Framework Of Settlement Research Articles

Legal Framework for Clearing and Settlement in the Banking System of Russia

The paper analyzes the legal framework for the clearing system in the Russian Federation and its place in the system of cashless transactions and formulates the main characteristics of clearing. The distinctive features of the process are identified. It is noted that clearing is not a contract, but a set of consistently performed actions aimed at identifying and calculating the mutual obligations of the parties. It is important to mention the stages of clearing and settlement identified by the author that result in charging/crediting the payment clearing position as to the bank accounts of the settlement participants. The importance of clearing of wire transfers between banks participating in gross and clearing payment systems is emphasized. The advantages and disadvantages of clearing and settlement systems are noted. The author pays attention to the institution of the central counterparty, the central clearing counterparty and their functions in the framework of the settlement transaction between payers and recipients, the role of the central counterparty, the central clearing counterparty in minimizing the risks of defaults in payments.

What Affects the Level of Rural Human Settlement? A Case Study of Tibet, China

Rural human settlement is an important factor in the sustainable development of the rural economy and society, and improving rural human settlement is an important task for China’s rural revitalization strategy. Based on the human settlement framework, this study constructed a comprehensive evaluation index system to evaluate the rural human settlement by calculating the rural human settlement index (RHSI) in Tibet. The results showed that: (1) The natural subsystem is extremely vulnerable. In recent years, the anti-interference ability and natural restoration ability of the ecosystem have gradually increased. Changes in population size, structure, and scale have made the level of the human subsystem lower. From the perspective of drinking water, communication and housing, the human settlement level of the residential subsystem was gradually improved. The construction of rural infrastructure was increasingly improved, driving the level of the supporting subsystem to improve. Furthermore, income and livelihood diversity were the key to improving the social subsystem; (2) From the perspective of the comprehensive index, the level of rural human settlement in Tibet showed a trend of significant improvement; (3) In terms of the explanatory power, the explanatory power of the five subsystems were quite different. The basic dimensions (natural subsystem, human subsystem, residential subsystem) lagged behind the development of the dominant dimensions (supporting subsystem, social subsystem). There were inconsistencies and mismatches. The recommended measures involve strengthening the top-level design of the planning of rural human settlement in farming and pastoral areas, and improving and strengthening the construction of rural infrastructure to improve the responsiveness of rural human settlement in Tibet.

Methodological Framework of Structured Case Study in Urban Morphology: Preparedness to Pandemic from Theory Building

The morphological patterns of the Malay town are analysed using three main elements of urban form: road networks, building plots, and open space. However, considering the physical aspects of a city, as well as the impact of geography, social, economic, and political forces, allows us to establish a city's particular character, which may be altered by multiple socioeconomic changes brought on by the pandemic. There are few well-documented systematic procedures for examining the morphological changes associated with Malay settlement features, implying considerable differences in the approaches used. By describing techniques and analysing the urban form, this article aims to spark discussion on what an antifragile built environment might look like. It also aims to shed light on how to create dynamic pseudo adaptability in the old and historic town, particularly in terms of scale, urban morphology, and social life, by establishing a systematic analytical framework for the analysis of urban morphology. To exemplify the process of building the methodological structure, a single case study was undertaken in Kota Bharu's Old Settlement Zone. The case study is subdivided into four sections: a) conceptual structure, b) case study design framework, and c) mapping research framework. It is defined through an iterative process that described the specifics of crucial features to establish an extensive methodological framework for the Malay settlement by thoroughly developing and scrutinising methodological processes. Because the current pandemic is sharpening our understanding of the link between local and global action, as well as the power inherent in the application of professional and technical knowledge and practice, this paper hoped to help with the development of policies and guidelines, as well as the evaluation of proposals for post-pandemic urban morphological assessments.

