Settlement In Britain Research Articles

Thinking with Toni Morrison's A Mercy (A Response to "Remembering the Past: Toni Morrison's Seventeenth Century in Today's Classroom")

Thinking with Toni Morrison's A Mercy (A Response to "Remembering the Past: Toni Morrison's Seventeenth Century in Today's Classroom") Lisa M. Logan (bio) We find it familiar to consider objects as useful or aesthetic, as necessities or vain indulgences. We are on less familiar ground when we consider objects as companions to our emotional lives or as provocations to thought. The notion of evocative objects brings together these two less familiar ideas, underscoring the inseparability of thought and feeling in our relationship to things. We think with the objects we love; we love the objects we think with. (Turkle 5) In "Projecting Early American Literary Studies," Sandra M. Gustafson and Gordon Hutner observe that "the larger community of Americanists . . . neglected the work of Early Americanists, an omission [End Page 193] that the profession suffered at its peril. . . . Americanists of all specialties needed to know more about the work done in the early period . . . to stimulate their understanding of the field as a whole" (249). Toni Morrison's novel A Mercy (2008), set between 1682 and 1690, anchors this argument, exemplifying, among other things, the power of early American studies and the archive to "correct the powerfully idealizing image of colonial encounter" (249). In contrast to the culturally familiar fiction of early America as an uninhabited New World ripe for the taking, A Mercy presents "the disordered world created by European colonization" in a "dystopian register" (245). For Gustafson and Hutner and the participants in this roundtable on teaching A Mercy in the early American classroom, A Mercy operates as an "evocative object," not simply something we "think with" but a "provocation" to thought and feeling. Morrison's use of the archive resembles the bricoleur's, "combining and recombining a closed set of materials to come up with new ideas" (Turkle 4). Through overlapping, entangled histories that complicate notions of a simple, coherent past, the novel stages recent transformations in literary and historical studies, showing both the limits and possibilities of the archive. The novel invites us to "inhabit an alien world, one every American ought to understand or at least be aware of" (Black 32). This disordered and dystopian early America exemplifies "bricolage as passionate practice" (Turkle 5). In the introduction to these essays, Chiara Cillerai contends that A Mercy foregrounds "challenging histories [and] . . . changing academic and intellectual practices." Certainly Morrison "combin[es] and recombin[es]" what Cillerai terms "challenging histories," including King Philip's (Metacomet's) War, the Salem witchcraft trials, Bacon's Rebellion, the Middle Passage, and the construction of slave laws that have affected the colonies and nation ever since. Moreover, the novel depicts the instability of these histories, representing multiple and intersecting axes of identity: race, class, patriarchy, diaspora, religion, culture, folkways, slavery, servitude, motherhood, family, literacy, choice, self-ownership, safety, and security.6 Through Jacob, Rebekka, Lina, Florens, Sorrow, Willard and Scully, A Mercy recovers and reimagines lost, marginalized, and hidden histories—literary, archival, and narrative. Morrison's imaginative, novelistic recovery mirrors the archival work on marginalized people by early American scholars, such as Wendy Anne Warren, whose "'The Cause of Her Grief': The Rape of a Slave in Early New [End Page 194] England," makes a powerful statement: "We have known, for a long time, a story of New England's settlement in which 'Mr. Mavericks Negro woman' does not appear; here is one in which she does" (1049). This emphasis on what is missing or recovered (and why) drives Morrison's novel, according to Susan Curtis, who examines the intertextualities of archive, novel, and cultural narratives about the past and present. For Curtis, the archive operates as an "evocative object," a trove of words that delineate material and emotional realities: an enslaved person's passage, a contract, treaty, indenture; documents in the archive; human behavior; signs on the human body itself; and signs and wonders of the natural and invisible worlds. Florens frames the dilemma: "One question is who is responsible? Another is can you read?" (Morrison, A Mercy 3). Cillerai, Curtis, and Bross ask it this way: what are we able to read, and why are we able to read it? As Warren writes, "We make our way among...

