Colonial Experience Research Articles

Architectural Design Experience of Post-earthquake Special Education Settlement for Children

Deprem/Afet ile ilgili çalışmalar günümüzde birçok alanda tartışılmaktadır. Maalesef ki hayatımızın kaçınılmaz gerçeklerinden birisi olduğu için tartışmalar daima güncel kalacaktır. Deprem gerçeğinde mimar ve mühendislerin sorumlulukları daha fazladır. Mesleğin temelleri mimarlık eğitiminde atıldığı için bu konuda ilk adım afet bilincine sahip mimarların yetiştirilmesidir. Bu çalışma, Gazi Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi Mimarlık Bölümü Atölye 4 öğrencilerinin tasarımlarını kapsamaktadır. Mimarlık eğitiminde deprem, en hassas konu olan çocuklar genelinde ele alınmış; “Deprem/Afet Sonrası Çocuk Özel Eğitim Yerleşkesi” teması ile öğrencilerin yapmış olduğu tasarımlar, betimsel analiz yöntemi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Çalışmada, elde edilen veriler üzerinden bir bilince ulaşılmasını sağlamak ve deprem-mimarlık-çocuk konusundaki çalışmalarda, tasarım süreci-ihtiyaç çerçevesi oluşturmak hedeflenmektedir. Analizler sonucunda, çocukların aidiyet hissi, güvenliği ve temel gereksinimlerinin karşılanması adına, deprem sonrası çocuk özel eğitim yerleşkelerinin ve yerleşke tasarımında sürdürülebilir ve çocuk dostu tasarım prensiplerinin benimsenmesinin önemi açıkça görülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın, deprem sonrası çocukların fiziksel ve ruhsal ihtiyaçlarının karşılanması konusunda farkındalık sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Hardy peasants, passive landlords: translating difference into agrarian capitalism

ABSTRACT This article explores changes in British liberal thought during the second half of the nineteenth century by investigating the work of Sir George Campbell, a Scottish MP and long-term colonial official in India who was influential on Gladstonian land reform in Ireland. Campbell’s life and writings show that colonial experience in Ireland and India were influential on the increasing desire to safeguard small farmers during a time of consolidation under agrarian capitalism. Many histories of these changes in British liberal thought focus instead on debates in political economy and the subsequent questioning of universal models that allowed policy to match social differences in various localities, like in Ireland and India. I instead highlight the myriad of influences that impacted Campbell’s romanticisation of small farmers, including morality, concepts of masculinity, a conservative criticism of modernity, agricultural science, and class anxieties. In the end, the rehabilitation of small farmers was meant to protect social hierarchies between a passive landlord benefitting from the productivity of his tenants, and between the modern scientist and the practical traditions of the small farmer.

Keeping the Accent? Voice, Alterity, and Memory in Oral History Interviews with Northern Ireland Migrants in England

ABSTRACT This article discusses a series of interviews with migrants from the North of Ireland to Britain during the Troubles (1969–1998) to explore how they narrate their experiences of movement and settlement by talking about voice and accent. Drawing specifically on two interviews—one with someone who felt her accent caused her to be seen as illiberal and uncivilized, and another who felt he could use his accent situationally and actively, sometimes to his advantage—we argue that accent is a site where interviewees can describe aspects of their memories of migration. Additionally, we argue that existing sociological work on voice, accent, and Irishness in Britain provides useful conceptual framing for this kind of research, but that an oral history methodology makes a more nuanced understanding of accent possible, both in terms of its relationship to individual life trajectories and in terms of the specific histories it relates to (in this instance, the history of the war in both Ireland and Britain).