Dispute Settlement in Indian FTAs’: Shaping the Future with Lessons from the Past

India is no stranger to free trade agreements (FTAs), having notified seventeen of them as ‘in force’ to the WTO. In the last six months, India has concluded two new FTAs and is also actively engaged in the process of negotiating major ones with its key trading partners such as the UK, EU and Canada. With the WTO’s Appellate Body still non-functional, the spotlight is now on the dispute settlement mechanisms under the FTAs and their potential to be a viable alternative to the multilateral mechanism. Hence, an analysis of the select practices in the existing Indian FTAs is not just timely but also critical. This short article attempts to evaluate five specific elements pertaining to dispute settlement in Indian FTAs, namely the scope, the choice of forum, the structure of the dispute resolution mechanism, the process of the appointment of arbitrators/panellists and the case of non-implementation/retaliation. Through this examination, the article attempts to identify and propose specific elements for any future dispute settlement framework in India’s upcoming FTAs. dispute settlement mechanism, Indian FTAs, WTO, free trade agreements, choice of forum, appointment of arbitrators, arbitration, negotiations, panel

Understanding the politics of shelter in three African cities; the contribution of political settlements

This article analyses the politics of shelter provision in three African cities, focusing on the needs of, and provision for, the low- and middle-income residents. The significance of housing to citizen well-being means that governments influence multiple facets of land and shelter, affecting the shelter options realizable for urban residents. The framework of political settlements is increasingly used to understand national political outcomes. In this paper it is used to analyse shelter outcomes at the city scale. In all three cities, national political elites have influenced housing outcomes. In the two capital cities, elites use clientelism (backed up by violence) to advantage themselves and influential local groups. Approaches to housing are used to gain political legitimacy (both through the ideas that the built environment can encapsulate and through improved access to housing). In all three cities, territorial controls are used to influence electoral outcomes (with consequences for housing outcomes). The findings reinforce the importance of understanding the political context within which shelter outcomes emerge. They also highlight that more needs to be understood about the relation of sub-national politics to national-level political settlements.

Political Settlements and the Management of Cocoa Value Chain in Ghana

This paper relies on literature review and primary data collected through in-depth interviews with 21 respondents to examine the political economy dynamics of the cocoa value chain in Ghana. The historical analysis, which was based on the political settlements framework, has shown that the policies implemented in the cocoa sector went through four periods. The colonial era was characterised by a fairly corporate governance system and struggle between European traders and farmer cooperatives for monopoly over internal marketing of cocoa. This was followed by the early post-independence era (1957–1980), which was characterised by neopatrimonialism and over-taxation of cocoa farmers. The third phase (1980–2000) witnessed economic reforms and liberalisation. The fourth phase (2000 to present) saw increased public–private partnerships aimed at empowering women and promoting environmentally friendly farming activities. The paper concludes that the policies in the cocoa sector have, historically, created more benefits (rents) to political elite and their crony capitalists. Given that rent-seeking behaviour is a threat to the sustainability of the cocoa sector, the paper urges international development partners and civil society groups to demand greater accountability and transparency from the political elite and state institutions in the cocoa sector.

Cool roofs can mitigate cooling energy demand for informal settlement dwellers

Cities are critical to meeting our sustainable energy goals. Informal settlement redevelopment programs represent an opportunity to improve living conditions and curb increasing demand for active cooling. We introduce an energy modeling framework for informal settlements to investigate how building design decisions influence the onset of heat stress and energy-intensive cooling demand. We show that occupants of tropically-located informal settlements are most vulnerable to prolonged heat stress year-round. Up to 98% of annual heat stress exposure can be mitigated by improving the building envelope. We find a universal solution (cool roofs) that reduces up to 91% of annual heat stress exposure. Finally, we show how proposed redevelopment building schemes could worsen thermal conditions of dwellers and further increase urban energy demand. Our results underscore how building design affects human well-being and highlight potential near-term and long-term pathways for reducing energy-intensive cooling demand for 800+ million informal settlement dwellers worldwide.

Sdg Monitoring Framework for Rural Settlements Applying Urban Agendas: The Spanish Case

Sdg Monitoring Framework for Rural Settlements Applying Urban Agendas: The Spanish Case

Harmonizing Commercial and Investment Arbitration: Conflict Dynamics

This article provides an independent analysis of the scope and extent of arbitration under investment agreements, and the implications of the possible convergence in the process of harmonization of international commercial arbitration law.The successful settlement of any dispute depends on the compatibility of the nature of the dispute with the technique to which it is submitted for resolution. In the last decade, there was a constant increase in the number of disputes that were subjected to arbitration and a major chunk of those disputes covered a comparatively new but known area called international investment law. With economic globalization allowing the free flow of foreign direct investment (FDI) in and out of a country, the existing regulatory framework in international law to standardize investment liberalization is often seen as ineffective, hence the consequent disputes. Here, arbitration offers a suitable framework for the amicable settlement of commercial disputes covering investment agreements with the assistance of bilateral or multilateral agreements between the states. Preferential trade agreements pertaining to investment often contain an arbitration clause for the settlement of future disputes between parties. At this juncture, one may find that there exists a fundamental dilemma in ascertaining the true nature of investment arbitration and how it is different from commercial arbitration. For example, the protection being offered to human rights under the purview of investment arbitration may generate doubts in the minds of investment arbitrators. In commercial arbitration, divergences in a pluralistic order become particularly relevant whereas the diverse legal cultures supported by individual constitutional frameworks have a direct impact on investment arbitration due to their practical application. The article also discusses the need for harmonized rules governing arbitration procedures while maintaining the functional dissimilarities between commercial and investment arbitration.

