Setup Phase Research Articles

A First in Human Study Planned to Evaluate Hdp-101, an Anti-BCMA Amanitin Antibody-Drug Conjugate with a New Payload and a New Mode of Action, in Multiple Myeloma

A First in Human Study Planned to Evaluate Hdp-101, an Anti-BCMA Amanitin Antibody-Drug Conjugate with a New Payload and a New Mode of Action, in Multiple Myeloma

A Secure Data Gathering Scheme Based on Properties of Primes and Compressive Sensing for IoT-Based WSNs

Minimizing the quantity of transmitted data and protecting the devices from the adversary environment are the main challenges hindering the advancement of Internet of Things (IoT) network. Based on the theorem of unique prime factorization that any natural number can be expressed as the product of powers of prime numbers, we introduce a new scheme in this paper for secure and efficient gathering of the IoT data. The proposed scheme consists of three phases: Setup, Secure data gathering, and Data reconstruction. In the Setup phase, the properties of the prime numbers to create an efficient clustering and routing tree algorithm are utilized to reduce the power consumption during data transmission process. The Secure data gathering phase includes secure intra and inter communication procedures. During secure intra-communication procedure, the Compressive Sensing (CS) based method of data compression and encryption is used. Moreover, the prime number properties and the Bezier curve function are used to solve the CS problems. In the secure inter-communication procedure, the security performance of the IoT based Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is improved by combining Private and Public key algorithms with the consideration of the power limitation of IoT devices. Finally, the proposed scheme introduces an adept reconstruction algorithm which is a hybrid algorithm of Bees and Genetic Algorithm to successfully restore the actual sensor data from the compressed samples, which improves the reconstruction process.

Massively Parallel Circuit Setup in GPU-SPICE

SPICE simulations are the industry standard to analyze circuits for decades. However, they are computationally complex as each circuit is simulated at the transistor-level. However, this is in a direct conflict with the ever-increasing demands of circuit designers in which SPICE simulations for large circuits (e.g., DSPs, AES, etc.) at full accuracy are inevitably required to fulfill new industrial standards like automotive safety ISO 26262 with tool confidence level 1. To accelerate SPICE simulation without sacrificing accuracy, state-of-the-art approaches have started to employ GPUs to parallelize the LU-factorization and device linearization phases. Instead of focusing on these phases, this work demonstrates for the first time that when large circuits come into play, a new and equally important performance bottleneck emerges at the circuit setup phase. Speeding up the circuit setup phase in SPICE is our key focus in this paper. Our two implementations demonstrate that our GPU-based circuit setup reduces the analysis time from 4.5 days to merely 89 seconds for a 256-bit multiplier, which consists of more than 1M transistors. Our achieved speedup is 4396x compared to the baseline (open-source NGSPICE) and more than 2x compared to commercial (HSPICE and Spectre) SPICE circuit setup.

Practices and needs of machinery designers and manufacturers in safety of machinery: An exploratory study in the province of Quebec, Canada

This paper presents an exploratory study on the integration of safety during the design and manufacturing phases of machinery in the province of Quebec, Canada. The objective was to better understand the practices and needs of machinery manufacturers for safeguarding their products. Data was collected during interviews and observations with 17 machinery manufacturers. Given the purpose of this study, these companies specialize in the design and manufacturing of machinery used for production in other manufacturing companies. The machines designed and built by these manufacturers are intended for several sectors and are sold in Canada and in various parts of the word. These machines are mainly built and assembled in the workshops. The manufacturers who were interviewed rely on design teams generally made up of mechanical, electrical and mechatronic engineers; technicians in these same fields; designers; machinists and electricians to design their machinery. These teams use on average between five and six normative and regulatory documents depending on their clients’ requirements. Most respondents are aware of the need to properly identify the risks related to the use of their machinery and to avoid improvising approaches that may prevent a comprehensive analysis. Their risk-analysis approaches are generally documented, depending on the scope of the project. All the manufacturers interviewed install guards and protective devices on their machines. They favour guards made up of rigid frames and polycarbonate panels and are less likely to use light curtains and laser scanners, because these devices are more expensive. Bypassing these safeguards remains a concern for most manufacturers. The causes cited for bypassing safeguards are summarized as problems related to the performance and adaptability of human-machinery interfaces; the lack of integrated safety measures; safeguards that make machine set-up phase complex, reconfiguration or maintenance operations; and the acceptance of safeguards by machine users. Costs, productivity and operating time are some of the constraints that require very particular attention from design teams. For operational reasons and in order to respect their specific procedures, sometimes clients ask manufacturers for safeguarding solutions that are appropriate for them or, refuse the safeguarding solutions that are proposed. In addition to safeguards bypass and constraints imposed by the client, this study identifies other problems and needs, namely: 1) inherently safe design measures; 2) managing risks during the building phases of the machinery’s life cycle besides production and maintenance; 3) ensuring the applicable standards are used and updated; 4) designing and validating safety-related control systems and; 5) making clients more conscious of the importance of safety of machinery.