Can Social Interventions Prevent Tuberculosis?

There is consensus on the need to address social determinants of tuberculosis (TB) to achieve TB control, but evidence based on interventions is lacking. We reanalyzed data from the sociomedical experiment performed at the Papworth Village Settlement in England, where the impact of stable employment and adequate housing and nutrition on the incidence of TB infection and disease in children living with parents with active TB was documented during 1918-1943. Information on 315 children of patients, who lived at Papworth, was abstracted from a published monograph. Overall and age-specific occurrence of TB infection, disease, and deaths among children born in the settlement (village-born cohort) were compared with those of children born outside and admitted later (admitted cohort) to Papworth. The annual risks of infection in the village-born and admitted cohorts were 20 and 24%, respectively. Of 24 children who developed TB disease, only one was village-born. Among children 5 years of age or less, there was zero incidence of TB in the village-born, compared with five cases (1,217/100,000 person-years) among children born outside Papworth. In the admitted cohort, among children 13 years of age and older, the incidence of TB before admission to Papworth was 5,263/100,000 person-years, whereas it was 341/100,000 person-years while living in Papworth. At Papworth social interventions including adequate nutrition did not reduce TB transmission but did reduce the incidence of TB disease in children living with parents with active TB. These results are relevant today for prevention of TB in children of patients with active TB, particularly with multidrug-resistant TB in high-burden settings.

Refugees from Nazism and Cultural Transfer to Britain

This study accepts that while cultural transfer was obvious in the history of German Jewish settlement in Britain from Nazi Germany during the 1930s, it looks at what four individuals did and what helped them to lay the foundations of a successful career in Britain and make a noticeable contribution to their host society. The essay asks how bewildered refugees overcame social uprooting, isolation in a foreign country, linguistic deficiencies and lack of funds. It demonstrates the importance of relatives and fellow exiles, friends and colleagues, relief organisations and professional associations. The contribution uses the case studies of the journalist Sebastian Haffner, the Germanist Charlotte Jolles, the historian Francis L. Carsten and the industrialist Mac Goldsmith.

Local Distribution and Subsequent Mobility of Immigrants Measured from the School Census in England

This paper provides an examination of the initial location of recent pupil immigrants in England and their subsequent internal migration and emigration. The unique analysis is conducted using data from the School Census, with a focus on migrants from A8 countries between 2003 and 2007. Recent pupil immigrants, including A8 migrants, initially concentrate in London, though A8 pupil immigrants are much more geographically dispersed than all other pupil immigrants. Overall, pupil immigrants are highly geographically mobile in the short period following their arrival. This may reflect an inability to select appropriate housing and environments when families first arrive because they are limited to low-cost private housing. A8 pupil immigrants, in particular, have tended to move away from the areas where they are initially concentrated through internal migration. On average, 10% of all pupil immigrants are also identified as emigrants in the period between 2004 and 2007, suggesting that permanent settlement in England is not the experience for many immigrant families. These findings contribute to policy-based migration research indicating where resources to assist immigrant groups should be directed and whether, as a result of subsequent dispersal, resources will need to be redistributed as immigrants move within England and beyond.

Lost in Translation? Some Issues Encountered in Transferring Village Design Statements from England to Ireland

The erosion of the distinctive character of smaller rural settlements in England has been addressed with some success through the preparation of Village Design Statements (VDS) by local communities. Adopting a more or less unmodified version of the English VDS model, the Heritage Council introduced a VDS programme in Ireland in 2000. This paper reports on an evaluation of that programme and indicates that VDSs in Ireland have had very limited success to date in terms of their stated objectives. The paper reflects on some of the difficulties experienced in transferring an established community-led initiative from one cultural, political and institutional context to another, and concludes that aspects of that context need to be addressed before VDSs are likely to redress the loss of distinctiveness in villages in Ireland or elsewhere. Further, it concludes that in many situations a community-led instrument embracing broader social, economic and environmental matters might be more appropriate than a VDS.