No Provision Left Behind – Law of the Sea Convention’s Dispute Settlement System and Obligations Erga Omnes

Abstract The article argues that the Law of the Sea Convention’s (LOSC) dispute settlement system (DSS) is attuned only to certain types of disputes (bilateral) and does not allow for the effective enforcement of obligations erga omnes reflected in the Convention. Mechanisms established to address enforcement of communitarian norms specifically are scarce in international law and the traditional bilateral structure of adjudicatory dispute settlement circumscribes the ability of states to act as advocates of the international community to which obligations erga omnes are owed. The article identifies the obligations erga omnes reflected in the LOSC and assesses the extent to which its dispute settlement framework is suited to address their breach. It is submitted that some of the community interest obligations of the LOSC are “left behind” by the function of the system itself.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО КАРКАСА РЕСПУБЛИКИ БАШКОРТОСТАН

The author has analyzed the transformation of industrial, agricultural, tourist and recreational frameworks and the framework of settlement of the Republic of Bashkortostan over the past 10 years. The analysis showed that the major urban districts the core of the region's agglomerations are the supporting framework of the region. Agglomerations concentrate the bulk of industrial production, investments, and jobs in the region. At the same time, the formation of agglomerations is an objective trend in the transformation of the settlement system of the Republic of Bashkortostan, associated with intraregional and interregional flows of the population “village administrative center - city”. In four agglomerations of the republic (Ufa, South Bashkortostan, OktyabrskoTuimazinskaya and Neftekamskaya), almost 2/3 of the region's population lives in 2019 (62.1% (in 2006 - 57.9%)), including The Ufa agglomeration is 36.5% (in 2006 - 32.7%). In addition, agglomeration processes led to a change in the volume of construction in three municipal districts, on the territories of which the four largest urban districts of the region are located: Ufa, Sterlitamak, Salavat, Oktyabrsky. In total, the share of these three districts in the total volume of housing commissioned in the municipal districts of the region has grown from 20% to 30% over the past 10 years. The agricultural framework of the region is also moving towards agglomerations, forming an agricultural zone around them. Peripheral and depressive zones, despite the implementation of development programs in them, do not get out of the crisis, but gradually use additional development opportunities (for example, the activation of the tourism potential of the Trans-Urals republic). At the same time, in any case, these territories remain areas of special risk as a result of the pulling together of human and other resources both to the center of the region and to neighboring subjects of the federation.

Малые и средние города в системе расселения российского Севера: 1939–2020 гг.

The article examines the settlement system of the Russian North, which was previously determined by decisions of ministries and departments, and now it is changing under the influence of resource corporations' activities. The focus is on small and medium-sized towns that are part of the supporting framework of settlement, ensuring connectivity of the northern territories. The authors analyze the dynamics of population, including urban one, and the population of small and medium-sized cities. The study identifies periods of upward and downward dynamics for each population group and settlements. If the country is drawing the population to the west, then in the North it is concentrated in the Asian part. The article shows that urban settlements were created multifunctional, with the monopoly of a city-forming enterprise, which, on the one hand, made them economically vulnerable, and on the other hand — more adaptable to external conditions. According to the author's methodology, small and medium towns are ranked according to the share of the population of these cities in the total population of the region. The authors have identified four groups of regions that have an insufficient, medium, high and excessive share of the population of small and medium towns; the optimal boundaries of this share are proposed. The authors have identified four groups of regions that have an insufficient, medium, high and excess share of the population of small and medium towns; the optimal boundaries of this share are proposed. The study revealed the similarity (concentration of the population in large cities) and the difference in the structure of settlements in the North (the share of the population living in small and medium urban settlements, is lower in the countryside). The research results will be applied in the development of strategic documents for the development of northern towns.

