Island Settlement Research Articles

ДЖЕЙМС СТРЭНГ (1813–1856) И «МОРМОНСКОЕ КОРОЛЕВСТВО» НА ВЕЛИКИХ ОЗЕРАХ В СЕРЕДИНЕ XIX ВЕКА

The article examines the activities of James Jesse Strang (1813-1856), the self-proclaimed prophet of the «Latter-day Saints», the leader of one of the major movements in early Mormonism, and his followers – the Strangites. A unique religious and socio-political phenomenon: the proclamation of the monarchy in the United States remains practically unexplored in Russian historiography. This article helps fill the gap. The analysis of information about the religious movement of the Strangites, its origin, features, main ideas, major milestones of history contained in Mormon documents, materials of the American periodical press and other sources of the middle of the XIX-th century is carried out. After the death of the founder of the Mormon religion, Joseph Smith (1805-1844), Strang managed to unite the intra-church opposition around him for a short time. He was supported by almost all dissatisfied with the new leader of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Brigham Young (1801-1877) and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (including many family members of the first Mormon prophet). They managed to create a separate religious organization. It is shown that Strang's ideal was not just a theocracy, but a theocratic monarchy, reminiscent of the theocratic rule of the ancient Jews during the Old Testament period. This radically distinguished his teaching from the ideas about the state structure of other Mormons, who were supporters of theodemocracy – an ideal government based on faith in God and built on the principles of republicanism. The separated Mormons sought to implement their utopian religious-political and social project in practice in the colonized region of the Great Lakes. But conflicts with local residents created great difficulties for the Strangites, acquiring an increasingly acute character in 1850–1856. The conflicts ended with the death of the prophet Strang, the expulsion of his followers from the island settlement, which led to the rapid disintegration of the community. The utopia of the Strangites turned out to be unrealized.

Techno-economic analysis of a hybrid energy system for electrification using an off-grid solar/biogas/battery system employing HOMER: A case study in Vietnam

The electrification of off-grid /island villages is a critical step towards improving the techno-economic circumstances of rural regions and the overall general growth of the country. However, consistent supply from a single source is not possible in these areas. Thus, a hybrid renewable energy system performs better in these conditions. The research challenge now is to identify the optimal combinations of HRES from the available resources in a specific village site that can supply the power demand sustainably and to determine whether this is a cost-effective option. The present work is an endeavour to develop a sustainable and dynamic energy demand-supply model using HOMER Pro energy software in a specified off-grid rural site in Vietnam. The research presents four unique configurations of a combined energy system for Vietnam's island settlements, incorporating biomass-based biogas facilities, photovoltaic panels, lithium-ion batteries, and converters. Homer Pro was used for optimization and design, focusing on key performance measures such as cost of energy, net present cost, initial cost, operating cost, renewable fraction, and carbon emissions. The best HES system layout includes a 100-kW biomass-based generator, 2.62 kW photovoltaic installation, 10 lithium-ion batteries, and a 6.31 kW converter, producing 100 % renewable energy. The system's low cost of energy ($0.48), and net present cost ($25,730.89) make it an economically viable alternative, while its low CO2 emissions demonstrate its commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Genetic Characteristics Evaluation and Planning Design of Traditional Village Cultural Landscape: Taking Dongmen Fishing Village in Xiangshan, Zhejiang Province as an Example

ABSTRACT Taking Dongmen Fishing Village in Xiangshan, Zhejiang Province as an example, based on the theory of cultural landscape genes, this paper constructs a cultural landscape gene information chain for Dongmen Fishing Village, and proposes the composition and construction method of the information chain, ultimately forming information points including 4 major categories, 14 subcategories, and 29 points, including 4 information elements of fishery industry culture, folk beliefs culture, maritime defense culture, and island settlement culture, as well as an information corridor formed by overlapping village spaces. The study further conducts quantitative evaluation of cultural landscape genes through questionnaire surveys, including the importance of different information points and their correlation with information elements. Through IPA analysis of importance and correlation, the types of cultural landscape genes are clarified, and their type and spatial characteristics are further analyzed. Based on this, the study analyzes the current problems of the cultural landscape in Dongmen Fishing Village and conducts planning and design research on it. The research results provide scientific basis for the protection and utilization of cultural landscapes in Dongmen Fishing Village in the future.

