Settlement Of Territories Research Articles

On territorial border markers of the settlement of Russians of the Middle Tom River region in the beginning of the 18th — mid 20th centuries

The concept of studying of ethnographic and archaeological complexes (EAC) involves the analysis of their individual components: population, villages, communication routes and others, including borders — both external and internal. The analysis of archaeological, historical, and ethnographic literature has shown that borders or borderlands can be traced in almost all populations at any stage of their development. However, while the borders between large associations, like states or ethnic groups with different cultures, have been addressed by experts, almost no attention is being given to local boundaries between smaller collectives, although there are written, cartographic and oral sources that can be used as a basis for such research. After considering the materials of various origins concerning the native villages of the Middle Tom region, it became possible to discuss the bounda-ries between them, and the boundaries of the administrative entities which encompassed them in the 18th century. At this time, residents of villages located 15–30 km north of the Kuznetsk fortress were moving to new unoccupied lands in the upper reaches of the river Inia and its upper tributaries, as well as to the left bank of Tom below the mouth of the Mungat River. According to the drawings of S.U. Remezov, there was a boundary between the Tomsk and Kuznetsk districts. The borderline rivers could be Unga-Promyshlennaya in the north and Osipovo-Mungat in the south. Possibly, there were small settlements of Tulbers. After the middle of the 19th century, an-other process of settlement of the Tom riverbank territories of its both sides began. By the 1930s, all its banks were inhabited, and the reserve of free lands came to end. Indigenous people began developing islands on the river or starting settlements within 15–20 km from the village. In the second third of the 20th century, new villages were developing in the remote territories away from Tom. Almost all of them were abandoned in the second half of the 20th century. The available information suggests that there were borderlands between the villages within single districts. Most often these were represented by watercourses — small rivers and streams, ridges — elon-gated hills located perpendicular to terraces, and sometimes lakes. These borders were well known to locals. It cannot be ruled out that river rapids and shoals could also have been used as borders. The analysis of the corre-lation of locations of the villages, river rifts and stretches suggests that, in the studied area of Tom, villages were located on the river stretches between the shoals. There is also information about the existence of boundaries between minor objects, though they require further research.

Russian Settlement and Development of Middle Irtysh Territories in 17th-19th Centuries

This article examines the process of settlement and development of the Middle Irtysh territories. Special attention is given to the northern regions of the Omsk region, characterized by their remoteness and natural-geographical location features. The focus is on the Russian settlers’ colonization of the region. The author highlights the nature and extent of administrative influence by various state authorities on the settlement and development process during the pre-revolutionary period. The author discusses the model of relationships between the Russian population and indigenous inhabitants. It is demonstrated that state policy had a corrective influence on the resettlement and development process. The formation of a settlement network was largely determined by the policy of relocating Russians from less fertile lands of the country’s regions. Favorable geographical and climatic conditions, along with the presence of river arteries, made the Middle Irtysh territory convenient for settlers who established their own settlements or resettled in indigenous villages. The stages of settlement in the Middle Irtysh are identified, and archival data are introduced into scholarly discourse.

State Policy of Labor Migration Regulation in the Volga-Caspian Fishing Region in the Second Half of the 18th to the First Half of the 19th Century

The article analyzes the state policy of regulating labor migration during the second half of the 18th to the first half of the 19th centuries. Changes in the settlement and development strategy of the Volga-Caspian fishing region are demonstrated through examples of population groups such as noble landowners, peasants, merchant-fishermen, and industrial workers. The achievements and shortcomings of state-regulated labor migration during the examined period are identified. The article also assesses the normative framework that governed the processes of labor migration in the region, outlines the historical stages of settlement and development in the area, and documents the outcomes and consequences of this process for the future socio-economic development of the Volga-Caspian fishing region. Labor migration is viewed as a tool for the settlement and development of the peripheral territories of the Russian state.
 Furthermore, various forms of migration were employed by the government during the study period, including noble, monastic, peasant, Cossack, and voluntary migrations. Based on an examination of the collected material, the authors conclude that migration types successfully implemented in other (agricultural) regions of the country, such as noble, peasant, and monastic migrations, were not as productive in the context of the Volga-Caspian fishing region, where the primary economic activity revolved around fishing. The most effective workers for the fishing industry were supplied by the so-called “voluntary migration.”
 Given that the subject of the study is the state policy of regulating labor migration, the primary sources encompass legislative and normative documents from the second half of the 18th to the beginning of the 19th centuries, as well as materials from central and regional administrative structures preserved in the archives of the Russian State Historical Archive and the State Archive of the Astrakhan Region. A portion of these materials is being introduced into academic discourse for the first time.

