Framework Of Settlement Research Articles

ABOUT THE PROTOTYPOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE DWELLING

Throughout human history, housing has been crucial for human existence, serving as shelter, a symbol of social status, economic prosperity, and cultural identity. Studying archaeological data from different times and peoples has enabled the analysis of the main stages of the development of one of the fundamental values of human material culture - housing. Housing stands as concrete evidence supporting hypotheses and scientific discoveries, offering insights into the life, culture, and traditions of specific epochs. Its extensive evolutionary journey has been shaped significantly by advancements aimed at optimizing living conditions, influenced by societal norms, domestic practices, and scientific advancements. This ongoing evolution has defined housing's architectural characteristics, including differentiation of family, household, functional planning, work, and communal spaces, alongside spatial and expressive architectural elements. It encompasses the development of individual housing units within broader building and settlement frameworks, encompassing diverse housing types and their typological classifications, as well as applying construction and technical methods. This study examines the distinctive typological groups of housing, characterized by their structural underpinnings. These groups are delineated by key factors influencing the inception of formative architectural techniques, such as the early development of functional-planning solutions rooted in familial and regional contexts, and cultural traditions. Additionally, the article explores the architectural evolution of housing, analyzing how prototype components have shaped the phased development of residential functional-planning structures over time. This research contributes to a broader series of investigations into typological evolution of housing, aiming to deepen our understanding of its transformative journey across different historical periods.

The political economy of energy transitions in Africa: Coalitions, politics and power in Tanzania

The understanding of the political economy of energy transitions in lower-income African countries is little developed. A focus on coalitions has emerged as a promising approach, but it was largely developed based on experiences from higher-income countries. This article has two interrelated purposes. First, it explores and develops the coalition approach to the study of the prioritisation between energy sources in lower-income countries by combining it with a political settlement framework that has been adapted to analysing energy transitions. Secondly, it researches the promotion and implementation of non-hydro renewable energy in mainland Tanzania as a case. The article covers the period from 2008, when the first potent coalitions around private non-hydro renewable energy emerged, up until today. Until recently, these coalitions were overtaken by stronger coalitions around state-owned gas and hydropower. Only with a new president and administration in power and a donor that was pragmatic with regard to state ownership did a large-scale solar plant materialize. Based on the Tanzanian example, the article argues first, that large-scale energy projects are of such importance politically that the analysis of coalitions at the sector level must take into account how these coalitions are embedded in a country's broader distribution of power. Secondly, that for renewable energy policies and projects to get implemented they must fit with the priorities and ideas about broader development held by a country's ruling political elite. A number of implications for the study of the political economy of energy transitions are further unfolded in the article.

INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE PEACEFUL SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES

International law functions principally in maintaining the fabric of international relations, which reflects the overriding desire by states to resort to a supra-national power of legal mechanisms to resolve disputes that may arise among them on territorial claims without force and in a peaceful manner. The United Nations (UN), its Security Council, and its judicial organ - the International Court of Justice (ICJ) - were established after the Second World War primarily to achieve international peace and security. Consequently, the Constitutive Charter of the UN placed an obligation on member-states to resolve all disputes in a peaceful manner which was ostensibly geared towards forestalling the occurrence of another world war. Under the auspices of the UN, the world has achieved a comprehensive body of international law and dispute resolution mechanisms, some of which have helped to resolve disputes that would have otherwise threatened international peace and security. Despite this, scholars have paid less attention to how international law and the implementing agencies of the UN have contributed to global dispute settlement. This paper examines the significance of international law and its implementing agencies in the peaceful settlement of disputes. We argue that international law and its implementation agencies provide an effective framework for peaceful dispute settlement among nations, promoting global security and cooperation.