From humiliation to Christ-like humility: A phenomenological-theological study on the Naga experiences of British colonialism, American Western Christianity, and Indian political statehood

This phenomenological study examines the experience of collective humiliation of the Naga people of Northeast India under British colonialism, the impact of Western missionary activity, and Indian politics after independence. The focus is on the impact that such long lasting domination has had and continues to have on the Nagas’ identity. Continued humiliation, it is argued, can lead to a vicious cycle of retaliation and violence. The paper argues that rather than being dominated or retaliating, the Naga Christian should re-evaluate humility. Contrary to the criticism of some modern thinkers that humility is weakness and an instrument of oppression, Christians and the Church, inspired by Christ's kenosis (Phil 2), will find in humility an access to reconciliation as a tool for dialogue open to a future of justice.

A Decolonial Perspective on Corporate Social Responsibility

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) stands as a pervasive global trend. Scholarly observations indicate a proactive CSR stance predominantly among Western firms compared to their Asian counterparts. Existing studies explore this regional disparity, but scant attention has been devoted to unraveling the historical origins of CSR in the Western tradition, where private or nonprofit institutions such as churches historically shaped social responsibility (SR). This historical context of SR may pose intriguing questions regarding regions where the Western corporate structure and CSR were transplanted, suggesting CSR practices may differ. This study employs a decolonial perspective to explore the influence of religious affiliations on the social contributions of Korean family business groups (chaebols). Findings reveal that chaebols whose families practice Christianity contribute more to society than those following Buddhism. This study also uncovers the enduring impact of chaebols’ previous colonial experience on the current relationship between their religious affiliations and social contributions.

Language debate in the development of African written literature

This study seeks to examine the debate on the language used in the development of African written literature. Such a need has resulted in the emergence of two different schools of thought, i.e., ‘Relativists’ and ‘Universalists’. The study further presents an assessment on the historical review of the debate, examines the two different forms of ideological orientations and the basis of their arguments towards the development of African written literature. However, the researcher’s standpoint is also explored in order to critique the nature of the arguments that are raised in support of these ideological orientations. The study also concludes that the type and the source of language to be used to discuss Africa’s lone experience is not an important agenda that should be considered at all in African written literature. Rather, enough attention must be given to the presentation of the Africa’s rich values, traditions, philosophy and colonial experience; and this will go a long way to help Africa regain its ever-soiling stuck image in the outside world.

INDIA'S STRATEGIC PRESENCE AMID GROWING CHINESE INFLUENCE IN SRI LANKA: IN THE CONTEXT OF THE MODI REGIME.

Sri Lanka, located in the Indian Ocean to the south of India, is an island nation which has a rich and glorious past. It has centuries-old cultural, religious and social relations with India. India and Sri Lanka are closely connected to each other's life traditions and values. At the core of which is the centuries-old belief in Buddhism and Hinduism and shared cultural heritage. Both countries, having shared the experience of colonialism, give an important place to non-alignment and independent decision in their foreign policy. Promotion of their respective national interests, India's concern over questions related to the rights of expatriate citizens, especially Tamils ​​living in Sri Lanka, China's growing role in South Asia, rights over marine resources etc. have been influencing the relationship between the two countries. Due to its geographical location, Sri Lanka holds an important place in India's security purposes. In the 21st century, Sri Lanka has special importance for both India and China. India's current foreign policy towards Sri Lanka, which holds an important place in Indian foreign policy, is keeping in mind the growing influence of China in Sri Lanka. In this article we will mainly study the current state of India Sri Lanka relations during the rule of Narendra Modi in India and the role of China as an influential power.

Gender Imbalance, Reduced Productivity and Low Political Empowerment of Women in Nigeria’s Democratic Space (1999-2023)