CITY-ORIENTED POLITICS: SOCIAL MOVEMENTS OF NEW URBANISM AND MUNICIPALITY ON THE WAY TO INNOVATION

The article discusses the latest trends related to global transformations in the context of the introduction of a new global “place-based politics”. The author draws attention to the fact that due to the technological, demographic and migration processes that lead to large-scale urbanization and the concentration of the Earth’s population in cities, the recognition of the comfort of the city, oriented to the needs of the social and the needs of people of different ages, has become a privileged object of such a global and national policy. It is noted that urbanization and the formation of global cities – metropolises, agglomerations, etc. – leads to excessive concentration of production, uneven global settlement of territories, excessive immigration load on the centres of industrial growth, which in turn causes problems of global social inequality, which is also manifested in the hierarchy cities, and in the internal social hierarchy in cities. The author points out that social movements: New Municipalism and New Urbanism have become global social movements that embody innovations to help solve the above problems. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to determine the main proposals of new urbanism and new municipalism for the implementation of “place-based politics” in the city as a centre of innovation. The article examines the historical features of the development of both movements built on the slogans: “democracy begins where you live” and “right to the city”. The article defines the goals and principles of activity of organizations that are participants in these movements, and also examines the scientific and methodological discourse formed around the development of these movements. In particular, the author presents an interpretation of the “nature” of municipalism, analyzes three models of municipalism, according to Matthew Thompson’s typology. In the conclusions, the author points out that planning ideas and successful projects of New Urbanism promote tools for quality urban planning for the sake of people in the conditions of global reconstruction of urban networks for the purpose of deconcentration and demonopolization of resources and investments. The ideas of New Municipalism promote tools to ensure self-organization at the city level, tools of social solidarity interaction to protect human interests.

DISTRIBUTION OF SEDIMENTS AT THE MAIN MOUTHS OF THE KILIA DENUBE DELTA AND THEIR SEDIMENTATION VALUE

Purpose: In the article the basic purpose is determination and analysis by distribution natural conformities of deltaic sediments after its movement across every arm, under impact of sea waves separation and influence of the coastal hydrogenetic factors. The noted peculiarities have important practical significance. Additionally, they explain the marine margin dynamics and sediment forming of deltaic types. Data & Methods: This article is based on natural datum of sedimentary material sampling around of marine margin of the dynamical Danube delta, NW Coast of the Black Sea. The sampling was made in region from head of Zhebriyan bay in north side to Musura bay in south side during 2010–2020 period in different environment and synoptical conditions. Laboratory elaborations were made with representative instruments usage and mathematical methods of treatment. Samples of suspended and coarse drifts were elaborated and analyzed within conditions of different sides of marine margin of the Delta. Results: The general definitions of protruding deltas state that the delta cone of protrusion is composed of alluvial sediments. But in the studied delta, a significant place is occupied by coastal-marine facies of wave action. In addition, the newest river sedimentary material changes during the passage through deltaic watercourses (especially long ones). Therefore, on the delta coast within the marine wave field, sediments with a slightly changed composition appear. Therefore, several facies environments can be defined in the Danube delta: a) typically riverine; b) alluvial-delta; c) coastal sea with separated sediments; d) aeolian center of influence of the wind factor; e) typical marine on the outer strip of the sea. We recommend that all the mentioned features be taken into account during the analysis of the Danube’s flow sediments to the bottom of the Black Sea and the determination of sedimentation rates. The main paper outlines provisions of the lithodynamic model of delta-type sediments’ formation in the conditions of a generous influx of river sediments, a steep underwater slope, a non-tidal sea and strong wave action. Fractions of 0.1–0.01 mm dominate along the coastal edge, with integral Md = 0.048 mm, and the concentration of fractions > 1.0 mm is sharply reduced. The content of CaСО3 is lower in comparison with sediments in Zhebriyansk Bay in the area of final dispersion of a strong alongshore flow of sand sediments. Within the studied deltaic natural system, the surrounding physical and geographical conditions actively influence the composition of delta sediments, create a sedimentary diversity of the facies network and tracts. The different composition of sediments leads to different density of the sediment layer, with different amounts of water content, mostly from 1% to 5%, different influence of river and sea factors. Accordingly, specific facies cells of the botanical and zoological substrate are formed in the areas of dominant influence of these factors. In the new parts of the delta, some cells settle first, others later, and the third – last in the life cycle. Therefore, in different areas, we meet the settlement of the primary territories of the delta by different plants and animals that are located in different parts of the warm period of the year.