Why does the courtyard spaces of same ethnic group present diverse characteristics in different regions： evidence based on ENVI-met climate modeling

The rapid urbanization in developing countries like China has led to a heightened challenge of climate degradation and the erosion of traditional ecological knowledge worldwide. The widespread distribution of Yi traditional settlements across various climatic zones in southwest China offers a unique opportunity to investigate the diverse courtyard spaces within the same ethnic group, influenced by distinct climatic environments. Through comprehensive field investigation, meticulous field measurement, and rigorous ENVI-met simulation, this study conducts a comparative analysis of microclimates in Yi typical courtyards across diverse climatic conditions. The results show that: 1) Courtyard plays a pivotal role in regulating microclimate dynamics across cold, temperate, and hot climatic conditions. 2) The microclimate regulation mechanism of a courtyard varies across different climatic environments. 3) The climate regulation efficacy of courtyards will diminish as the climate environment undergoes changes. 4) The aspect ratio (AR) is a key spatial factor which plays a crucial role in determining the efficiency of regulating courtyard microclimate. Concluded this study, the research findings not only provide valuable guidance for the protection planning and design of traditional Yi settlements in southwest China, but also offer significant insights for courtyard construction in other regions with extreme climates worldwide. In addition, this study constructs a new research framework for traditional settlements, which is of great significance for scientifically and accurately identifying the spatial value of traditional settlements and improving the theoretical system of traditional settlement protection and activation.

The settlement mechanism of diagnosis-intervention packet payment scheme in China：A policy review and lessons learned

The settlement of the medical insurance fund is the key point of the implementation of the big data diagnosis & intervention packet (DIP) under the regional global budget. This study proposed the framework with key methods for the settlement of DIP on medical insurance funds through on-site survey and policy literature analysis. The results show that the settlement framework, featuring “Fund pre-allocation”, “Monthly pre-settlement” and “Annual settlement”, integrates ideas of both the pre-payment system and post-payment system. “Monthly pre-settlement” being the key part of the settlement process, plays an important role in breaking down the year-end pressure of medical insurance management organizations and healthcare institutions, and guiding providers' reasonable behaviors. “Annual settlement” acts as the core link of settlement, which determines the annual medical insurance fund payment amount of healthcare institutions, which needs to rely on and integrate key elements such as regional global budget, DIP grouping database and correction, and healthcare institution supervision and assessment. The settlement process, measurement methods, and key parameters must be clarified by introducing settlement and related supporting policies, which provide technical support and institutional guarantees for the implementation and effectiveness of the DIP reform.

Modernizing cocoa production in Ghana: successes, constraints, and future possibilities of innovation diffusion in the cocoa sector

ABSTRACT This paper employs the political settlement framework, diffusion theory, and data generated through a mixed methods design to examine the adoption of innovations and technology in Ghana’s cocoa sector, with particular reference to the Juaboso district, a major cocoa producing area. The findings indicate that while most farmers have adopted improved cocoa planting methods in rows, the use of hybrid varieties and application of chemicals because of perceived benefits of these innovations and state support in adopting them, the use of fertilizers on cocoa farms is very low due to political economy issues, economic challenges, and neopatrimonialism. Historically, corrupt state politicians have used the fertilizer subsidy programme to strengthen patronage networks and reward crony capitalists. We conclude that the socio-political dimension of innovation-diffusion overrides the technical-economic reasons often cited in the literature for the failure of cocoa farmers to adopt these technologies. Addressing neopatrimonialism and recent politicization of input distribution is needed to enhance adoption of innovation and improved technology in Ghana’s cocoa sector.

The limits of concentrated power: Bureaucratic independence and electricity crises in Rwanda

Abstract Rwanda is a posterchild of economic success in twenty-first century Africa. Dominant explanations for the country’s growth use the political settlements framework, asserting that concentrated political power enabled long-term planning. In contrast, this article uses the case of Rwanda’s impressive boom in electricity generation to demonstrate that such concentrated power also distorts policy-making processes, creating a fiscal crisis that jeopardizes Rwanda’s economic transformation. Therefore, this article questions a central premise of the political settlements framework. Concentrated political power in Rwanda enabled rapid and ambitious construction of power plants but resulted in an oversupply crisis, plunging the sector into significant debt and raising the cost of electricity. Rwanda’s political settlement prevented experts from challenging unrealistic targets set by top politicians, which led to a headlong pursuit of electricity generation capacity. To understand this process, we assert the importance of focusing on the bureaucratic/politician relationship, which we label ‘bureaucratic independence’, rather than on the oft-used concept of ‘bureaucratic autonomy’ usually associated with the concentration of political power.