The clamour for gender parity and/or equality is a global issue that has been and is still being widely discussed and this has prompted most governments of the world to address the apparent challenges posed by gender disparity and discrimination across the globe. Thus, this paper intends to address the plethora of problems and issues being confronted by womenfolk in Nigeria so as to provide the strategies for ensuring gender equity and to bring to an end the societal bias against women as a prerequisite for societal upliftment which will eventually lead to rapid increase in women’s contribution to socio-economic and political development of the nation at large. Using content-analysis method, data were sourced from the existing relevant literature and the research paper adopts Gender Equality Theory. The study reveals that the goal of achieving equality of rights for both men and women has been a difficult task to achieve in Nigeria due to; adverse cultural and religious practices, colonial experience, lack of education, oppressive political environment and poor socio-economic status of Nigerian women. The study therefore recommends among other things, the breaking down of the adverse cultural and religious negative practices, integration of women into the mainstream of politics, liberalization of the oppressive political environment, re-orientating and re-awakening the womenfolk through mass media as well as to ensure that issues of special concern to women are wholistically addressed at all levels of government. Keywords: Gender imbalance, Reduced productivity, Low participation, Women and Nigeria. Aims Research Journal Reference Format: Ibitoye, M.O. (2023): Gender Imbalance, Reduced Productivity and Low Political Empowerment of Women in Nigeria’s Democratic Space (1999-2023). Advances in Multidisciplinary and Scientific Research Journal Vol. 9. No. 4. Pp 44-58. www.isteams.net/aimsjournal. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/V9N3P5

Post-Holocaust Migrations of Empathy: My Star by Felicja Raszkin-Nowak

Felicja Raszkin-Nowak still remains a little-known witness of the Holocaust. Born in Warsaw, she found herself in Białystok as a little girl during the war. Miraculously she survived the liquidation of the ghetto and hid on a farm, from where she was liberated. After the war, she worked at Polish Radio, and after March 1968 she emigrated to Denmark. In 1991, she published her memoirs titled My Star, translated into several languages. They are a faithful and shocking portrayal of war and the Holocaust, written with rare mastery. Raszkin-Nowak’s writing strategy combines several different perspectives: that of a child and an adult, a Polish woman and a Jew, a girl and a mature woman on the threshold of old age. Raszkin-Nowak uses an innovative storytelling technique that can be called empathetic realism. It enables the author to overcome the internal and external distance between the experience of childhood and the experience of war, the experience of cultural settlement and the experience of emigration, the time of events and the time of reminiscing.

Rereading Afropean Identities through Espérance Hakuzwimana’s Tutta intera

This article investigates the term Afropean through an analysis of Espérance Hakuzwimana’s debut novel Tutta intera (2022). It aims to show how the novel, far from losing sight of the national context as the term Afropean implies, effectively mediates issues related to specific localities and temporalities (racist and racial configurations in Italy in the 2010s) and transnational influences (the European and North American experiences of colonialism and slavery). By exploring the intersection of Afropean and Afroitalian, the novel aims to decentre the notion of (white) Europeanness and Italianness while highlighting global articulations of Blackness. Space, language, and class will be key elements to demonstrate how the novel expands the boundaries of Afropean/Afropeanness beyond race to promote a more inclusive and intersectional understanding of the term.

The Small Wars Doctrine of the US Marine Corps and Colonial Experience of the European Powers

The rapid transformation of the current world order excites renewed interest of the expert community in the phenomenon of empire (as a form of the organization of political life). And since the United States plays a central role in this transformation, the history of the Pax Americana, its formation and development, both at the level of the idea and in the field of real politics is of particular relevance. The author argues that clarification of the role and significance of the colonial background in the projection of US military-political power in the late 19th — early 21st centuries allows for better understanding of the theory and practice of international relations both in the era of ‘high imperialism’ and world wars of the 20th century, and in the context of transition from global colonial empires to nuclear superpowers. It may also be instrumental in addressing the deepening contradictions between advocates of a ‘global leadership’ concept and proponents of a multipolar world during the post-Cold War period. In this regard, the paper examines the works of the US military theorists of the late 19th − first half of the 20th centuries that focused on the colonial experience of the leading European powers, as well as the experience gained from interventions involving the US Army and Marine Corps. Special emphasis is given to the concept of ‘small wars’. Building on a wide array of primary sources, presented both by the works of military experts, direct participants in various counterinsurgency operations in the colonies, as well as by the teaching materials and field manuals of the US Marine Corps, the author traces the evolution of this concept which implied establishment of external management and/or control through military and police measures. This allows the author to restore the historical genealogy of current models of internal security promoted in American foreign policy in conditions of proliferating, protracted, and increasingly hybrid civil conflicts. The author concludes that in the interwar period the US law enforcement agencies pragmatically implemented the relevant experience of global empires in Latin American countries within the framework of the Monroe Doctrine, while regarding European powers as political rivals. It is noted that conflicting imperatives of asymmetric and conventional threats to US national security urge researchers and practitioners to revisit after a post-Vietnam period of neglect the approaches of colonial empires to the conduct of small wars and to adapt them to modern conditions. The findings broaden the understanding of the modern leading powers’ approaches to internal security models transfer, as well as of its limits.