GROWING CONDITIONS AND SEED PRODUCTIVITY OF <i>PINGUICULA VULGARIS</i> (LENTIBULARIACEAE) IN LENINGRAD REGION

The growing conditions of Pinguicula vulgaris in the vicinity of the villages Pudost’ (floodplain meadow) and Glyadino (slope meadow, lowland spring fen) in the Leningrad Region were studied in detail, and the seed productivity of its plants was evaluated in these conditions for the first time. Despite a close geographical location and a general confinedness of both populations to the Izhora Upland (to the outcrops of carbonate rocks), they differ in an occupied area and its microtopography, the degree of shading of plants during daylight, and soil moisture (though of similar acidity), and also differ in the species composition of plant communities (richer in Pudost’ than in Glyadino). At the same time, regardless of the differences in growing conditions, the level of seed-setting in P. vulgaris plants in both populations during all the years of research was close and quite high (64–80% in Pudost’, 70–72% in Glyadino), that indicates a high potential for the renewal of the species in the populations by seed propagation. It is noted that the main factors limiting the size of Pinguicula populations in the Leningrad Region are the same as in its other populations of Northern Europe: intense settlement of territories by the species forming a layer with high closeness and height, trampling of soils, unfavorable weather conditions during flowering and fruiting of the plants significantly reducing their seed productivity. However, unlike some subarctic populations of P. vulgaris, where a decrease of seed productivity occurs due to low temperatures at the end of a short growing season and irregular reproduction (especially at the species moving into mountain conditions), in populations of the Leningrad Region (with a longer growing season and regular reproduction), it decreased mainly due to a long dry periods during flowering and fruiting of the plants.

Анализ действия приманок с разным содержанием действующего вещества бромадиолона в отношении серых крыс

Gray rats occupy a significant share in the number of synanthropes living next to humans. The fight against them is difficult, due to their high adaptability, as well as the risk of poisoning of non-target wild and domestic animals. Insufficiently organized deratization measures lead to an increase in the number of rodent populations and their settlement of new adjacent territories. Gray rats belong to the species of mouse-like rodents resistant to the action of many factors, including developing resistance to the effects of rodenticidal baits based on anticoagulants. Experimental studies have shown that the eating of at least 50 % of the daily requirement of baits containing 0,005 and 0,0025 % of the concentration of DV bromadiolone by gray rats during one day can cause 1 % death. When analyzing the results obtained when feeding baits, it was found that for the death of gray rats, the maximum dose was 100 mg/ kg, and the minimum was 6,88 mg/kg. Gray rats in conditions of free access to food and bait can consume up to 0,7 g of rodenticidal agent to achieve a lethal effect, but it will be enough for individuals to eat about 40 g for this.