Unpacking authoritarian governance in electricity policy: Understanding progress, inconsistency and stagnation in Tanzania

In Africa, the 21st century has seen increased policy focus on the electricity sector, with targets for providing reliable, affordable power and achieving universal electricity access. But how to understand the policymaking affecting these goals? Recent academic and policy literature has tended to focus on factors like ‘political will’ and on the positive impacts of democratic and liberal-market institutional reform. However, given the predominance of authoritarianism in Africa, we also need to unpack countries ruled by dominant political elites. This article, using insights from the political settlements framework, addresses this by using the case study of Tanzania. Whilst under consistent de-facto 1-party rule, it experienced two markedly different periods of electricity policymaking in electricity generation, first under President Kikwete (2005–2015) and second President Magufuli (2015–2021). Meanwhile consistent, substantive increases were achieved in electricity access. Using insights from the ‘political settlements framework, the article explains these contrasts through shifts in the nature of political power. The article demonstrates that centralised, fragmented regimes contain weaknesses in their ability to implement policy and pursue long-term development, whilst centralised dominant regimes have a weakness from supressing critique. Overall, this reinforces the importance of analysing the manifestation of political power within the ruling elite, and the way this shapes key political pressures and policymaking horizons.

Materials for the Characterization of the Settlement System in the Samara Volga Region in the Golden Horde Period

Among the sites of the Golden Horde period of the Middle Volga region, a special group consists of the sites of the Samara region, which includes the Samara Luka of the Volga and the basins of the Usa, Samara, Kinel, and Sok rivers. The analysis of the topography of the sites in the context of the natural and geographical characteristics of the area under consideration allowed us to determine its territorial structure. Based on the features of settlement placement, a zonal zoning model is proposed for the right-bank and left-bank sections of the Samara Volga region. On the territory of the righ-bank district, three microdistricts are allocated: 1) Usa microdistrict;, 2) microdistrict of the inner part of the Samara Luka; 3) microdistrict of the Syzranka River basin. In the left-bank, taking into account the modern data of the territory, six microdistricts can be distinguished. 1) Northern на trans-Volga microdistrict located in the northern zone close to the bank of the Volga River; 2) Samara-Volga microdistrict, including sites of the mouth of the Samara River, Sok, the bank of the Volga River; 3) Sok microdistrict, sites are located along the bed of the Sok and Kondurcha rivers; 4) Kinel microdistrict, sites are located along the river Bolshoi Kinel to the confluence with the Samara River; 5) Samara steppe microdistrict in the eastern zone of the region under consideration; 6) Southern trans-Volga microdistrict. Each microdistrict is characterized by a corresponding supporting framework of settlement, which is associated with the peculiarities of the functioning of sites.

Governing Human Habitation outside the Normal Order: Architectural Mechanism of the South Korean Frontier Villages

ABSTRACT This article examines patterns of human habitation in the South Korean border following the Korean War. Focussing in Daema-ri frontier village in Cheorwon abutting the Demilitarised Zone, I analyse how architecture was used by the state as a versatile territorial mechanism for spreading and concentrating populations; its efficiency as a spatio-political device governing selected populations under a certain order desired by the state; and its contradictory role as a platform for political struggles which contests many fundamental aspects of the state prerogatives. Through my examination of Daema-ri’s spatial development – from an illegal, temporary makeshift shelter to a permanent state village – I argue that the frontier settlements, though portrayed as the state solution to emergency induced by the influx of refugees, was actually an outcome of a self-created disorder. It proposes a new analytical framework for the frontier settlements to be considered not simply as a border problem, but as an important architectural tool used by the modern state to establish a centralised system of control over its territory and population.

One Stone, Two Birds: Can China Leverage WTO Accession to Build the BRI?

The efficacy of the World Trade Organization (WTO), as an international forum seeking to provide a uniform platform to Member States for bilateral and multilateral negotiations and further the spirit of a new international economic legal order, is challenged constantly. This article explains how China is using the WTO accession process to leverage its domestic interests towards the Belt & Road Initiative (BRI) to obtain greater commitments from existing and potential BRI nations. It is shown that after the BRI’s official establishment in 2013, China’s trade commitments from potential accession countries are becoming more pronounced, with increasing and sometimes onerous expectations of the acceding countries, due to the lack of any standard format for bilateral accession protocols. WTO law is increasingly part of BRI hard law governance practices, suggesting encroachment of BRI disputes within the WTO dispute settlement framework to establish a novel approach to dispute resolution. Since rules-based trade practices are needed, Member States should not adopt accession protocols that are either too rigid or too flexible, thereby creating glaring loopholes to be misused. WTO’s overall objective of furthering trade liberalization can be achieved only by keeping track of techniques adopted by developed countries when negotiating with developing and least developed countries such that potential members are not discouraged from joining the new economic order from the outset. BRI, Belt and Road Initiative, WTO, accession, SCM agreement, subsidies, services, telecommunications, trade-related investment measures, LDC Guidelines