Meditating Masculine Anxiety and (Post) Colonial Space in Lubis's Harimau! Harimau! and Patterson's Man-Eaters of Tsavo

This research is aimed at probing and comparing the masculine anxiety in colonial spaces of Lubis’s Harimau! Harimau! and Patterson’s The Man-eaters of Tsavo investigate similarities and differences between the subject position, the psychological impacts, and the psychic discourse of colonized and colonizer’s masculinities and male anxiety in terms of the colonial narrative. This comparison is essential for the subject position, and the psyche in the colonial narrative is claimed to be universal, which is not entirely true. Connell’s theory of masculinity is applied to investigate how the values of masculinity shape colonial experiences. This research employs a narratological method - employing the concept of focalization to scrutinize how the subject who see exercise the power of seeing and eventually constructing the subject position and the psyche of colonized and colonizer - psychoanalytic as well as postcolonial reading to reveal the psychological impact - of the character’s anxiety. The results are: 1) In both stories, the colonial settings are portrayed similarly even though the writers of the two stories came from different continents (West and East). 2) In a hostile colonial setting, the colonizer and the colonized are constructed similarly in dealing with anxiety. However, when colonized are in the subject position, they are constructed as anal-erotic characters or anti-heroes. Simultaneously they are described as devout Moslems. Meanwhile, the European counterpart, although not described as a devout Christian, was the story’s hero. As an Indonesian novel, this marks the point that it falls into Western colonial narratives’ patterns.

Afghan Women Refugees Enduring Domestic Violence Despite Finding Sanctuary in the UK

This article examines the settlement experiences of Afghan women refugees following their migration into the UK. The findings highlight how violence and oppression depicted many of the women’s experiences prior to seeking asylum. This was found to persist when the women gained asylum in the UK, as many continued to face severe and enduring violence within their family, from both men and other women, as traditional patriarchal values involving physical and psychological violence remained. However, the findings indicated that violence within the home was less prevalent among women from the Hazara ethnic group who held a higher educational background. The research was designed within an interpretivist paradigm of inquiry, and qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted in Dari and English languages, with 15 Afghan refugee women, based at a London refugee centre. The resulting data was analysed using thematic analysis. Reflecting the findings of a number of international reports on women’s status in Afghanistan, the findings highlighted their experiences of violence and oppression in their home country prior to seeking asylum. The article concludes with an emphasis on practitioners recognising the potential risks of violence and abuse female Afghan refugees face within their own homes.

The socioeconomic trajectories of New Zealand's diverse language communities: A longitudinal perspective

AbstractThe extent of demographic diversity in some migrant‐receiving countries has led to the formation of majority‐minority (or superdiverse) cities, a phenomenon also found in New Zealand. Recognising that demographic diversity is dynamic, sensitive to mobility patterns and shifts in socioeconomic indicators, this study examines diversity through the lens of common (nonofficial) languages (n = 21), by employing customised census data spanning five consecutive census years (1996–2018) that provides insights into ethnicity, religion, education, employment, income, and residential density. Considerable variation was found in the identification with one or more religious and ethnic attributes; while some language speaker groups (LSGs) displayed a strong, stable identification, other cases were characterised by fluctuations and mobility. Similarly, considerable differences between LSGs were found with respect to education, employment and income, which can partially be explained by selective migration. Finally, residential density has increased in secondary cities, particularly among LSGs with more dynamic socioeconomic indicators. The analysis, informed by the different migration histories and settlement experiences of the LSGs, contributes to understanding the dynamic quality of diversity indicators and the relative socioeconomic im/mobility of some groups, and demonstrates how the concepts of superdiversity and hyper‐selectivity can be operationalised.