German Colonists on River Milky Waters of Taurida Province in First Third of 19th Century

The information from the materials of the General Land Survey of the Russian Empire in the first third of the 19th century about the German colonies based on the territory of the Melitopol district of the Tauride province is analyzed in the article. The relevance of the study is due to the great interest in the resettlement policy pursued by the Russian Empire in this region at the end of the 18th — the first third of the 19th centuries, as well as in the processes of settlement and development of new territories and the participation of foreign colonists in them. The novelty of the study lies in the involvement of previously unused “Economic notes on the plans of the General survey, field notes of land surveyors and controversial cases” as sources on the history of German colonists. Based on them, the author studies the features of the economic structure of the settlements of German colonists, the structure of their land. Particular attention is paid to the dispute between the Mennonites and the Dukhobors about the boundaries of possessions, during which the true location of the Molochnaya River bed was clarified. The consideration of the case shows that disputes over the boundaries of land plots were of a fundamental nature and reached the highest authorities. Until the 1830s, there were still unresolved issues related to land management and surveying of the German-speaking colonies.

Paleogeographic and historical aspects of the ancient polis functioning on the example of the study of the «Orient» section of the Olbian necropolis

Paleogeographic and historical aspects of the ancient polis functioning on the example of the study of the «Orient» section of the Olbian necropolis

Progressive settlements of the eastern megacities of Russia: synarchiotectonics of the latest vector-network “Arkaims”

As Russia consolidates as a power, there is a growing need to develop a new, integral synarchitectonic concept of settlement and development of promising eastern territories, which are extremely poorly involved in the effective functioning of the state. The reduction in the population and life expectancy of people, the increase in morbidity, a significant deterioration in the environmental situation will have to be overcome by the national idea of revival, movement towards the Sun to the East, where Russia, the Russian Empire, Russia was and is a country of cities GRADarina, where RA is the Sun, and settlements like Arkaim can and should develop along the latest vector-network trajectories.

South to Freedom: Runaway Slaves to Mexico and the Road to the Civil War

The dominant narratives of slavery in the United States depict a runaway's route to freedom as a constant movement to the northern United States or Canada via the Underground Railroad. Alice Baumgartner details the importance of the less-explored phenomenon of enslaved people in the United States who opted to flee south to Mexico. In South to Freedom: Runaway Slaves to Mexico and the Road to the Civil War, Baumgartner goes beyond just offering a narrative of the alternate direction to freedom and argues that enslaved African Americans who took the southern route played a critical role in sectional conflicts over slavery in the United States. The book begins in the early nineteenth century and ends in 1867, after the United States abolished slavery. In this time frame Baumgartner illustrates how as slavery expanded across the southern United States, Mexican leaders began restricting and abolishing slavery in their territories, which had consequences for the United States.Baumgartner states that, based on her research, roughly 3,000 to 5,000 people fled to Mexico for freedom, which is a fraction of those estimated to have fled to the north (p. 4). The thorough analysis of consular records, correspondence, court cases, and newspapers paints a vivid picture of the complexities of this period. In 12 chapters the book seamlessly moves between slavery in Mexico and the United States and displays the overlaps that resulted in political, legal, military, and moral conflicts. The first three chapters provide a brief overview of the history of slavery in the United States and Mexico. These chapters narrate the central role that US settlement in the Mexican region of Téjas would play in the 1830s and detail reactions to Mexico's calls for slavery's abolition, ultimately accomplished by 1837. Baumgartner's work forces us to seriously consider the macro- and microlevel consequences of shifting borders. Chapters 4 and 5 engage the responses of officials in both Mexico and the United States to abolition and the complicated position of Téjas as US settlers moved to this Mexican region with the idea of expanding slavery there. Chapters 6 and 7 emphasize the central role of slavery in the Texas Revolution (1835–36) and in the United States' 1845 annexation of Texas. Chapter 8 explains the US-Mexican War (1846–48) and the increased hostilities regarding slavery after the United States took over more than half of Mexico's territory and newly incorporated western states like California and New Mexico drafted constitutions to prohibit slavery against Southern slaveholding state politicians' wishes.Throughout the book Baumgartner includes the actions that runaways took, yet the later chapters provide more thorough analyses of the broader consequences of these actions. Chapter 9 focuses on the agency and ingenuity of runaways who fled to Mexico for freedom as they joined military colonies, moved to cities, or hired themselves out as labor on haciendas. Enslaved people knew of the abolition of slavery in Mexico and took advantage of that knowledge to flee, whether on foot or hiding on ships as stowaways. Chapter 10 addresses US settlement of former Mexican territories after the US-Mexican War and the on-the-ground consequences of competing national and regional laws regarding slavery. Chapter 11 addresses African Americans in Mexico seeking US citizenship. Chapter 12 focuses on the American Civil War and ends with the role of Maximilian, installed by the French as emperor of Mexico, to demonstrate how slavery wove the national contexts of the United States and Mexico together.A boon for future researchers is how Baumgartner details a wide range of special collections and city, state, and national archives across Mexico and the United States that hold information on runaway African Americans fleeing to Mexico. This work also pushes us to ask further questions. What African-descended communities already existed in Mexico during the nineteenth century? What happened to people years after they arrived in Mexico? What happened to runaways' descendants in Mexico? These questions do not suggest oversights in the work under review. Instead, they highlight the significance of this work in getting us to ask more questions about this crucial topic and time.Through well-sourced accounts, Baumgartner demonstrates the similarities between the southern and northern routes to freedom in terms of the types of actors assisting in escapes, the potential exploitation of runaways, the possibility of capture, and limited employment opportunities once runaways arrived to free spaces. The individual circumstances collectively tied together the broader regional and national contexts of the United States and Mexico and played a crucial role in the sectional conflicts that would lead to the American Civil War. South to Freedom will be insightful for the general reader and informative for students of comparative slavery and freedom; it also adds intriguing angles of query for historians of the United States and Mexico.