Variation of ante- and post-nuptial settlements in England: the jurisdiction of the family division

Variation of ante- and post-nuptial settlements in England: the jurisdiction of the family division

Interpreting the expansion of sea fishing in medieval Europe using stable isotope analysis of archaeological cod bones

Archaeological fish bones reveal increases in marine fish utilisation in Northern and Western Europe beginning in the 10th and 11th centuries AD. We use stable isotope signatures from 300 archaeological cod ( Gadus morhua) bones to determine whether this sea fishing revolution resulted from increased local fishing or the introduction of preserved fish transported from distant waters such as Arctic Norway, Iceland and/or the Northern Isles of Scotland (Orkney and Shetland). Results from 12 settlements in England and Flanders (Belgium) indicate that catches were initially local. Between the 9th and 12th centuries most bones represented fish from the southern North Sea. Conversely, by the 13th to 14th centuries demand was increasingly met through long distance transport – signalling the onset of the globalisation of commercial fisheries and suggesting that cities such as London quickly outgrew the capacity of local fish supplies.

Defoe and the Rhetoric of the Union:

This paper aims to grasp the political and socio-economic background of the Union of 1707 and the characteristics of Daniel Defoeʼs social thought through an examination of his major historical work, The History of the Union of Great Britain （1709）. On the eve of the Union, Defoe served as an English spy among Scottish people and wit-nessed a surge of their anti-English passions firsthand. The works by Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun, the most influential contemporary Scot-tish republican writer, embodied these antipa-thies in a very sophisticated manner. Defoe paid close attention to both the republican thought and its vocabulary typically expressed in Fletch-erʼs texts and managed to combine them with the rhetoric of divine providence. This was an intel-lectual activity for the creation of a historical narrative in which the distressed Scottish people could finally find relief. Defoeʼs History of the Union asserted that the conflicts between England and Scotland had been transmuted into peacemaking factors by the leading of providence. Some contemporary affairs were considered as examples: the founda-tion of the Company of Scotland Trading to Af-rica and the Indies, Massacre of Glencoe, Act of Settlement in England, Act of Security in Scot-land, Alien Act in England, and execution of Captain Green after seizing of the ship Worces-ter in Scotland. While recounting these affairs, the present paper focuses on the nature of the rhetoric to which Defoe appeals. His appeal to “an Invisible Hand” represents a concealing design, that is, to appease the complex feelings held by those liv-ing in North Britain. His History of the Union seems to have been written to persuade them rather than to preserve historical facts them-selves. JEL classification numbers: B 11, B 31, N 40.

Loyalties in Conflict: A Canadian Borderland in War and Rebellion 1812–40 (review)