Examining the Intersection of Cultural Identities

This essay aims to present the intersections that constitute the cultural identity of Malaysian Chinese and suggest how their migration and settlement experiences have shaped their sense of who they are and who they are becoming through personal and family histories. I utilise a methodology analogous to the microhistory framework, where the individual assumes an active role in the process of memory formation and exercises agency in the selection, alteration and transmission of memories. This perspective encourages “understanding people in light of their own experience and their reactions to that experience.”1
 Most scholarly publications on Malaysian Chinese identity use a macro-level approach, emphasising the study of social and political institutions while giving less attention to personal introspection and micro-level research. A September 17, 2022, New Straits Times article quoted Danny Wong, a Malaysian historian from Sabah, as saying that family history, tales and memoirs help people comprehend both their past and their future trajectory. Wong believes that scrutinising one’s personal history through the medium of family narratives can lead to a critical evaluation of the interconnectedness of familial, communal and national dynamics.
 My artworks, reproduced in this article, aim to visually portray these submerged and accumulated layers of intersecting identity through a microhistorical perspective. Through my art, I present the intersecting and multi-layered inner reality that has accumulated traces of lived experiences. This inner reality is distinguished by its multicultural, multi-religious, multi-lingual character and multiracial experiences that combine to influence identity formation, under the impact of constantly changing social environments. The evolution of these inner realities is conveyed using visual assemblages combining printmaking, photography and digital manipulation in order to visually represent the socio-cultural formation of a Malaysian Chinese individual. The artworks reproducedconvey the mutable nature of ethnic identity in conjunction with variables such as geographic location, degree of interaction, era, and age group.

How has the media's construction of a discourse of nationalism evolved? Critical discourse analysis of Korean sports nationalism through the FIFA World Cup

Drawing on Fairclough's critical discourse analysis, this study sheds light on sports nationalism and traces changes in the media's discursive construction of the Korean national football team over time by analyzing news articles from three different World Cups. Korean sports nationalism has evolved in complex ways and has been influenced by a combination of factors, including the colonial experience, initiatives by the former military government, the hosting of mega-sporting events, local professional leagues, and the globalization of athletes on the world stage. Given the multifaceted nature of Korean sports nationalism, this study aims to examine how it has changed in response to social transformations, particularly the impact of neoliberal globalization. The findings reveal that sports nationalism is often manifested in the terms of “fighting spirit” or “sacrifice” as a core national trait. However, it increasingly incorporates and embraces a new neoliberal meritocratic culture and subjectivity that foregrounds individual success on the world stage as a new form of nationalism in an era of accelerating globalized and commodified sports elitism.

Reconciling a Broken Heritage: Developing Mental Health Social Work in Guyana.

Guyana's colonial past has left a trail of economic instability, racial polarization, and physical and mental trauma. Despite the progress made since Guyana's independence in 1966, the remnants of this colonial past continue to shape present-day Guyana. As a result, violence and trauma continue to impact the mental health of the population. This is manifest in endemic problems of domestic violence and racialized social divisions which have created the conditions for rates of suicide which are amongst the highest in the world. The formal mental health provision which exists in Guyana is based primarily on an individualized and largely biomedical model of care. Despite valuable attempts to develop this provision, the difficulty of physically accessing this for some people and the stigma which surround this means that the capacity of this system to address the serious problems which exist is limited. It is also the case that in times of emotional and psychic distress, and in the context of Guyana being a very religious country, many people turn to traditional supernatural healers and remedies for support. In this paper, we discuss what is known as "Obeah", noting that while this is widely practiced, it remains something of a taboo subject in Guyana. We consider the reasons why these practices and beliefs continue to be influential. However, what neither these biomedical or supernatural perceptions of mental health are able to address is the sociogenic nature of Guyana's mental health issues, which we argue emerges out of the historic trauma of Guyana's experience of colonialism and the violence which it engendered. We argue that profound forms of mental distress which exist in Guyana call for an integrative and holistic practice model that contextualizes these problems through a sociogenic lens. Social workers, working collaboratively with other health-related professions, can occupy a critical role in integrating these different conceptions through developing a rights-based model of mental health where the causes of mental ill-health are understood as socially determined.