New Otkhodnichestvo and Shift Labor Organization in the Depopulation and Settlement of Territories

—Modern Russia is characterized by a frequent discrepancy between the places of employment and residence of the able-bodied population. Combined with new opportunities for its spatial mobility, this has led to the development of intra-Russian and intraregional labor migrations. Among them, a significant place is occupied by commuting (daily departure to the place of work in another locality) and shift labor organization (departure to a place of work for a long time due to the irrationality of daily return to the place of permanent residence). The phenomenon of shift work historically grew out of prerevolutionary otkhodnichestvo, which does not fully coincide with the concept of seasonal work. Our contemporaries are increasingly using the concept of otkhodnichestvo, finding direct parallels with shift work. Such work is becoming one of the most dominant type of labor migration and an active factor of spatially mediated depopulation, which was analyzed in the previous issue of this journal. Unfortunately, statistics do not give objective information about this phenomenon; therefore, estimates by different researchers vary significantly. Legally, shift work in Russia is regulated only from the viewpoint of the employer–employee relationship. However, this article shows that it governs not only the special organization of labor, but also the special order of organizing the lives of millions of Russian citizens and spatial organization of economic and social activity in Russian regions and municipalities. Concentration of shift work vacancies is noted in Moscow and several other large cities, whereas in poorly populated areas of Russia, such vacancies are localized in stationary shift settlements. It is proposed they be considered as a kind of components of the settlement system with legal establishment of relations with local government bodies.

The State Administration of the German Colonies of the Russian Empire in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century

German migration to the Russian state has a long history. Between the sixteenth and the mid-eighteenth centuries, prisoners of war captured during the Livonian War (1558–1583) and persons invited to Russia by the Muscovite grand princes and Russian tsars (Ivan III, Ivan IV, Peter I, etc.) settled in Russia. In the second half of the eighteenth century, the resettlement of Germans became part of the state’s migration policy, which determined the fate of one of the empire’s most numerous ethnic minorities for many decades. This article deals with changes to the administration of German rural settlements in the Russian Empire in the second half of the nineteenth century. This period was important for the legal status of foreign colonies due to the adoption of the Statute of Colonies of 1857, which provided detailed regulation of the rights and obligations of foreign colonists. One of the tasks of the political, economic, and social reforms of the 1860s–1870s was the unification of the rural population and the elimination of the social exclusivity of foreign colonists. A pragmatic approach regarding the use of colonists for the settlement and rational development of empty territories brought positive results for these regions. The analysis here makes it possible to consider the measures taken by the Russian authorities to streamline the legislation, norms, and rules for the economic, administrative, everyday, and spiritual life of German colonists. With the help of comparative analysis, the authors study changes in state policy towards foreign colonists and the abolition of privileges as a result of the adoption of the law “the supremely approved rules about the management of settler-owners (former colonists)” on 4 June 1871. The study makes it possible to assess the impact of large-scale administrative changes on various spheres of life and activities of the German colonists, a separate category of the Russian Empire’s population.