Phenomenological modelling of direct laser metal deposition for single tracks

The direct laser metal deposition (DLMD) is an emerging technology in the additive manufacturing field, which is becoming widely adopted in several industrial applications. The optimal selection of process parameters is critical, given the cost of physical tests and the requirement for high-quality manufacturing. Correct forecasting of process parameters using predictive physical models is a viable alternative to shorten the setup phase and improve the sustainability. In this paper, firstly, several models available so far in the literature are reviewed, and then, a general model is derived to evaluate the best combination of process parameters in single track operations. The proposed phenomenological model allows simple forecasting based on three main process parameters: laser power (P), powder feed rate (F) and translation speed (V). An innovative approach is proposed to generalise the model and overcome the “try and error” method used in numerous works to determine the exponents (α, β, γ). The model was designed considering the physical parameters which best explained the variability of the exponents: the thermal diffusivity of the base material and the density of the powder material. The best ranges of the process parameter exponents are suggested to establish the most suitable combined parameters for the prediction of geometric characteristics of the clad. The potentialities of the model are proven based on an experimental case performed over a commercially available Nickel-based super-alloy powder. New formulations are recommended, which are in good agreement with the behaviours defined in the literature, as shown in the test case.

Aitac: an identity-based traceable anonymous communication model

In the big data background, data privacy becomes more and more important when data leakage and other security events occur more frequently. As one of the key means of privacy protection, anonymous communication attracts large attention. Aiming at the problems such as low efficiency of message forwarding, high communication delay and abusing of anonymity, this paper presents an identity-based traceable anonymous communication model by adding a preprocessing phase, modifying the ciphertext structure and increasing the controllability of anonymity. Firstly, a new identity-based signature algorithm is proposed, and its security is proved via existential unforgeability against chosen-message attacks (EU-CMA). The signature algorithm is further applied to the anonymous communication model to implement the controllability of revocable anonymity. Secondly, by adding a preprocessing Setup phase, the operations of identifications distribution and user authentication are launched before the anonymous communication phase starts, and this practice significantly improves the efficiency of the anonymous communication model. Finally, by adding the hash value of the message and the user identification as the message authentication code, we design a new ciphertext structure, which can efficiently guarantee the integrity of the ciphertext. Performance analysis and simulation results show that the proposed anonymous communication model has high message forwarding efficiency and better security and controllability of anonymity.

Efficient Data Access Control for Cloud Computing With Large Universe and Traceable Attribute-Based Encryption

Ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption (CP-ABE) schemes provide fine-grained access control for the data stored in cloud computers. However, commercial CP-ABE applications need a new encryption scheme for providing two properties such as: supporting large universe attribute and traceability. First, a large universe attribute allows the attribute authority to use any number of attributes in the system. i.e., the attribute universe is dynamic, and it is not fixed at the setup phase. Second, traceable CP-ABE systems trace the dishonest users who intentionally leak the private key for their profit. In this article, a large universe CP-ABE system with white box traceability has been proposed. The attribute universe of the proposed technique is exponentially larger, and it is polynomially unbound. Further, this technique will trace the identity of users who involve in malicious activities. In addition, the proposed scheme can express any kind of monotonic tree access policies into linear secret sharing structure (LSSS). Compared with the existing schemes that are presented to achieve the same property, proposed scheme has achieved better experimental results and so it is applicable for commercial applications.