EASTERN EUROPE THROUGH POSTCOLONIAL PRISM: ANALYSIS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

The article examines the application of postcolonial theory to the analysis of the political transformations in post-communist countries in Eastern Europe. The question of the relevance of the application has become particularly important after the Russian full scale invasion of Ukraine. The question of the relevance of the application has become particularly important after the Russian full-scale invasion of Ukraine. There is an obvious contradiction between the wide-spreading usages of the terms colonialism in the public discourse to characterize the essence of Russian aggressive policy and the near absence of scientific interpretation of this dramatic conflict from the postcolonial researchers. In order to investigate the reasons for the situation, the article raises the question about “double silence” – mutual ignoring by both postcolonial researchers of the Eastern European region and researchers of post-communist transformations of the colonial experience of Eastern European countries. We used a content analysis of the post-colonial scientific for the period from 2000 to obtain data on the number of publications about Eastern Europe. The content analysis proves the idea of the marginal character of Eastern European research within the framework of postcolonial theory and shows the complete absence of scientific interpretation of the Russian-Ukrainian war from a postcolonial perspective. The article considers the main reasons for this situation: the low level of interest in the region of Eastern Europe from Western scholars; the Marxist views of many researchers, which exclude the possibility of identifying colonialism not only with the capitalist states of the West but also with the socialist USSR; the dominance of the Russian-centric discourse in the scientific community. At the same time, examples of the combination of postcolonial theory and transitology to the analysis of social and political transformations in the region of Eastern Europe are given.

Introduction to Entangled Indigenous Historicities from the Eurasian North

The present collection examines the ways Indigenous peoples across the Eurasian North—Sámi, Nenets, Khanty, and Tyva—deal with the past and how their conceptualizations of the past are entangled with dominant ideologies in Russia and Finland, human-environment relations, and the colonial experiences they went through. The authors operate with the notion of historicity, which is understood in François Hartog’s terms as a 'temporal experience'. In the present collection, we expand this notion towards a relational nature of 'temporal experiences' where 'their' and 'our' historicities are not necessarily 'the same' or culturally determined but have been situated in long-term peaceful and conflictual encounters. Through those encounters, the diversity of meanings of the past has been shaped and developed within and between local communities and communities of scholars. The collection comprises the work of scholars from Folklore studies, Ethnology, Cultural studies, and History, who analyse Indigenous historicities through deep archival and field research.
 Keywords: historicities, ethnohistory, Indigenous peoples, Eurasian North

Asserting Resistance in Nazrul’s “The Rebel” and Al-Shabbi’s “Will of Life”

The most valuable asset an oppressed subject loses, under all forms of abuse, is their sense of dignity. From colonial empires to postcolonial dictatorships, the fundamental objective of every tyrant's authority has been removing their subjects’ humane existence and placing them in distorted realities where they can be grateful for just being alive. This paper looks at two notable pieces, Bengali poet Kazi Nazrul Islam’s “The Rebel” and Tunisian poet Abu al-Qasim al-Shabbi's “Will of Life”, as examples of anticolonial works living beyond their context. Despite their distinctive colonial experiences, both poets present a similar revolutionary zeal and desire for liberty. In particular, the study focuses on how the two poets sought to develop a consciousness of resistance in their readers in accordance with the Fanonian concepts of wretchedness and revolution. The paper compares how the two works attempt to decolonize the people they address and reclaim their national identity through the portrayal of the self, the assimilation of nature, and the representation of the divine.