Genre Features and Types of Adyghe Toponymic Legends

The article examines the Adyghe toponymic traditions. The relevance of the work is that it addresses one of the complex theoretical problems of modern Russian folklore — the definition of differentiating genre features of works of oral folk prose. The authors proceed from the fact that the identification of genre characteristics of Adyghe toponymic legends should contribute to the creation of a generalizing genre system of Adyghe folk non-fairy prose. The novelty of the research consists in determining the genre features of Adyghe toponymic legends and their classification. In the continuum of Adyghe toponymic traditions, two groups are distinguished: the traditions of the first group are archaic, they tell about the events of the distant past and are known throughout the entire ethnic territory. It is shown that the plot of this type of legend is expanded, complicated and includes a number of additional motives — the history of migration and settlement of the current territories by the people, genealogical excursions. It is noted that another group of toponymic legends is associated with events of the recent past and has a narrow local connectedness. The marker of historical authenticity of the described facts and events is an indication of real historical persons who act as characters in the legend. It is argued that the plot of this type of legend is not developed, they are usually one-episode, and the area of distribution of this group of legends is usually limited to one locality.

Население Мировой Арктики: российский и зарубежный подходы к изучению демографических проблем и заселению территорий

Население Мировой Арктики: российский и зарубежный подходы к изучению демографических проблем и заселению территорий

The index of the hearts squad Carnivora, as an indicator of predator ecology

The article presents the results of calculating the heart index of representatives of the order of carnivores, as one of the main morphophysiological indicators of predator activity. Based on the results of the study, the criteria for specific environmental characteristics of predators used for food production and determining the degree of load on the body were determined. To determine these indicators in some representatives of predatory animals obtained in the Amur region weight measurements of the hearts of sexually Mature individuals were performed: Martes zibellina, Meles leucurus, Canis lupus, Lynx lynx, Vulpes vulpes. Weight indicators of the index were carried out by measuring the ratio of the total mass of the organ to the body weight of the animal (organ mass x 100/ total mass of the animal =%). Conditionally dividing the studied predatory species into: small, medium and large, we determined: active predators intensively tracking their prey and leading high physical activity. Specialized predators that get food by sneaking up and chasing for short distances, not able to run for a long time. Predator-gatherers. In which this feature was an adaptive reaction in the course of evolution for the survival of the species in adverse conditions, food competition and settlement of new territories.

Urban demographic transition

AbstractUrban demographic transition can be defined as the historical period in which the population growth of cities structurally changes the settlement of territories. During this period, the urban population rate, which was previously very low, less than one-tenth of the population from the origins of humanity at least until the beginning of the 19th century, grew to be more than half of the population and sometimes much more. On a global average, the urban demographic transition was complete by 2008. Yet this transition is a double surprise in the history of the earth. The authors of the past had by no means envisaged it, and it is unprecedented in the history of the settlement of our planet. It will therefore be necessary to explain the unforeseen process that led to it. But it is essential to understand that urbanisation is deployed in a very differing way according to territories and countries. Finally, it is important to examine the period of post-transition, which concerns all countries whose urbanisation rate exceeds half the total population.

