This study of the Kikuyu Karing'a Education Association (KKEA) has as an underlying theme the successful resistance of an African society to cultural and political colonialism. The KKEA persevered for two decades because it helped meet the educational needs of the Kikuyu people of central Kenya. Furthermore, it was an expression of cultural identity and acted as a vehicle for anti-colonial protest. It emerged in the early 1930s after thousands of Kikuyu boycotted mission schools when the latter decided to ban the practice of female circumcision. Although most returned to the missions, many remained in the newly-formed independent schools. These schools politicized a portion of the Kikuyu population which became, at the very least, sympathetic to indigenous political movements. Hence with the Mau Mau rebellion, in the 1950s, the KKEA was outlawed.
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