Reviewed by: Loyalties in Conflict: A Canadian Borderland in War and Rebellion 1812–40 Phillip Buckner Loyalties in Conflict: A Canadian Borderland in War and Rebellion 1812–40. J.I. Little. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008. Pp. 191, $55.00 cloth, $24.95 paper In the nineteenth century the Eastern Townships, the region south of the St Lawrence River and north of the American border, was geographically part of Quebec, but until the demographic victory of [End Page 767] the French Canadians in the latter part of the nineteenth century it remained culturally distinctive. In several books and a vast number of articles Jack Little has explored the history of the Eastern Townships, and in Loyalties in Conflict: A Canadian Borderland in War and Rebellion 1812–1840 he traces how people in the region responded to the War of 1812 and the Rebellions of 1837–8. Most of the immigrants to the southern heartland of the Eastern Townships came from south of the border and the region was part of the northern frontier of New England settlement – a classic borderland. Little uses the borderlands approach cautiously and effectively. Its main advantage, he points out, is that 'it shifts the focus of attention from the central state to local communities as active agents in history' (7), but he is critical of those borderland historians who overemphasize the common features of contiguous societies and reduce the border to an artificial line in social space that has no meaning. As Little shows, during the War of 1812 most of the American-born settlers in the Eastern Townships rejected allegiance to their country of birth, and a substantial number served in Eastern Townships militia and volunteer units. Although they were undoubtedly motivated by a strong sense of local identity rather than any broader imperial loyalty, and close border ties persisted after the War of 1812, by the time that the Rebellion of 1837 broke out, the inhabitants of the Eastern Townships had developed a strong sense of regional identity 'that was quite distinct from that on the other side of the border' (56). In short, the region was no longer a borderland in any meaningful sense, although it had not completed the transformation from a society whose political and social values were essentially American to one that defined itself as British Canadian. The rebellions of 1837–8 were important in that transformation. Initially the patriote movement had widespread support among the rural population of the Eastern Townships. In his meticulously researched study Little shows just how widespread it was. What then prevented the Eastern Townships from supporting the rebellions? Little's answer is that the majority were frightened into supporting the colonial administration because of their minority status in a French-Canadian nationalist republic. Although he blames 'the paradoxical role that Papineau's rather conservative and intransigent ethnic nationalism played in alienating what might have been a powerful source of support' (106), he insists that his study of the Eastern Townships undermines Durham's argument that tensions between the two major linguistic groups lay at the root of the Lower Canadian rebellion. But does it really? The majority of the reformers [End Page 768] in the Eastern Townships certainly did want to put an end to the selective distribution of patronage to a small British elite and they did want greater local control over their own affairs. But these were objectives that could have been achieved without rebellion – a rebellion that only a small minority of the population of the Eastern Townships supported. Little stresses the key role in drumming up anti-francophone sentiment played by the constitutionalist press. But they did not have to invent the threat posed to the long-term survival of the English-speaking population if the imperial government had simply given in to all the patriotes' demands. Ironically in the long run there was really no future for the Eastern Townships as an English-speaking enclave, even within a Quebec that remained an integral part of a Canada with an English-speaking majority. How much more quickly would this region have lost its distinctive character within a French-Canadian dominated colony or an independent republic? The anti-colonial...

Early Devensian (MIS 5d–5b) occupation at Dartford, southeast England

AbstractA deeply buried horizon containing mint‐condition flint artefacts was discovered in 2006 during archaeological investigations in advance of major roadworks near Dartford, Kent, in southeast England. The context of the artefacts and the freshness of their condition suggest this horizon represents a buried occupation surface. Optically stimulated luminescence dating places this horizon in the period Marine Isotope Stage 5d–5b, early in the British Devensian glaciation. This paper describes details of the artefacts, their context and dates, and outlines how this apparent occupation fits in with the wider pattern of Neanderthal settlement in Britain and northwest Europe in the later Pleistocene. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The Atlas of Rural Settlement in England GIS

This article describes the results of a project to use the maps of terrain and nineteenth-century rural settlement published in Roberts and Wrathmell's An Atlas of Rural Settlement in England to create data ready for use in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software. The first part summarises the process by which the maps have been converted from their original format to GIS data. The contents of the resulting data collection are outlined, followed by a discussion of the means by which the data will be disseminated and some of the limitations of the data. The second part examines how the data on terrain and settlement nucleation and dispersion have been re-analysed using spatial analytical tools to examine patterns of rural settlement at a national scale. The conclusion sets out the wide-ranging potential for re-use of the Atlas materials in conjunction with other data.

Skilled immigrant women carers in rural England and their downward mobility

An ESRC study that focused on the career trajectories of women immigrant care workers in a new area of settlement in England found that they had few opportunities to advance and that structural barriers were pervasive. Three major themes about factors for the women’s downward mobility were discovered: 1) Social and economic discrimination in sending countries, 2) a predominant perception amongst British-born employers and the public that the women had poor English and qualifications, and 3) limited networks that enabled them to advance. The women devised enterprising strategies to survive, but few outcomes resulted from their efforts.

