. Due to its low cytotoxicity and good therapeutic effects in vitro, the colistin-FFA combination may be a potential candidate for research into a resistance-modifying agent to combat infections caused by COL-R Gram-negative bacteria.

Commercial visible-light protecting sunscreens for photosensitive individuals.

Visible light sensitivity can have a severe adverse impact on quality of life leading to withdrawal from social activity during daylight hours. Treatment options are limited and expensive. Commercially available sunscreens that provide visible light protection is of immediate practical importance, particularly for patients with Erythropoietic Protoporphyria (EPP) and Solar Urticaria as they experience intense symptoms of pain, burning, itch and urticarial rash or phototoxic erythema within seconds to minutes of even minor VL exposure.

A Novel Approach to Maritime Image Dehazing Based on a Large Kernel Encoder–Decoder Network with Multihead Pyramids

With the continuous increase in human–robot integration, battlefield formation is experiencing a revolutionary change. Unmanned aerial vehicles, unmanned surface vessels, combat robots, and other new intelligent weapons and equipment will play an essential role on future battlefields by performing various tasks, including situational reconnaissance, monitoring, attack, and communication relay. Real-time monitoring of maritime scenes is the basis of battle-situation and threat estimation in naval battlegrounds. However, images of maritime scenes are usually accompanied by haze, clouds, and other disturbances, which blur the images and diminish the validity of their contents. This will have a severe adverse impact on many downstream tasks. A novel large kernel encoder–decoder network with multihead pyramids (LKEDN-MHP) is proposed to address some maritime image dehazing-related issues. The LKEDN-MHP adopts a multihead pyramid approach to form a hybrid representation space comprising reflection, shading, and semanteme. Unlike standard convolutional neural networks (CNNs), the LKEDN-MHP uses many kernels with a 7 × 7 or larger scale to extract features. To reduce the computational burden, depthwise (DW) convolution combined with re-parameterization is adopted to form a hybrid model stacked by a large number of different receptive fields, further enhancing the hybrid receptive fields. To restore the natural hazy maritime scenes as much as possible, we apply digital twin technology to build a simulation system in virtual space. The final experimental results based on the evaluation metrics of the peak signal-to-noise ratio, structural similarity index measure, Jaccard index, and Dice coefficient show that our LKEDN-MHP significantly enhances dehazing and real-time performance compared with those of state-of-the-art approaches based on vision transformers (ViTs) and generative adversarial networks (GANs).

A review of sex differences in the mechanisms and drivers of overeating

Disordered eating is often associated with marked psychological and emotional distress, and severe adverse impact on quality of life. Several factors can influence eating behavior and drive food consumption in excess of energy requirements for homeostasis. It is well established that stress and negative affect contribute to the aetiology of eating disorders and weight gain, and there is substantial evidence suggesting sex differences in sub-clinical and clinical types of overeating. This review will examine how negative affect and stress shape eating behaviors, and how the relationship between the physiological, endocrine, and neural responses to stress and eating behaviors differs between men and women. We will examine several drivers of overeating and explore possible mechanisms underlying sex differences in eating behavior.

Estimating the impact of climate change on the potential distribution of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins with species distribution model.

As IUCN critically vulnerable species,the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) have attracted great public attention in recent years. The threats of human disturbance and environmental pollution to this population have been documented extensively. However, research on the sensitivity of this species to climate change is lacking. To understand the effect of climate change on the potential distribution of Sousa chinensis, we developed a weighted ensemble model based on 82 occurrence records and six predictor variables (e.g., ocean depth, distance to shore, mean temperature, salinity, ice thickness, and current velocity). According to the true skill statistic (TSS) and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), our ensemble model presented higher prediction precision than most of the single-algorithm models. It also indicated that ocean depth and distance to shore were the most important predictors in shaping the distribution patterns. The projections for the 2050s and 2100s from our ensemble model indicated a severe adverse impact of climate change on the Sousa chinensis habitat. Over 75% and 80% of the suitable habitat in the present day will be lost in all representative concentration pathway emission scenarios (RCPS) in the 2050s and 2100s, respectively. With the increased numbers of records of stranding and deaths of Sousa chinensis in recent years, strict management regulations and conservation plans are urgent to safeguard the current suitable habitats. Due to habitat contraction and poleward shift in the future, adaptive management strategies, including designing new reserves and adjusting the location and range of reserves according to the geographical distribution of Sousa chinensis, should be formulated to minimize the impacts of climate change on this species.