Phenomenon of gold rushes as territorial, mining and socio-cultural development of North Asia (Part IІІ)

This series of articles systematizes the events of settlement and economic development of vast spaces of North America, Australia, South Africa and North Asia, which are related to the movement of gold and diamond hunters (gold and diamond rushes). A chronological survey of the events is offered, the general phenomenon analyzed as well as specific aspects of its historical, mining, geological and organizational constituents covered. The material is divided into three separate but thematically united parts which describe the phenomenon of gold rush-spontaneous large-scale gold mining at newly discovered deposits in remote (for Europeans) parts of the world in the second half of the 19th century - the early 20th century. The impact of gold rushes in North America and Australia on the processes of global economic and financial transformations is shown. Large outputs resulted in setting a monetary gold standard which had been in place up to World War I: a wide turnover of gold coins, displacement of silver which began to act as token money as well as free exchange of paper money for gold coins. The above contributed to a sustainable development of world money relations which gave rise to a global financial system in the modern sense; a significant banks' influence on economic transformations as well as establishment of international centers for financial capital. Huge gold reserves were purposefully accumulated in the USA which, extracting an ample quantity of gold in its territory, bought up a considerable part of the world gold output, which eventually secured the key status of the American currency in world trade. Extracted gold played a key role in provision of financial resources for large-scale industrial development of the industrial epoch. Numerous migrations of working people from gold mining sites promoted the development and settlement of remote territories as well as the utilization of their natural resources in the global economic development. In the proposed third part, the authors cover events in North Asia - in the Urals and Siberia.

Phenomenon of gold and diamond rushes as territorial, mining and socio-cultural development of continental spaces of South Africa (part IІ)

This series of articles systematizes the events of settlement and economic development of vast spaces of North America, Australia, South Africa and North Asia, which are related to the movement of gold and diamond hunters (gold and diamond rushes). A chronological survey of the events is offered, the general phenomenon analyzed as well as specific aspects of its historical, mining, geological and organizational constituents covered. The material is divided into three separate but thematically united parts which describe the phenomenon of gold rush-spontaneous large-scale gold mining at newly discovered deposits in remote (for Europeans) parts of the world in the second half of the 19th century - the early 20th century. The impact of gold rushes in North America and Australia on the processes of global economic and financial transformations is shown. Large outputs resulted in setting a monetary gold standard which had been in place up to World War I: a wide turnover of gold coins, displacement of silver which began to act as token money as well as free exchange of paper money for gold coins. The above contributed to a sustainable development of world money relations which gave rise to a global financial system in the modern sense; a significant banks' influence on economic transformations as well as establishment of international centers for financial capital. Huge gold reserves were purposefully accumulated in the USA which, extracting an ample quantity of gold in its territory, bought up a considerable part of the world gold output, which eventually secured the key status of the American currency in world trade. Extracted gold played a key role in provision of financial resources for large-scale industrial development of the industrial epoch. Numerous migrations of working people from gold mining sites promoted the development and settlement of remote territories as well as the utilization of their natural resources in the global economic development.

Phenomenon of gold and diamond rushes as territorial, mining and socio-cultural development of continental spaces of North America and Australia (Part I)

This series of articles systematizes the events of settlement and economic development of vast spaces of North America, Australia, South Africa and North Asia, which are related to the movement of gold and diamond hunters (gold and diamond rushes). A chronological survey of the events is offered, the general phenomenon analyzed as well as specific aspects of its historical, mining, geological and organizational constituents covered. The material is divided into three separate but thematically united parts which describe the phenomenon of gold rush-spontaneous large-scale gold mining at newly discovered deposits in remote (for Europeans) parts of the world in the second half of the 19th century - the early 20th century.The impact of gold rushes in North America and Australia on the processes of global economic and financial transformations is shown. Large outputs resulted in setting a monetary gold standard which had been in place up to World War I: a wide turnover of gold coins, displacement of silver which began to act as token money as well as free exchange of paper money for gold coins. The above contributed to a sustainable development of world money relations which gave rise to a global financial system in the modern sense; a significant banks' influence on economic transformations as well as establishment of international centers for financial capital. Huge gold reserves were purposefully accumulated in the USA which, extracting an ample quantity of gold in its territory, bought up a considerable part of the world gold output, which eventually secured the key status of the American currency in world trade. Extracted gold played a key role in provision of financial resources for large-scale industrial development of the industrial epoch. Numerous migrations of working people from gold mining sites promoted the development and settlement of remote territories as well as the utilization of their natural resources in the global economic development.