Chinese Ethnic Settlements in Britain: Spatial Meanings of an Orderly Distribution, 1981–2001

This paper focuses on Chinese immigration and its spatial manifestations in Britain in the past two decades. The 1980s can be recorded as a turning-point in the history of Chinese immigration to Britain, marking a substantial increase in the number and diversity of Chinese immigrants. The same decade should also be considered a landmark in contemporary British urban history, as it featured a major transformation in the Chinese urban landscape. Systematic analyses of census data reveal that, since the 1980s, Chinese immigration to Britain has undergone a process of dramatic structural transformation that has facilitated the decentralisation of the Chinatown enclave economy and the spatial diffusion of Chinese residents. The spatial configuration of ‘new-wave’ immigration has been a regular rank-size relationship of residential distributions. This urban system contains many small and diffused clusters, a lesser number of medium-size Chinatowns, but a few large Chinatowns. The systematic distribution of different Chinese settlements signifies the Chinese representation in different industrial sectors, as well as the equilibrium outcome of the organisational forces of these sectors.

A Statistical Profile of the Irish Community in Gateshead – The Evidence of the 1851 Census

By the mid-nineteenth century, the north east of England was home to the fourth largest Irish settlement in England. The 1851 census makes it possible to identify key features of this post-famine community and provides a basis for the exploration of non-quantitative sources. The Gateshead Irish community was the third largest in the north east, behind Newcastle and Sunderland. The census data can establish such key features as the spatial distribution of the Gateshead Irish, their occupational profile, age distribution, household size, marital status and the extent of intermarriage between the Irish and the host community. It will be shown that the concept of the ghetto does not apply to the Irish; that they were overwhelmingly employed in unskilled work; that they were, in general, older than the host community; and that there were a significant number of cases of intermarriage between the Irish and English.

An atlas of Roman rural settlement in England

An atlas of Roman rural settlement in England

Early Modern "How-To" Books: Impractical Manuals and the Construction of Englishness in the Atlantic World

In 1620 the ship named Supply brought essential cargo to the struggling colony Jamestown. Among sixty tons of food, clothing, and tools were two husbandry manuals by Gervase Markham. The surviving account book of the ship reflects the needs of a colony that still struggled with subsistence-level farming and a high mortality rate; the most expensive goods were large stores of food and clothing the colony could not produce for itself, such as eighteen tons of beer and two hundred pairs of shoes. Although Markham's books were far from being the most expensive items on board, colonial leaders considered valuable enough that they worried the books would be stolen. John Smith and Richard Berkeley, who had purchased the ship's contents, warned George Thorpe: [the books] are nowe sent, which take into your owne hands . . . otherwise you will be defrauded of them (Kingsbury 400).1 All remaining evidence from England's settlements in the New World suggests that books-despite their weight, cost, and susceptibility to the elements-were considered indispensable by colonists from a wide range of wealth and status levels. Since the conditions of transporting books across the Atlantic in the seventeenth century limited frivolous purchasing or packing, we can safely assume that the books transported were of particular value to readers-and so, I argue, they should be to us.Most seventeenth-century households in English America contained least a Bible, and many boasted substantial libraries of London imprints.2 While the core of these libraries was devotional, surviving records indicate that practical manuals, especially books of husbandry and medicine, appeared in all but the smallest collections. Significantly, the most frequently circulated texts of the early Anglo-American book trade were already steady sellers in England, books that remained in print for several decades, sometimes centuries, and were, therefore, at the very center of traditional literacy (Hall, Uses 61-62) for English women and men. As a result, the trade's steady sellers cannot be understood simply as American books. Largely disregarded by scholars as lacking in aesthetic value and cultural significance, few of these steady sellers have become the subject of further investigation. In his influential 1937 essay on colonial book ownership, Louis Wright explains the high proportion of sheer utilitarian works (Purposeful 91) by invoking the nature of the founders of America: These were purposeful men (88-89). David Hall's more nuanced analysis acknowledges the range of uses books served for English settlers, but for him the presence of practical books in colonial inventories needs little explanation: they were handbooks that taught specific skills (Chesapeake 69).3 But surviving records show that the most successful colonial bookseller of the 1680s regularly imported English husbandry manuals, even though these books offered no information on maize, tobacco, and other important colonial crops (T. Wright 228-33). How do we account for the value of practical books in light of such evidence?By examining the impracticality of manuals popular in English North America, this article challenges the assumption that early modern howto books are merely transparent records indicating common practice. Though I am calling these manuals impractical, I do not mean to suggest that they were useless. Exploration of the apparent mismatch between the predominant economic and agricultural practices of the English Atlantic world and the manuals' contents highlights the importance of these books' ideological appeals. Furthermore, this cultural value helps account for the manuals' wide popularity in England and its colonies throughout the early modern period. I focus particularly on Gervase Markham's A Way to Get Wealth (1631) and Nicholas Culpeper's The London Dispensatory (1st edn., 1649) and The English Physician (1652) because each of these books sold steadily in England and appeared frequently in colonial libraries of a range of sizes between 1620 and 1700. …