Password-Based Authenticated Key Exchange without Centralized Trusted Setup

Almost all existing password-based authenticated key exchange (PAKE) schemes achieve concurrent security in the standard model by relying on the common reference string (CRS) model. A drawback of the CRS model is to require a centralized trusted authority in the setup phase; thus, passwords of parties may be revealed if the authority ill-uses trapdoor information of the CRS. There are a few secure PAKE schemes in the plain model, but, these are not achievable in a constant round (i.e., containing a linear number of rounds). In this paper, we discuss how to relax the setup assumption for (constant round) PAKE schemes. We focus on the multi-string (MS) model that allows a number of authorities (including malicious one) to provide some reference strings independently. The MS model is a more relaxed setup assumption than the CRS model because we do not trust any single authority (i.e., just assuming that a majority of authorities honestly generate their reference strings). Though the MS model is slightly restrictive than the plain model, it is very reasonable assumption because it is very easy to implement. We construct a (concurrently secure) three-move PAKE scheme in the MS model (justly without random oracles) based on the Groce-Katz PAKE scheme. The main ingredient of our scheme is the multi-string simulation-extractable non-interactive zero-knowledge proof that provides both the simulation-extractability and the extraction zero-knowledge property even if minority authorities are malicious. This work can be seen as a milestone toward constant round PAKE schemes in the plain model.

Provable Data Possession using Additive Homomorphic Encryption

Efficiency, public verification, and robustness are essential characteristics of data possession schemes. The efficiency of such kinds of Provable Data Possession (PDP) schemes is possible due to homomorphic encryption, which is used to verify the integrity of data. Most of the existing schemes use multiplicative homomorphic encryption. The multiplicative homomorphic encryption is unsuitable for the low configured devices, which are quite constrained in terms of computation and storage. In this work, we have provided the solution using additive homomorphic encryption techniques like Paillier, ElGamal and Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem (ECC). The proposed solution is based on ECC, which requires less time to execute setup, tag generation, proof generation and proof verification phases to provide public verifiability. The proposed solution is secured under a random Oracle model. Correctness analysis of the proposed algorithm is given at the end of the algorithm.

Reform design, institutional and workforce factors affecting the pace of change

Abstract Background When implementing health care reforms the pace of change is often lacking behind the expectations of policy makers. This research is exploring in-depth the experiences of a primary care initiative from the perspective of general practitioners. The physicians' perspectives on design features, supporting environment and acceptance of the pilot are being explored. Enabling and constraining factors that may influence the pace of change of health care reforms are identified. Implications can be drawn for the strategic planning and smooth implementation of the change process. Methods 14 problem-focused interviews with general practitioners working in pilot projects and 2 focus group discussions with 4-6 general practitioners working in single practices have been conducted. In addition, document analysis of secondary qualitative data and relevant policy documents has been conducted. Results Analysis revealed 9 codes: (1) Status of the general practitioner; (2) Institutional and legal framework; (3) Between cooperation and competition; (4) Hesitation from the young generation; (5) Reluctance from sole practitioners; (6) Personal drivers for starting a pilot (7) Challenges during set-up phase; (8) Challenges during growth phase; (9) Working conditions in primary care pilot projects. Enabling factors were a strong desire to be pioneering primary care provision and improved working conditions. The main constraining factors were low status of the general practitioner, uncertainty about future directions, lack of information and advice, high perceived financial risk, fear of losing autonomy and uncertainty about functioning teamwork. Conclusions For a smooth implementation of the primary care reform, system changes should improve education and training, compensation schemes and competence profiles of the professional groups involved. Further, initiatives should provide information and advice for practitioners striving for participating in a pilot project. Key messages The success of health care reforms also depends on institutional and workforce factors that may affect the pace of change. Health care reforms need strategic planning for a smooth implementation.