Impact of Covid-19 pandemic on global output, employment and prices: an assessment

The effects on human health and life have been catastrophic and its adverse economic effects have been profound, as many countries are engaged in lockdowns, social distancing, mobility, and other restrictions. These have caused unprecedented disruptions in production, distribution, consumption, supply chains, tourism, trade, investments, among others. This paper utilises a simple conceptual framework to anticipate the potential adverse impacts of the pandemic on the economy focussing specifically on output, employment, and prices. The anticipated potential outcomes on the above-mentioned global indicators are assessed utilising publicly available data and information. Both qualitative and quantitative information are utilised which are obtained from various primary and secondary sources. Consistent with the potential outcomes, the paper finds and reports severe adverse impact of the pandemic on global production, employment, and prices. Finally, the paper discusses policy responses to combat the crisis by governments and international organisations and discusses some business implications.

P0185 / #1603: SYSTEM FOR EARLY RESPONSE IN CHILDREN AND THE YELLOW CODE

Aims & Objectives: Implement a system of rapid response in children (SIREPI, in Spanish) based upon physiological parameters that quickly detect situations of severe adverse impact on the health of the pediatric population. This system allows rapid and efficient responses to be taken in order to decrease morbidity and mortality and to prevent a cardio-respiratory arrest. Implement a system of rapid response in children (SIREPI, in Spanish) based upon physiological parameters that quickly detect situations of severe adverse impact on the health of the pediatric population. This system allows rapid and efficient responses to be taken in order to decrease morbidity and mortality and to prevent a cardio-respiratory arrest. Methods: In order to design this current protocol, a systematic review was performed based on published papers, specialized web pages and international guidelines, selecting proper evidence and recommendations at the highest level, related with a system of early alert and the creation of validated autonomous scoring system based on the level of consciousness and the state of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Results: During the period of one year there were 509 activations of SIREPI, 31% of which progressed to a yellow code, while 69% of the patients decreased their SIREPI score, with less days of hospitalization. There were 229 activations of the Yellow Code with admittance to the critical care unit, not cardio-respiratory arrest. Conclusions: SIREPI activates an early and efficacious intervention in these patients, with a decrease in their severity score. The activation of the Code prevents the occurrence of cardio-respiratory arrest in pediatric.

Relevance of Social Responsibility in the Pandemic Era − An Indian Perspective

As the world’s largest democracy and the second most populated country globally, India has had a relatively severe adverse impact of the pandemic than most other countries. This research paper highlights key pandemic implications on India’s socially responsible initiatives and how these affect citizens. This once-in-a-century global health disaster turned out to be a sustainable development crisis for most nations. Due to pandemic ramifications, the worldwide progress on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted in 2015 in its current form, has recorded reversal in several critical indices, despite the limitations of underestimating due to lack of latest or reliable data. While the pandemic has posed serious challenges to attaining country-specific SDGs, it also provided opportunities to demonstrate socially responsible behavior amidst the crisis. This paper deliberates on the individual roles and the interplay between four pillars of socially responsible behavior, meaning the government, corporate sector, social sector, and the civil society at large comprising of individuals, groups, and communities operating outside of the government and for-profit and NGO entities. The study delves in depth into key SDGs that suffered setbacks due to disruptions and health emergencies that assumed higher priority. The authorities were compelled to change course from plans. The priorities planned through Government policies had to be modified on an urgent basis, as government was also taken unawares and had to safeguard the lives and livelihood of the population. Benchmarking of SDGs was done at a country and state level. It reflects the gaps in what was attained at the highest and lowest level by various states and union territories and likely areas of improvement.

IMPACT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON TOURISM: RECOVERY PROPOSAL FOR FUTURE TOURISM

The aim of the study was to examine the consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism. Qualitative analysis was adopted, whereas data were collected from secondary sources like journals, newspapers, statistical data obtained from international tourism organizations, and websites on COVID-19 incidences in tourism. Due to the outbreak, it had a severe adverse impact on tourism and employment. Airlines have canceled flights, and hotels are almost vacant; thus, supporting tourism agencies face substantial economic losses and employment cuts. This study develops a framework with a recovery plan for future tourism across a slogan: putting people first and travel tomorrow.