What Influences the Propensity to Report Corruption to Relevant State Authorities? Evidence From Ghana

Encouraging the public to report corrupt acts to state authorities is indispensable in combatting corruption. This article uses the Afrobarometer surveys (Rounds 7 and 8) focusing on Ghana to address a key question: Will high corruption tolerance and less trust in government reduce the tendency to report corrupt acts to relevant state authorities without fear? The current work draws on social accountability theory and political settlements framework. Our results indicate that tolerance of corruption does not predict the perceived propensity to report corruption, whereas trust in government is, with high trust increasing the likelihood of reporting corruption. The current work extends the substantiative understanding of the conditions under which respondents believe that ordinary people may or may not report corruption and the implications for strengthening anti-corruption work.

Applications of blockchain technologies in artificial electricity market settlement and clearing

Abstract Blockchain technology is demonstrating vast potential in the realm of distributed energy transactions. This article employs the Ethereum platform to architect an energy trading settlement framework. By incorporating whitelists, authorization mechanisms, and dedicated energy tokens, transactions are rendered more secure and reliable, ensuring the openness, transparency, traceability, and immutability of transaction information. The proposed transaction settlement mechanism automatically updates users' energy imbalances and levies corresponding charges, thereby ensuring strict adherence to transaction contracts. Furthermore, during the settlement phase, smart contracts are employed to autonomously evaluate the creditworthiness of transaction parties, with results recorded on the blockchain. As the credit levels of the entities across the entire network increase, the block generation time for distributed energy trading blockchains becomes shorter, with the block generation time predominantly influenced by the credit rating of the highest-rated entity in the network. Hence, through smart contract design based on energy trading, blockchain technology is utilized to enhance the transparency and security of transaction settlement and clearing. Future research could focus on improving blockchain scalability, integrating emerging technologies, to advance the effectiveness and adoption of blockchain-based energy trading systems.

The Political Economy Puzzle of Indian Agriculture: A Political Settlement Analysis

In their influential paper for the National Council of Applied Economic Research, Chatterjee and Kapur raised some fundamental questions about Indian agriculture and why it has not transformed with economic development. They identify six important ‘puzzles’ in Indian agriculture, one of which is the political economy puzzle. This puzzle refers to the fact that farmers have not been able to leverage their power of land and numbers to economically benefit themselves. The essay utilizes the political settlements framework to understand the underlying causes of this puzzle. Such analysis is important as it recognizes the historical and sociocultural traditions to explain the economic phenomenon of the backwardness of Indian agriculture.

A Multi-Objective Stochastic Framework for Coupled Reactive Power and Energy Market Settlement for Wind Energy Integrated System

A Multi-Objective Stochastic Framework for Coupled Reactive Power and Energy Market Settlement for Wind Energy Integrated System

Towards a Communist Armed Conflict Indigenous Settlement Framework: Revisiting Vietnam, Singapore, and Taiwan Experience

Armed conflicts between governments and indigenous inhabitants in Singapore, Taiwan, and Vietnam have deep roots in historical tensions and the marginalization of minority groups. This qualitative study explores these factors and evaluates government strategies for conflict resolution, focusing on disparities in settlement, education, employment, and community engagement. Government actions such as military operations, peacebuilding, and comprehensive programs were analyzed. Singapore's strategies, including community engagement and socio-economic development, fostered stability and inclusivity. Taiwan's reconciliation efforts, including apologies and democratization, reduced conflict and promoted indigenous rights. Vietnam's initiatives for ethnic minority development underscored its commitment to peace through inclusive approaches. Historical contexts in these countries, marked by ethnic tensions, colonial legacies, and ideological divisions, shaped significant violence and social divisions, necessitating robust security measures and reconciliation efforts. Lessons learned emphasize diplomacy, international cooperation, and socio-economic integration for lasting peace. Governments must prioritize dialogue, inclusive policies, and sustainable development supported by international partnerships. Effective conflict resolution integrates socioeconomic development and reconciliation efforts, crucial for building resilient societies and fostering peace among Indigenous populations.