A trust model for popular smart home devices

Nowadays, smart home devices like Amazon Echo and Google Home have reached mainstream popularity. Being in the homes of users, these devices are intrinsically intrusive, being able to access details such as users’ name, gender, home address, calendar appointments and others. There are growing concerns about indiscriminate data collection and invasion of user privacy in smart home devices, but studies show that perceived benefits are exceeding perceived risks when it comes to consumers. As a result, consumers are placing a lot of trust in these devices, sometimes without realizing it. Improper trust assumptions and security controls can lead to unauthorized access and control of the devices, which can result in serious consequences. In this paper, we explore the behaviour of devices such as Amazon Echo and Google Home in a smart home setting with respect to trust relationships and propose a trust model to improve these relationships among all the involved actors. We have evaluated how trust was built and managed from the initial set-up phase to the normal operation phase, during which we performed a number of interaction tests with different types of users (i.e. owner, guests). As a result, we were able to assess the effectiveness of the provided security controls and identify potential relevant security issues. In order to address the identified issues, we defined a trust model and propose a solution based on it for further securing smart home systems.

Optimized and Dynamic Selection of Cluster Head Using Energy Efficient Routing Protocol in WSN

Wireless Sensor Networks plays an outstanding role in providing dynamic cluster head (CH) selection. However, the selection of CH is a major challenge due to erroneous CH selection and can lead to unbalanced energy consumption. This paper addresses this challenge by proposing a hybrid optimization algorithm for CH selection. The proposed CH selection comprises three phases, which includes the setup phase, transmission phase, and measurement phase. At first, the energy and the node’s mobility in the network are initialized. The setup phase is processed by choosing CH using the Optimized Sleep-awake Energy-Efficient Distributed clustering, which is designed by determining the optimal threshold and CH using proposed Rider-Cat Swarm Optimization (RCSO) algorithm. The proposed RCSO is designed by integrating Rider Optimization Algorithm into Cat Swarm Optimization. Here, the threshold and CH are chosen using multi-objective constraints, which involves distance, energy, and delay. After determining the CHs, the data transmission begins from CHs to the base station. At last, in the measurement phase, the residual energies produced from the nodes are being updated. The proposed RCSO method shows superior performance by providing maximal energy, throughput, and the number of alive nodes with values 0.0351 J, 74.715%, and 18 respectively.

Self-Processing Private Sensor Data via Garbled Encryption

Abstract We introduce garbled encryption, a relaxation of secret-key multi-input functional encryption (MiFE) where a function key can be used to jointly compute upon only a particular subset of all possible tuples of ciphertexts. We construct garbled encryption for general functionalities based on one-way functions. We show that garbled encryption can be used to build a self-processing private sensor data system where after a one-time trusted setup phase, sensors deployed in the field can periodically broadcast encrypted readings of private data that can be computed upon by anyone holding function keys to learn processed output, without any interaction. Such a system can be used to periodically check, e.g., whether a cluster of servers are in an “alarm” state. We implement our garbled encryption scheme and find that it performs quite well, with function evaluations in the microseconds. The performance of our scheme was tested on a standard commodity laptop.

Twelve-Month Review of Infusion Pump Near-Miss Medication and Dose Selection Errors and User-Initiated "Good Save" Corrections: Retrospective Study.