Evaluating the Social Sustainability Criteria of Supply Chain Management in Manufacturing Industries: A Role of BWM in MCDM

Supply chain management firms are gradually pressurized to incorporate social sustainability practices to address social issues. Though, the researchers emphasized on different dimensions of sustainable supply chain management (SSCM), i.e., social, environmental and economic but fewer considered the social aspect of sustainability. The purpose of this research is to take into account the social dimension of sustainability into manufacturing industries. The social dimension of sustainability as compared to other sustainable, has severe adverse impact across supply chains. In order to demonstrate the applicability and efficiency of social sustainability in supply chain management, a sample of 53 practitioners of Pakistani manufacturing companies has been selected to prioritize and evaluate the SCSS criteria by applying a decision-making multi-criteria method called the best worst method (BWM). The criteria of the study are ranked according to their average weight achieved through BWM. The criterion employment practices has been chosen as the most significant criterion while cultural values criterion is considered as least important. The results of this study are helpful for industry managers, practitioners and decision-makers to take the decisions for the implementation of social criteria to enhance the social sustainability that lead to sustainable development.

Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on interventional cardiology fellowship training in the New York metropolitan area: A perspective from the United States epicenter

BackgroundThe healthcare burden posed by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic in the New York Metropolitan area has necessitated the postponement of elective procedures resulting in a marked reduction in cardiac catheterization laboratory (CCL) volumes with a potential to impact interventional cardiology (IC) fellowship training.MethodsWe conducted a web‐based survey sent electronically to 21 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education accredited IC fellowship program directors (PDs) and their respective fellows.ResultsFourteen programs (67%) responded to the survey and all acknowledged a significant decrease in CCL procedural volumes. More than half of the PDs reported part of their CCL being converted to inpatient units and IC fellows being redeployed to COVID‐19 related duties. More than two‐thirds of PDs believed that the COVID‐19 pandemic would have a moderate (57%) or severe (14%) adverse impact on IC fellowship training, and 21% of the PDs expected their current fellows' average percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) volume to be below 250. Of 25 IC fellow respondents, 95% expressed concern that the pandemic would have a moderate (72%) or severe (24%) adverse impact on their fellowship training, and nearly one‐fourth of fellows reported performing fewer than 250 PCIs as of March 1st. Finally, roughly one‐third of PDs and IC fellows felt that there should be consideration of an extension of fellowship training or a period of early career mentorship after fellowship.ConclusionsThe COVID‐19 pandemic has caused a significant reduction in CCL procedural volumes that is impacting IC fellowship training in the NY metropolitan area. These results should inform professional societies and accreditation bodies to offer tailored opportunities for remediation of affected trainees.

Chimeric Lateral Arm Free Flap to Treat Pharyngocutaneous Fistula After Total Laryngectomy.

Pharyngocutaneous fistula is a major complication after total laryngectomy, leading to a severe adverse impact for the patient and social activity. The reported incidence ranges from 9% to 25% in the last decade. In this paper, the authors present our experience using chimeric lateral arm free flap for reconstruction of the pharyngo-esophageal segment. Eight patients with pharyngocutaneous fistula were treated with this technique. The flap has 2 skin islands, each one supplied by a perforator coming from the main pedicle. One skin island is used as a patch for pharynx closure and the other is used for anterior soft tissue coverage. The follow-up period ranged from 8 months to 3 years. All flaps survived. There was 1 small fistula that was sutured. External skin wound dehiscence was present in 1 case and it was secondary closed by itself. All patients were able to eat by mouth and there were no signs of stricture. The authors preferred this type of flap because both defects are simultaneously closed and each skin paddle is supplied by a perforator coming from the main pedicle. It has a better color match than other free flaps. The skin island is thin and remains thin even after the patients gain weight.

A novel Enhanced Collaborative Autoencoder with knowledge distillation for top-N recommender systems

In most recommender systems, the data of user feedbacks are usually represented with a set of discrete values, which are difficult to exactly describe users’ interests. This problem makes it not easy to exactly model users’ latent preferences for recommendation. Intuitively, a basic idea for this issue is to predict continuous values through a trained model to reveal users’ essential feedbacks, and then make use of the generated data to retrain another model to learn users’ preferences. However, since these continuous data are generated by an imperfect model which are trained by discrete data, there exists a lot of noise among the generated data. This problem may have a severe adverse impact on the performance. Towards this problem, we propose a novel Enhanced Collaborative Autoencoder (ECAE) to learn robust information from generated soft data with the technique of knowledge distillation. First, we propose a tightly coupled structure to incorporate the generation and retraining stages into a unified framework. So that the generated data can be fine tuned to reduce the noise by propagating training errors of retraining network. Second, for that each unit of the generated data contains different level of noise, we propose a novel distillation layer to balance the influence of noise and knowledge. Finally, we propose to take both predict results of generation and retraining network into account to make final recommendations for each user. The experimental results on four public datasets for top-N recommendation show that the ECAE model performs better than several state-of-the-art algorithms on metrics of MAP and NDCG.