Проблемы и подходы к выявлению границ агломераций Севера и Арктики России

Urban agglomerations are currently considered by both scientists and practitioners of public administration. However, the issue of identifying the actual boundaries and creating tools for the development of so-called “second” – and “third-tier” agglomerations, with cores in large and medium-sized cities, remains understudied. Nevertheless, such agglomerations can become development drivers for territories outside the settlement area, primarily in the North and the Arctic. The article aims to determine the composition and boundaries of northern and Arctic agglomerations of Russia considering their specificity. The study presents the authors’ methodological approach to the delimitation of agglomerations combining traditional (isochrones of transport accessibility, gravitational methods) and modern tools (GIS technologies, big data analytics of social networks). As a result, the composition and boundaries of three northern/Arctic agglomerations with cores in Arkhangelsk, Surgut, Norilsk were identified, their specific characteristics were highlighted: the actual borders often do not meet strict traditional criteria of delimitation, particularly, the 1.5-hour isochrone of transport accessibility of the core city due to the weakened effect of geographical proximity; according to the development criterion of the settlement system, two of them (Surgut, Arkhangelsk) can be attributed to agglomerations; despite the underdeveloped settlement framework (the development coefficient is less than 2.7) and a growing share of the core city population in the total population, satellite areas increasingly become economic centres of gravity of agglomerations. The study substantiated the expediency of applying a flexible approach to the delimitation of borders and selecting tools for the development of urban agglomerations, taking into account formation factors and their economic and geographical location, specifically in the North and non-North projections. Further research will involve an in-depth assessment of localisation and urbanisation effects of the studied agglomerations.

Domestic Measures Adopted by States to Give Effect to Processes of International Dispute Settlement: “Treaties Establishing Dispute Settlement Frameworks” - Volume 1

Domestic Measures Adopted by States to Give Effect to Processes of International Dispute Settlement: “Treaties Establishing Dispute Settlement Frameworks” - Volume 1

Факторы изменения социально-экономического положения малых городов российско-белорусского приграничья

Small towns remain an important element of the settlement framework in the Russian Federation. Socio-economic status, settlement functions and motives of residents determine the prospects for the development or degradation of small towns. The article aims to classify existing and identify new factors in the socio-economic development of small border towns. The paper examined and analysed a set of Russian and foreign publications, as well as collected statistics from small towns in the Russian-Belarusian border area. A scientific hypothesis about the influence of border factors and interstate integration on socio-economic changes in small towns of the Russian-Belarusian border area was tested. As a result, new functions and socio-economic factors of small border towns were identified. The border position of a small town can be a development factor if the barrier of the interstate border remains. It was established that the population decline in small towns of the Russian-Belarusian border area is greater in comparison with its regional indicators and large cities. Investments in fixed capital per capita during the analysed period, with rare exceptions, do not exceed 50 % of the region’s value. However, the number of square metres of housing per capita in small towns is higher than the regional average. A proposed supranational strategy for the development of the Russian-Belarusian border area will help stimulate the economy of small towns and improve the quality of life of the population. When strategically planning the development of small towns in the Russian-Belarusian border area, it is necessary to determine their economic functions, define a specialisation to emphasise their identity and use competitive advantages in the struggle for resources with larger agglomerations.

Evolusi Penggunaan Mata Uang Lokal Dalam Kerja Sama ASEAN Studi Kasus Indonesia, Malaysia, Dan Thailand

By exploring international cooperation between Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia in the use of local currency through the Local Currency Settlement (LCS) framework, this research details the deeper context regarding concerns regarding dependence on the US Dollar after the 2016-2017 financial crisis. with an emphasis on the development of the use of local currencies after the Asian crisis of 1997-1998. This research reveals that one of the main criteria for establishing an optimal currency area (OCA) is exchange rate stability. In looking at the research results, a positive evolution of the use of local currencies in post-crisis ASEAN cooperation is illustrated, especially through the LCS initiative involving Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia. Although LCS implementation trends show positivity, further improvement is identified as an urgent need to bring it in line with total trade between countries. Hope lies in the LCS collaboration which is expected to strengthen currency stability, spur economic growth and increase trade activity in the region. Thus, this research provides valuable insight into the urgency of regional cooperation in managing dependence on global currencies, especially the US Dollar.