Radiocarbon dates from Curaçao’s oldest Archaic site extend earliest island settlement to ca. 5700 cal BP

Due to its proximity to coastal South America and settlement during the early phase of insular Caribbean occupation, Curaçao’s archaeological record offers potential evidence for early overwater exploration and regional interaction. Here, we report new accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dates on charcoal from C-1426 at Saliña Sint Marie, an Archaic rockshelter site that extends Curaçao’s occupation back to 5735–5600 cal BP, some 290–850 years earlier than the established settlement chronology. This finding makes the C-1426 rockshelter Curaçao’s earliest known archaeological site and among the oldest in the insular Caribbean. We describe the site and the archaeological context of dating and conclude by considering the implications of Curaçao’s revised occupation chronology for initial Caribbean settlement.

Perceptions and attitudes towards unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) use for delivery of HIV medication among fisher folk communities on the Islands of Kalangala, Uganda.

The study aimed to assess the attitudes of stakeholders towards the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (medical drones) for delivering antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the Kalangala district of Uganda, which is comprised of 84 islands and has approximately 18,500 People Living with HIV (PLHIV). A qualitative baseline study was conducted to assess the acceptability and feasibility of using a medical drone for ART delivery in the island settlements of Kalangala Islands. The data revealed four emerging themes: knowledge about the drones, perceived benefits of medical drone delivery, perceived risks of medical drone use, and recommendations for future use. The study found that most participants, especially healthcare workers and key opinion leaders, were aware of the medical drones, which could reduce transport costs, deliver medication on time, and reduce healthcare workers' workload. However, there were also perceived risks related to the use of medical drones, such as stigma, reduced contact with healthcare providers, and maintenance and security issues. The study provided evidence that medical drones would be acceptable and have support from various stakeholders in the island settlements for ART delivery. However, concerns were raised about potential stigma and less health worker interaction. This qualitative work allowed the team to address these concerns during the pilot phase.

The maternal ancestry of the Kavaratti islanders and the last glacial maximum aftermath.

The prehistoric human settlement of the Lakshadweep islands remains a mystery for various reasons. Uncertainty about the existence of indigenous tribes in these islands and the lack of folklore records present major obstacles to the reconstruction of Lakshadweep ancestry. However, with extant population data, we seek to understand the maternal ancestry of theKavaratti islanders. Mitochondrial control region variation analysis of 80 individuals from this island shows maternal links with the populations in the northwestern region of the South Asian mainland. The founder clade R30b2, observed in the Kavaratti islanders, is so far present only in the Scheduled Castes from the Punjab region, Jat Sikhs and Nairs. All other mainland populations carry basal R30 or R30a subclades. The presence of a specific Uralic U4 lineage in our samples, in addition to the Indo-European affinity observed in the phylogeny tree, substantiates a northwestern maternal ancestry of the Kavaratti islanders and implies an ancestral admixture with early humans in the Near East at the time of the last glacial maximum (LGM). Based on our Bayesian analysis, we furthermore propose that a group bearing mostly R30b2 during the LGM recovery, moved eastward and southward, where they received Indian-specific M haplogroups. Hence, the maternal ancestry of the Kavaratti islanders is evidently a consequence of the demographic changes in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent caused by the Last Glacial Maximum. The haplogroup distribution pattern and nucleotide sequence data produced in this study will enrich the forensic database of the Lakshadweep islands.

A Circular Economy for O'ahu's Management of Single-Use Plastics

Ever since Single-Use Plastics (SUPs) became a ubiquitous part of our daily lives, societal emphasis has generally been on downstream management – such as recycling efforts and cleanups – of SUP waste. Less attention has been given to upstream management, such as extended producer responsibility (EPR), assigning producers the stewardship responsibility at the end-of-life of their products. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is helpful in initiating upstream management by assessing the ecological impact at every stage of a product, from the extraction of raw materials to packaging and use to the end-of-life management. Understanding the life cycle of SUPs is critical to mitigating the unsustainability issues that SUPs create. The complexity of SUP pathways across human settlements makes it difficult to conduct LCAs as precursor to designing and realizing a more circular economy. Thus, island settlements may provide insightful implications due to fewer points of SUP entry and removal than vast, interconnected continental communities. Therefore, islands may serve as useful models to investigate, critique, and address negative externalities revealed by LCAs. This study focuses on the island of O‘ahu in the state of Hawai‘i and a simplified life cycle assessment is conducted for the most prevalent SUPs. After quantitative and qualitative data are analyzed, circular economy approaches for SUP management on the island are identified, described, and assessed for applicability to O‘ahu’s context.