President Biden's international trade agenda: Implications for the Canadian agrifood sector

AbstractThe 4 years of the Trump administration was marked by a number of events and policies that affected the Canadian agrifood sector. Changes to preferential trade agreements, the collapse of the World Trade Organization's dispute settlement framework, increased domestic support for US farmers, and diplomatic tensions between the United States and China all shaped international trade flows and created an environment of policy uncertainty. The Biden administration will change course on several important trade policy issues. We discuss how these changes could affect the Canadian agrifood sector along a number of dimensions, including a return to multilateralism, (re)engagement in preferential trade agreements, and movements toward a less combative and more predictable trade policy agenda. We expect Canadian agrifood trade flows under the Biden administration to exceed what they would have been under a second Trump administration.

Uloga principa ex aequo et bono u ICSID arbitraži

This article examines the role of the principle of ex aequo et bono in arbitration before the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). At the outset, the author remarks that the cases in which the application of ex aequo et bono was agreed upon by the parties are very scarce. Nevertheless, despite that scarcity, it is possible to draw some conclusions on the way in which equity was invoked by the parties and applied by the ICSID tribunals. Two scenarios are analyzed in particular: the use of ex aequo et bono as the applicable framework for dispute settlement and the reliance on ex aequo et bono in an attempt to nullify the award before an ad hoc Committee. The author concludes that the reluctance of the parties to agree on ex aequo et bono may be explained by the lack of predictability of outcomes that is inherent to this source of law. On the contrary, it might be expected that the parties will continue trying to come up with creative arguments aimed at proving the unauthorized application of ex aequo et bono by the tribunals in their attempts to annul the awards on the basis of excess of powers.

Trends in the settlement of migrant workers in the context of social and economic processes in contemporary Russia

The purpose of the article is to identify the basic trends in the settlement of migrant workers in the Russian Federation. The methodology of the research was based on the humanistic approach, which allowed focusing on the problems of labor migrants’ life activity and their search for value-based orientations. The systemic and comprehensive approach allowed identifying and substantiating the directions of the trends in the settlement of labor migrants by regions and districts of Russia. The comparative analysis of scientific works helped to identify the causes of settlement of labor migrants by place of their labor activity. Two identified opposing trends are the main results of the study. The first is dispersed settlement, which objectively promotes the integration process of representatives of immigrant ethnic groups into the urban environment of the area of residence, at the expense of a simultaneous weakening of intra-ethnic social ties and an increase in the depth and density of contacts with the local population. The second is the opposite trend – the self-isolation of immigrant groups within the framework of compact settlements, leading to the emergence of large ethnic diasporas of migrants in certain areas of the hosting country. The novelty of the study comes from an original approach to the identification and justification of migrants’ settlement trends in the socio-economic conditions of modern Russia.

Анализ трансформации «зеленых зон» неоднородного социального пространства: на примере агломерации Челябинска и городского бора

The research is focused on the problems of transforming a complex heterogeneous spatial system, urban agglomeration with a unique natural complex. The paper touches upon the following issues: restrictions on spatial development, zoning of territories, transformation of the settlement framework, social transformations, and integration of the most significant city-forming objects. To predict transformations in such a system, a complex multilevel model is considered — “the biosphere core vs. urban environment”. Forming such a model to analyze the prospective development of the territory involves updating the methodology aimed at the systemic socio-ecological-economic analysis of developing heterogeneous spatial systems, integration of cartographic and digital information, adaptation of IT visualization technologies, including the “neogeography” toolkit. In the study the authors analyze the main prospects for the spatial territory development as exemplified by developing the urban environment of the Chelyabinsk agglomeration with a unique “green zone” (Chelyabinsk urban forest), complex multi-level socio-economic system. The main research results create the prerequisites for a significant expansion of the possibilities for analyzing the prospects for sustainable socio-ecological-economic development of complex spatial systems with unique natural objects and effective management of regional development.