BackgroundThere is a paucity of quantitative evidence in the current literature on the incidence of wrong medication and wrong dose administration of intravenous medications by clinicians. The difficulties of obtaining reliable data are related to the fact that at this stage of the medication administration chain, detection of errors is extremely difficult. Smart pump medication library logs and their reporting software record medication and dose selections made by users, as well as cancellations of selections and the time between these actions. Analysis of these data adds quantitative data to the detection of these kinds of errors.ObjectiveWe aimed to establish, in a reproducible and reliable study, baseline data to show how metrics in the set-up and programming phase of intravenous medication administration can be produced from medication library near-miss error reports from infusion pumps.MethodsWe performed a 12-month retrospective review of medication library reports from infusion pumps from across a facility to obtain metrics on the set-up phase of intravenous medication administration. Cancelled infusions and resolutions of all infusion alerts by users were analyzed. Decision times of clinicians were calculated from the time-date stamps of the pumps’ logs.ResultsIncorrect medication selections represented 3.45% (10,017/290,807) of all medication library alerts and 22.40% (10,017/44,721) of all cancelled infusions. Of these cancelled medications, all high-risk medications, oncology medications, and all intravenous medications delivered to pediatric patients and neonates required a two-nurse check according to the local policy. Wrong dose selection was responsible for 2.93% (8533/290,807) of all alarms and 19.08% (8533/44,721) of infusion cancellations. Average error recognition to cancellation and correction times were 27.00 s (SD 22.25) for medication error correction and 26.52 s (SD 24.71) for dose correction. The mean character count of medications corrected from initial lookalike-soundalike selection errors was 13.04, with a heavier distribution toward higher character counts. The position of the word/phrase error was spread among name beginning (6991/10,017, 69.79%), middle (2144/10,017, 21.40%), and end (882/10,017, 8.80%).ConclusionsThe study identified a high number of lookalike-soundalike near miss errors, with cancellation of one medication being rapidly followed by the programming of a second. This phenomenon was largely centered on initial misreadings of the beginning of the medication name, with some incidences of misreading in the middle and end portions of medication nomenclature. The value of an infusion pump showing the entire medication name complete with TALLman lettering on the interface matching that of medication labeling is supported by these findings. The study provides a quantitative appraisal of an area that has been resistant to study and measurement, which is the number of intravenous medication administration errors of wrong medication and wrong dose that occur in clinical settings.

A lightweight authentication and key exchange mechanism for IPv6 over low‐power wireless personal area networks‐based Internet of things

AbstractThe authentication mechanism in IPv6 over low‐power wireless personal area networks (6LoWPAN) uses media access control identifier and IPv6 address. The traditional wireless sensor network considers three‐factor authentication mechanism. These factors, namely, username, password, and biometric create a huge overhead in Internet of things due to resource‐constraint devices in terms of low memory and processing capabilities. In this article, we propose a lightweight key exchange and authentication scheme for 6LoWPAN to efficiently authenticate the resource‐constraint sensor devices. The proposed scheme uses hash‐based approaches in the setup and registration phase to reduce the computational cost and resource consumption overhead. The analytical results over the automated validation of internet security protocols and applications and ProVerif tools validate the security claim of the proposed scheme against threats like replay and man‐in‐the‐middle attack. Furthermore, we analyze the logic correctness of the proposed authentication scheme using Burrows‐Abadi‐Needham logic.

Parallelisation of selective algebraic multigrid for block–pressure–velocity system in OpenFOAM

In the world of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), solving the governing equations of incompressible, turbulent, single-phase fluid flow still represents the basis of many industrial and academic applications. The implicitly coupled (monolithic) solution approach is still being developed and investigated for industrial-size applications. A parallel selection algebraic multigrid algorithm (AMG) based on the domain decomposition method is presented, applied for the solution of the linearised implicitly coupled pressure–velocity system discretised by the finite volume method, implemented in OpenFOAM. Since the setup phase of the selection AMG, i.e.sorting the equations into coarse and fine subsets is inherently sequential, it was decided to perform the setup phase locally on each processing unit. The prolongation matrix for transferring the correction from coarse to fine level and restriction matrix for transferring the residual from fine to coarse level are assembled locally as well. Parallel communication is necessary only for the calculation of the coarse level matrix, i.e.the matrix elements which describe the cross-coupling of equations located on different processing units. A localised version of the ILU factorisation based on Crout’s algorithm is used as a smoother in the multigrid cycle. A detailed analysis of the coarse level matrix complexity is conducted in the context of the finite volume method in domain decomposition mode. The performance and scaling of our parallel implementation is investigated for two test cases and the possible drawbacks of the method are given.