The Marine Landscape of an Island Settlement 8.000 Years Old in the Aegean: A Comment on Global Warming-Looking Back

The Marine Landscape of an Island Settlement 8.000 Years Old in the Aegean: A Comment on Global Warming-Looking Back

Modelling an off-grid hybrid renewable energy system to deliver electricity to a remote Indian island

The study examines numerous off-grid hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) combinations to deliver electricity to a remote island settlement. Six different configurations were subjected to technical, economic, environmental, and social analyses in order to establish the best optimal design. The best-optimized system's sensitivity analysis was carried out. Furthermore, different machine learning models have been applied to predict the performance of the system. In terms of economic assessments, the lowest levelized unit cost of electricity (LCOE) (0.31$/kWh) and highest return on investment (ROI) (26.4 %) make the System 6 much more competitive. Despite the fact that System 6 is partially powered by a diesel generator, the life cycle CO2 emissions (LCE) of System 6 and System 3 are at similar levels, which are 49517.68 kg/year and 46744.45 kg/year, respectively. For system 6, it was observed that a 30 % rise in diesel fuel prices increased the net present cost (NPC) and LCOE by 4.9 % and 4.8 %, respectively. Matern 5/2 GPR model is found to be best options among all the studied machine learning models for predicting renewable fraction and levelized unit cost of electricity.

Island Colonization and Human-Environment Interactions on the Edges of the Tropics: Archaeology of the Taíno Frontier (Northern Bahamas)

ABSTRACT Variability across frontiers and boundaries challenges the resilience of expanding populations. Here, we contribute to a broader understanding of global patterns of island colonization and expose the diversity of lifeways experienced across the Taíno culture area by exploring Lucayan settlement of the small subtropical islands of the northern Bahama archipelago. The results of this first comprehensive investigation document the rapid expansion and early arrival of humans in the northern zone (ca. a.d. 900); deviations from traditional settlement patterns and dietary practices, which reflect responses to the unique local environment, including the association of humans with extirpated/extinct animals; sources for pottery imported from the Greater Antillean Taínos; and, a previously unrecognized local pottery variety attributable to the quality of local clay sources. The frontier provides a new perspective on the Taíno core area and raises additional questions concerning life along a historically progressing frontier. Video : https://vimeo.com/363737943

Development of Solar PV Systems for Mini-Grid Applications in Tanzania

Access to electricity offers great benefits to development through the provision of reliable and efficient energy sources in the country. Majority of the population living in the remote and rural areas of developing countries mostly sub-Saharan Africa are not supplied with electricity. Although the governments through their electricity companies put their effort to extends the grid distribution networks to remote and rural areas still the coverage were not sufficiently enough due to growing demands for safe and reliable electricity. However, solar as a source of energy remains the least utilized energy source in many countries including Tanzania. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems mini-grids have shown their potential in rural electrification projects in many countries mostly sub-Saharan Africa. A solar PV system mini-grid is a PV plant with a localized distribution network to a unit village, or a cluster of villages, providing alternating current (AC). Basically, it consists of solar PV modules of a certain capacity, charger controller, inverters for converting the DC power to AC power, housing for the battery bank and plant control systems. In areas where there is no grid connection or where diesel generation is the main power source, PV plants are able to generate electricity efficiently and relatively cheaply. This paper aims at giving out the overview of solar PV mini-grid applications in Tanzania basically, in terms of technical design and economic analysis of the selected mini-grid system at Juma Island village located in Sengerema District in Mwanza Region. The Juma Island settlements has the electricity demands estimated about 25 kWh per day. At the prevailing tariff conditions in the country, this project can be considered as financially viable with feed-in tariff scheme or other incentives such as grants/capital subsidies when applied. However, the other non-financial benefits like the greenhouse gas emissions savings can, in the long run, help mitigate the adverse effects of the climate change problem plaguing the entire earth.