Migration and Longer-Distance Commuting in Rural England

Champion T., Coombes M. and Brown D. L. Migration and longer-distance commuting in rural England, Regional Studies. This paper examines whether recent in-migrants to rural settlements in England commute further to work than the longer-term residents of these places, and whether commuting distance differs according to the type of move and the geographical context of their home. The study is based on data from the Individual Controlled Access Microdata Sample (CAMS) of the 2001 Census of Population. It is found that recent in-migrants are much more likely than longer-term residents to commute at least 20 km. Using binary logistic regression so as to allow for socio-demographic differences between people, it is shown that the likelihood of longer-distance commuting was highest for people who had moved home by between 15 and 99 km and for people moving from the largest cities. Champion T., Coombes M. et Brown D. L. Les migrations quotidiennes à plus grande distance aux zones rurales en Angleterre, Regional Studies. Cet article cherche à examiner si, oui ou non, les migrations quotidiennes récentes à destination des villages ruraux en Angleterre sont à plus grande distance que ne le sont celles des habitants de longue date, et si, oui ou non, la distance des migrations quotidiennes dépend des caractéristiques du déplacment et du contexte géographique du foyer. L'étude est fondée sur des données qui proviennent de l'Access Microdata Sample (CAMS) du recensement de la population 2001. Il s'avère que les migrants récents sont plus susceptibles de faire des trajets quotidiens d'au moins 10 km que ne le sont les habitants de plus longue date. A partir d'une régression logistique binaire pour tenir compte des différences socio-démographiques individuelles, on montre que la probabilité des migrations quotidiennes à plus grande distance était plus élevée pour ceux qui se sont déménagés entre 15 km et 99 km et pour ceux qui sont arrivés en provenance des plus grandes villes. Migrations quotidiennes Entrées Angleterre rurale Régression logistique binaire Champion T., Coombes M. und Brown D. L. Migration und längere Anfahrten zum Arbeitsplatz im ländlichen England, Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag wird untersucht, ob die in den letzten Jahren in ländlichen Gebieten Englands eingetroffenen Immigranten längere Strecken zu ihrem Arbeitsplatz zurücklegen als Personen, die seit längerem an diesen Orten ansässig sind, und ob die Entfernung zum Arbeitsplatz je nach der Art der Umsiedelung und des geografischen Kontexts der Heimat unterschiedlich ausfällt. Die Studie basiert auf Daten des Individual Controlled Access Microdata Sample (CAMS) aus der Volkszählung von 2001. Wir stellen fest, dass die in den letzten Jahren eingetroffenen Immigranten viel häufiger Strecken von mindestens 20 km zum Arbeitsplatz zurücklegen als seit längerem ansässige Personen. Zur Berücksichtigung der soziodemografischen Unterschiede zwischen den Personen wenden wir eine binäre logistische Regression an und weisen nach, dass die Wahrscheinlichkeit längerer Anfahrten zum Arbeitsplatz unter Personen, die von ihrer Heimat aus an einen zwischen 15 und 99 km entfernten Ort umgezogen sind, sowie unter Personen, die aus den größten Städten umgezogen sind, am höchsten ausfällt. Entfernung zum Arbeitsplatz Immigration Ländliches England Binäre logistische Regression Champion T., Coombes M. y Brown D. L. Migración y desplazamientos al trabajo desde largas distancias en la Inglaterra rural, Regional Studies. En este artículo examinamos si las recientes inmigrantes en enclaves rurales en Inglaterra se desplazan al trabajo más lejos que los residentes a largo plazo de estos lugares y si las distancias de estos desplazamientos difieren según el tipo de movimiento y contexto geográfico de sus hogares. Este estudio se basa en los datos de la muestra de microdatos de acceso controlado individual (CAMS) del Censo de Población 2001. Se observa que es mucho más probable que las inmigraciones recientes se desplacen a trabajar como mínimo a una distancia de 20 km que los residentes a largo plazo. Usando una regresión logística binaria, a fin de tener en cuenta las diferencias sociodemográficas entre las personas, mostramos que la probabilidad de desplazarse a distancias más largas era la más alta para las personas que se habían cambiado de domicilio a una distancia entre 15 y 99 km y para las personas que se desplazan a trabajar desde las ciudades más grandes. Distancia de desplazamientos al trabajo Inmigración Inglaterra rural Regresión logística binaria