Genetic spider monkey‐based routing protocol to increase the lifetime of the network and energy management in WSN

SummaryWireless sensor networks (WSNs) include large distributed nodes in the sensing field. However, the sensor nodes may die due to energy deficiency as they are situated in a hostile environment. Therefore, an energy‐efficient WSN routing protocol is necessary in order to better accommodate the various environmental conditions. In this paper, we have proposed a new Energy‐Efficient Genetic Spider Monkey‐based Routing Protocol (EGSMRP) to improve the stability and lifetime of sensor nodes. The operation of EGSMRP is classified into two stages: (i) setup phase and (ii) steady‐state phase. In the setup phase, GSMO‐based cluster head selection procedure is done. In this phase, the base station utilizes the GSMO algorithm as a device to generate energy‐efficient clusters. Followed with this, the steady‐state phase solves the load balancing issue by utilizing the intracluster data broadcast and dual‐hop intercluster broadcasting algorithm. Thereby, the proposed EGSMRP protocol has shown the energy‐based opportunistic broadcasting with reduced control overhead. Simulation is performed in various conditions to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed EGSMRP protocol using different metrics such as throughput, control overhead, energy consumption, end‐to‐end delay, and network lifetime. From the simulation results, it was evident that EGSMRP has achieved a higher performance compared to other traditional approaches such as EBAR, MCTRP, IEEMARP, HMCEER, and EFTETRP.

Demolition and construction recycling unified management: the DECORUM platform for improvement of resource efficiency in the construction sector.

The construction and public work sectors are faced with a series of challenges that will need to be addressed in moving towards an effective circular economy model. The aim of this work was to develop a simple but holistic approach to the management of construction projects in order to ensure compliance with technical standards and environmental criteria right from the set-up phase and to foster an increased use of recycled materials and saving of natural resources. To achieve this goal, a multi-user platform was designed and developed to manage and control all stages and procedures of public work and provide support to all those involved throughout the various stages of implementation. The platform included (1) technical standards; (2) environmental law; (3) databases; (4) technical specifications for public tenders; (5) a tool to assess environmental impacts and circularity; (6) a marketplace to facilitate and transparently manage trading of natural, artificial, and recycled aggregates; (7) interactive catalogues with declarations of building products; and (8) interactive maps for the geolocation of treatment plants, producers, and construction sites. The platform, currently undergoing validation by public administrations, will represent a valuable tool for use in enabling public work contractors to reduce environmental impacts, promote an informed and transparent use of recycled products, and to encourage a more sustainable use of natural resources. The platform will facilitate the application of green public procurement (GPP) which, although mandatory in several countries (e.g., in Italy), continues to encounter a series of problems in implementation. The platform will also enhance compliance with technical standards and minimum environmental criteria (MEC), as recently defined for buildings and road construction and maintenance, thus expanding the market for artificial and recycled aggregates with certified products and guaranteed quality.

A novel efficient clustering protocol for energy harvesting in wireless sensor networks

The utilization of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is proliferating in our daily life. It depends on the environmental monitoring such as weather tracking, battled field, etc. However, the main challenge of WSNs is energy management. Generally, traditional nodes of the sensor network were powered by non-rechargeable batteries with limited energy capacity. The alternative solution has been discovered to resolve the limitation of the sensor battery called energy harvesting (EH). EH offers effective and an alternative solution to recharge the battery of the sensor node. It assists with the environment, and EH technique can be possible different kinds such as solar, wind, thermal and mechanical. In this paper, we propose a novel energy harvesting clustering protocol (NEHCP). The NEHCP is based on the hierarchical clustering routing algorithm, and this protocol uses solar EH. The collection of information from the sensor nodes is sent to the base station through the cluster head. The NEHCP algorithm is categorized into three sections, such as the initial phase, set-up phase and data transmission phase. Moreover, the unique feature of EH-WSNs is giving more efficient result in term of network lifetime. The simulation part of this method shows a strong ability to balance energy consumption and increases the network efficiency for the EH-WSNs.

Configuring Prospective Sensations: Experimenters Preparing Participants for What They Might Feel

Using video recordings of the setup phase of cognitive neuroscience experiments, we examine episodes where experimenters show and tell participants how a particular tool (a “blunt needle”) will be used and how that might feel. We analyze how experimenters describe and demonstrate prospective sensations for participants. We show that experimenters often describe sensations “by negation” (saying what participants will not experience) and sometimes “indirectly” (for example, by formulating what they will do). We show that these descriptions are elaborated through demonstrations of sensations, both on the experimenters' and the participants' bodies. Importantly, we document how the interplay of the description and demonstration of sensations is important in reassuring participants about the nonharmful nature of the tool and its use.