Nigeria's Sugar Master Plan: Ignoring losers from industrial policy can be costly

AbstractMotivationIndustrial policies, as tools for economic advancement, disrupt established systems and practices, leading to disputes. The Nigerian Sugar Master Plan (2013–2024) is just such a case. The Plan proposed to stimulate domestic sugar growing and refining, by restricting imports and providing incentives for investors in sugar estates and refining mills.PurposeThis study examines the impact of industrial policies on different groups, identifying the origins and impacts of subsequent disputes. Specifically, it explores how the failure to anticipate opposition caused the Nigerian Sugar Master Plan to largely fail.Methods and approachInformed by the framework of political settlements, we divide disputes into general (public) and specific (individual), exploring the nuances of each through qualitative analysis. Empirical data from case studies, particularly focusing on disputes over land use and trade in sugar, are used to unravel the layered repercussions of policy‐induced disputes.FindingsUnaddressed disputes, both broader societal and individual, have stymied the objectives of the Nigerian Sugar Master Plan.Land allocations to investors in large‐scale sugar estates have been disputed by dispossessed farmers, preventing establishment of several estates: production targets for sugar growing have been missed.Importers of refined sugar could not legally continue their trade; instead, some reverted to smuggling in refined sugar, driving down the local prices—and cutting the profits of companies growing and refining sugar.Opposition to the Sugar Plan, despite media campaigns to convince the public to accept it, has caused the Plan to fail in large part.Policy implicationsIndustrial policies need to address the concerns of those potentially losing their businesses, jobs, and land to the policies. If not, opposition by losing parties is likely to cause the policies to fail.

Evolution of urban planning concepts of global urbanization and the framework of transcontinental links

A critical review of the evolution of the concepts of global forms of settlement is given, taking into account the influence of transcontinental and cross-border ties on global urban and interethnic integration processes. Such concepts include: network forms of settlement, megalopolises or megaregions, global or world cities. A brief description and graphoanalytic models of simultaneously existing views on the organization and development of macro-regional and global settlement, as well as an analysis of their impact on global relations, are proposed. The features and problems of the formation of the world settlement framework, as well as methodological and methodological aspects of conflict resolution of urbanization processes and the development of global communications are put forward. The topic of the development of research on urbanization processes in the Russian Federation and in the world is included in the list of priority areas for the development of fundamental scientific research of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences and the Ministry of Construction of Russia. The methodology of the work is based on the consistent use of methods of comparative analysis of the concepts of urban development of the global settlement system, taking into account the formation of a framework of transcontinental connections, as well as graphical comparison (modeling) of these concepts and transcontinental corridors included in the main programs and projects of global transport development.

Evolution of urban planning concepts of global urbanization and the framework of transcontinental links

A critical review of the evolution of the concepts of global forms of settlement is given, taking into account the influence of transcontinental and cross-border ties on global urban and interethnic integration processes. Such concepts include: network forms of settlement, megalopolises or megaregions, global or world cities. A brief description and graphoanalytic models of simultaneously existing views on the organization and development of macro-regional and global settlement, as well as an analysis of their impact on global relations, are proposed. The features and problems of the formation of the world settlement framework, as well as methodological and methodological aspects of conflict resolution of urbanization processes and the development of global communications are put forward. The topic of the development of research on urbanization processes in the Russian Federation and in the world is included in the list of priority areas for the development of fundamental scientific research of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences and the Ministry of Construction of Russia. The methodology of the work is based on the consistent use of methods of comparative analysis of the concepts of urban development of the global settlement system, taking into account the formation of a framework of transcontinental connections, as well as graphical comparison (modeling) of these concepts and transcontinental corridors included in the main programs and projects of global transport development.

Influence of the structure of an interzonal-type territorial settlement system on the development of the Angara-Yenisei macroregion

The study focuses on the Angara-Yenisei macroregion, which includes four constituent territories of the Russian Federation, i.e., Krasnoyarsk Krai, Irkutsk Oblast, the Republic of Khakassia, and the Republic of Tyva. These territories are located in the zone of the Arctic latitude; areas of the Far North; areas equated to the areas of the Far North; the Southern zone, which includes the main band of population settlement. The macroregion under study is characterized by an interzonal structure of human settlement. The aim was to justify the selection of the entire macroregion and its settlement systems as an object of study. An analysis of the Angara-Yenisei macroregion based on the principle of integrity identified the need to study both its morphological and functional structural characteristics. Hierarchical clustering revealed the presence of three types of systemic zonal formations. The first type is agglomerations, which are the most dynamic elements in the structure of the territorial settlement system. The second type is represented by urban formations with cities at their core, acting as system centers and forming a supporting framework of macroregion settlement. The third type is heterogeneous, including both single-industry towns and industrial centers that are rapidly losing their population. The obtained range of quantitative assessment parameters can be used when elaborating macroregional social and economic development strategies, as well as for spatial modeling based on framework, cluster, and functional models.