POST‐MIDDENISM: DEPOSITIONAL HISTORIES ON LATER BRONZE AGE SETTLEMENTS AT BROOM, BEDFORDSHIRE

Summary. This paper considers recent discussions of ‘deliberate’, ‘formal’, ‘placed’, ‘special’, ‘structured’, or ‘token’ deposits on later prehistoric settlements in Britain. It argues that while these concepts have certainly been very important in raising and forefronting the interpretative possibilities that depositional practices might offer, the idea of structured deposition has, at times, been adopted and applied somewhat simplistically. In such instances, exploration of the potential complexity and interpretative scope of depositional histories on later prehistoric settlements has been substantially curtailed. Current understandings of depositional practices involving pottery and burnt human bone are examined, and alternative interpretations offered, through a case study of the evidence recovered from a series of later Bronze Age settlements at Broom Quarry, Bedfordshire.

The John Hunt Map of the First English Colony in New England

A map of Fort St. George, the first official English settlement in New England, is proved to be a remarkably accurate document. Drawn by a draftsman who was obviously trained in state-of-the-art military cartography, it is a testament to the thoughtful planning of the adventure and the competence of the principal participants, as well as a reliable guide to archaeological investigation.

Migration to and from the Low Countries as a Factor in the Religious History of Early Modern Britain

During the two centuries which followed the Reformation, religious persecution and war caused large-scale migration in Europe, not least between Britain and the Low Countries. From the time of Elizabeth I's accession English, Welsh and Irish Catholics sought refuge in the Spanish Netherlands, while persecuted Flemish Protestants fled across the North Sea to towns in south-eastern England Soon a third wave of migration was gathering pace, as ‘Puritan’ dissenters were driven out of England to havens in the emerging Dutch Republic This three-way migration was most intense in Elizabethan and early Stuart times; but its effect on religious life in the British Isles was felt over a longer period, extending into the eighteenth century. The most obvious impact was on the dissenting communities themselves. For Catholics who remained in Britain, the émigré institutions in Flanders were not only a source of missionary priests and devotional literature but a link with the stricter discipline of the continental Counter-Reformation. For Puritans, similarly, the Dutch/Walloon churches in England and the English/Scots ones in Holland were a link with the more radical and thorough going Protestantism of the continent Seen as models of what a godly reformed community should be, these churches were the foundations on which England's emerging traditions of Presbyterianism and Congregationalism were built But the Dutch Republic was a model in another way, too By providing a haven not just for Protestant dissent but for other faiths as well, it showed that religious pluralism was not incompatible with political stability or commercial prosperity. Thus it fuelled the arguments of those urging a similarly liberal religious settlement in England. If after 1689 religious toleration became a principle of the English (and later British) constitution, it did so largely because the principle had already proved its worth among England's neighbours in the United Provinces.