Awareness of the Importance of Children's Education in the Small Island Fisherman Community (Case Study of Liukang Loe Island)

Residents of small island villages are typically classified as low-educated. This study used Liukang Loe Island as a case study to learn the truth about children's education in small island settlements. This study aims to determine how the fishing community understands the importance of education and how to increase public awareness about children's education on Liukang Loe Island. This study, which uses a descriptive qualitative technique with research informants, focuses on the "Harapan" fishing group community on Liukang Loe Island. Information was gathered through observation, interviews, and documentation. The type of analysis that was carried out by qualitative through taxonomic analysis, drawing conclusions using the Miles and Hubberman model, as well as directions to increase public awareness about the importance of education through AHP. The findings demonstrated that the Liukang Loe Island fishing community prioritized children's education, as seen by the community's, particularly families', efforts to ensure that children's education was completed. This is reinforced by the family's commitment to earning a living and covering all the children's educational demands. The fishing communities support their children's ability to advance to the highest level possible. Although there are only elementary and junior high schools on Liukang Loe Island, with limited facilities and infrastructure, children's enthusiasm and motivation to attend school are high. This does not deter the fishermen's children from continuing their high school and graduate education outside the island to obtain a better education. There are two options for raising awareness about education in fishing communities: community training and empowerment programs through NGOs, local governments, and educational institutions; and educational assistance programs in the form of notable scholarships for fishing communities in small islands.Keywords: Community Awareness, Fisherman, Education, Small Island

VERIFICATION OF THE ELASTO-VISCOPLASTIC APPROACH ASSESSING THE LONG-TERM DEFORMATION OF THE QUASI-OVERCONSOLIDATED PLEISTOCENE CLAY DEPOSITS

A series of elasto-viscoplastic finite element analyses is performed to describe the long-term settlement measured at the reclaimed islands in Osaka Port. The compression modeling for the quasi-overconsolidated Pleistocene clays proposed by the authors has been incorporated to the procedure in which an elasto-viscoplastic deformation is assumed to occur even in the quasi-overconsolidated region (p 0 ≤p≥p c ), One-dimensional analysis is adopted for assessing the settlement of Sakishima and Yumeshima Reclaimed islands, whereas the plane-strain finite element analysis is carried out for investigating the deformation of the Pleistocene deposit beneath the sheet-pile composite revetment at Maishima Reclaimed Island. The proposed procedure is found to provide larger settlement for all cases compared to the conventional approach because of the consideration of viscoplastic deformation in the quasi-overconsolidated region. As for the case of the sheet-pile composite revetment, the effect of stress concentration due to ground improvement with SCP for the Holocene clay layer is remarkable on the underlying Pleistocene deposit. The measured settlement of the individual Pleistocene clay layers as well as the total settlement of the Pleistocene deposits are precisely described by the proposed procedure, whereas the conventional approach in which the instantaneous elastic deformation is assumed to occur in the quasi-overconsolidated region exhibits serious underestimation. From these results, the predictive accuracy of the proposed procedure is verified for assessing the long-term settlement at the reclaimed islands in Osaka Port.

Demography, trade and state power: a tripartite model of medieval farming/language dispersals in the Ryukyu Islands.

Hunter-gatherer occupations of small islands are rare in world prehistory and it is widely accepted that island settlement is facilitated by agriculture. The Ryukyu Islands contradict that understanding on two counts: not only did they have a long history of hunter-gatherer settlement, but they also have a very late date for the onset of agriculture, which only reached the archipelago between the eighth and thirteenth centuries AD. Here, we combine archaeology and linguistics to propose a tripartite model for the spread of agriculture and Ryukyuan languages to the Ryukyu Islands. Employing demographic growth, trade/piracy and the political influence of neighbouring states, this model provides a synthetic yet flexible understanding of farming/language dispersals in the Ryukyus within the complex historical background of medieval East Asia.

Settlement of Rapa Nui May Have Been Doomed by a Dearth of Dust

Rapa Nui and Hawai‘i offer a tale of two island settlements: Hawai‘i was close enough to Asia for continental dust to help replenish soil nutrients depleted by agriculture. Rapa Nui wasn’t.

Gourimadi Archaeological Project. The results from the first excavation season

The Norwegian Institute at Athens received a permit from the Greek Ministry of Culture and Sports in 2018 to conduct a five-year excavation project at the site of Gourimadi in southern Euboea. The first field season, conducted in June 2018, lasted for four weeks during which two trenches were opened at the site and partially excavated by a Norwegian-Greek team of researchers and students. The aim of the project is to understand the transition from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age in this part of the Aegean in the light of emerging regional maritime interaction networks and lasting settlement of the Cycladic islands. In addition, data collected from both the surface and excavation indicate that Gourimadi can contribute potentially crucial information needed for examining the Aegean prehistoric obsidian exchange and the introduction of metallurgy in the same region. Finally, the project is the first systematic (i.e. non-rescue) excavation of a prehistoric site in southern Euboea. The 2018 excavation confirmed our expectations about the importance of the site and has added to our understanding of prehistoric Euboea and the Aegean. The paper contains a brief preliminary but comprehensive report of the 2018 Gourimadi Archaeological Project results.

Small island settlement planning in Panggang island, DKI Jakarta

Despite the fact that North Jakarta has been prompted as the new frontier of development with megaprojects, artificial islands, and large-scale infrastructures, little attention is paid to the development of small islands in Kepulauan Seribu, north of Jakarta, focused on Panggang island, one of the inhabited islands in Kepulauan Seribu, among Indonesia’s densest islands. There were the three challenges to the urbanization of small islands in the Jakarta megaregion, including: population growth, land availability and reclamation, and essential infrastructure provision. Through a participatory workshop with local authorities and communities, this paper proposed a model of sustainable settlement planning in Panggang Island, based on housing need assessment and spatial structure improvement to ensure the future settlement sustainability in Panggang island. To conclude, this paper critically reflects on the engagement process with local communities and the challenges in actualizing the settlement planning proposal in Pulau Pangang.

Adaptation to climate change in small island settlements

Adaptation to climate change in small island settlements poses unique issues of access, cost, governance and cultural, historical, and ecological preservation. There is a need therefore to focus research efforts on these small coastal settlements in order to assist and support their communities to develop and implement adaptation. This article is an initial attempt to evaluate and categorise these issues for island settlements, based on case studies and general perspectives on adaptation. Six island settlement case studies are used from around the world: Cocos Islands (Australian territory); Shishmaref, USA; Broad Channel, USA; Samsø, Denmark; Ciutadella de Menorca, Spain; and Port Vila, Vanuatu. This article describes and assesses impacts, adaptations, and capacity within each of the six case studies, and outlines the relationship of the Sustainable Development Goals system to small coastal settlements in general.

Divergent Destinies: The English Royal Colony of Tangier and the Island Settlement of Bombay, c. 1662-85

This article examines the progression of the two colonies which came to the English crown as a result of the Anglo-Portuguese marriage treaty of 1661, Tangier and Bombay. The years 1662-85 act as the border for this study, taking in the entire duration of Tangier’s existence as an English crown colony and Bombay’s emergence as a settlement of the East India Company. Whilst English Tangier was a noted failure in colonial terms, the long-term development of Bombay proved to be a major success for the British in the subcontinent. Whilst this study will examine these divergent fortunes in social, economic and military terms, questions will also be posed as to the role which royal and chartered trading company patronage played in the success of these two settlements. This in turn will feed into the ongoing debate surrounding global approaches to colonial expansion and empire, as well as demonstrate the benefits and limitations of royal patronage in colonial development.

Vaccinations and Vaccinators' Tracking System in Island Settlements: CHAD 2017-2018.

IntroductionChad is a country within the Lake Chad sub region, currently at risk for poliovirus infection. The Lake Chad Task Team on polio eradication in this sub region made significant efforts to reduce the risk of polio transmission in Chad by tacking immunization teams in the Island Settlement using a Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. This article demonstrates the application of GIS technology to track vaccination teams to monitor immunization coverage in the Island settlements, reduce the number of missed settlements, to provide evidence for vaccination implementation and accountability and improve team performance.MethodsIn each district where tracking was conducted, global positioning system–enabled Android phones were given to each team on a daily basis and were used to record team tracks. These tracks were uploaded to a dashboard to show the level of coverage and identify areas missed by the teams.ResultsIn 2018, tracking covered 30 immunization days, in six rounds. Approximately average of 1173 Island settlements were tracked and covered in each of the six rounds. A total of 806,999 persons aged 0-10 years were immunized, out of which 4273 were zero dose cases at the point of their immunization. Tracking activities were conducted. There was an improvement in the geographic coverage of settlements and an overall reduction in the number of missed settlements.ConclusionsThe tracking of vaccination teams and Island settlements ensured useful information for planning and implementation of polio campaigns and enabled supervisors to evaluate performance of vaccination teams