Protection Settings Research Articles

Where do incarcerated trans women prefer to be housed and why? Adding nuanced understandings to a complex debate through the voices of formerly incarcerated trans women in Australia and the United States

Background Incarcerated trans women experience significant victimization, mistreatment, barriers to gender-affirming care, and human rights violations, conferring high risk for trauma, psychological distress, self-harm, and suicide. Across the globe, most carceral settings are segregated by sex assigned at birth and governed by housing policies that restrict gender expression—elevating ‘safety and security’ above the housing preferences of incarcerated people. Aim/methods Drawing upon the lived experiences of 24 formerly incarcerated trans women in Australia and the United States and employing Elizabeth Freeman’s notion of chrononormativity, Rae Rosenberg’s concept of heteronormative time, and Kadji Amin’s use of queer temporality, this paper explores trans women’s carceral housing preferences and contextual experiences, including how housing preferences challenge governing chrononormative and reformist carceral housing systems. Findings Participants freely discussed their perspectives regarding housing options which through thematic analysis generated four options for housing: 1) men’s carceral settings; 2) women’s carceral settings; 3) trans- and gay-specific housing blocks; and 4) being housed in protective custody or other settings. There appeared to be a relationship between the number of times the person had been incarcerated, the duration of their incarceration, and where they preferred to be housed. Conclusions This analysis contributes to richer understandings regarding trans women’s experiences while incarcerated. This paper also informs the complexities and nuances surrounding housing preferences from the perspectives of trans women themselves and considers possible opportunities to enhance human rights, health and wellbeing when engaging in transformative approaches to incarceration.

Multiagent System-Based Adaptive Numerical Relay Design and Development: Part I - Firmware

Protection relays that incorporate advanced microprocessors are vital to electrical grids, providing fast and reliable responses to faulty conditions using efficient communication protocols. Instant detection and response to various faults are essential to minimise the risk of damage. Numerical relays can identify faulty conditions and trigger circuit breakers to open, thus preventing further damage to the system. Due to the lack of autonomous decision-making capabilities, existing numerical relays require manual reconfiguration in situations such as a change in network configuration and protection settings. These relays also do not have the ability to coordinate fault clearance when multiple sources supply power to the grid. A comprehensive overview of the research aimed at developing a multiagent system (MAS)-based adaptive protection relay will be provided by dividing it into separate articles such as firmware and hardware. This first part delves into the firmware aspects of this innovative relay, highlighting its adaptive capabilities and key considerations in its development. The second part will provide detailed design descriptions for the hardware features of the relay. An STM32MPU multicore advanced microprocessor is utilised to design and develop the adaptive numerical relay firmware. It incorporates several protection relay ANSI codes, communication protocols, and MAS-based adaptive protection schemes as part of the firmware.

Doing Refugee Right(s) with Technologies? Humanitarian Crises and the Multiplication of “Exceptional” Legal States

Abstract Like borders, refugee protection settings beyond the EU often serve as testing grounds for technologies. This article takes a socio-legal perspective to show how humanitarian experimentation in these contexts is made possible through different, interacting challenges to sovereignty. It argues that the understanding that actors or their positions are “exceptional” allows for and justifies data practices that would otherwise not be legally permissible. Examples of data practices in refugee protection settings are connected to work in geopolitics, science and technology studies, and sociology of law. The article shows how the position of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) as negotiator on behalf of refugees and an emergency-driven techno-solutionism not only interacts with the already precarious legal context most people seeking refuge find themselves in. It coincides with the legal positioning of International Organisations and with citizenship-oriented conceptions of privacy, further constituting people seeking refuge as (digital) rights optional. This is problematic not least because of concerns about adequate data protection or the implications of bias. Data flows and algorithms are generative of the politics of contemporary societies, implying that the structural undermining of digital rights of people seeking refuge in the present can also hinder their access to rights in the future.

Analisis Kinerja Sistem Proteksi Berdasarkan Peramalan Beban Pada Penyulang Galunggung

The Galunggung feeder has a total line length of 10.68 kilometers and is supplied by power transformer number 1 at the Polehan substation, with a capacity of 30 MVA. As of December 2020, the peak load on the Galunggung feeder was recorded at 231.4 A, while the lowest load was 133.9 A. Up to the current condition, the Galunggung feeder is operating within standard parameters, with a voltage drop of 0.434 kV or 2.17%. However, it is possible that with future developments and an increase in the number of customers over the years, the energy demand will also increase. Due to this additional energy demand, the protection system may require adjustments to accommodate the increased load.After conducting load forecasting using simple linear regression, a forecast for the next 10 years was obtained. In the year 2030, it is anticipated that the Galunggung feeder will experience a 24% increase in load. With this load increase and no changes to transformers or conductors, there will be no alterations to impedance and short-circuit current calculations. Therefore, no protection setting adjustments are necessary. The recommended action would be to upgrade some transformers that are approaching their capacity limits.

Physiological deviations in the body when working in a heating environment in shunt shielding personal protective equipment

Introduction. The article presents results of the study of the human body functional state when using a set of shielding personal protective equipment during modelling of electrical staff occupational activity in a hot environment.
 Materials and methods. The studies were carried out in the climatic chamber with an air temperature 35.5 ± 0.5 °C and a WGBT index of 30.0 ± 0.8 °C. Studies of the human body functional state were conducted with the participation of twelve volunteers who used a set of shunting shielding personal protective equipment and a control clothing set. The values of body temperature, skin both temperature and humidity, clothing temperature and humidity under dressing were recorded. General heat and local moisture perceptions were evaluated. During the research, the heart rate and metabolic rate were recorded by indirect calorimetry. The values of the average skin & body temperature, heart rate increase, changes in heat storage rate, as well as moisture exchange indicators were calculated. 
 Results. The results of the physiological cost assessment indicate that the use of a shielding personal protective equipment set compared to the control set led to a greater increase in core temperature (by 47.7%), higher values of average body temperature (by 1.3%), heat storage rate (by 24.2%), heart rate (by 24.7%), the metabolic rate (by 20.7%), moisture loss (by 55.6%).
 Limitations. The study had limitations due to sample size of the included volunteers.
 Conclusion. The data obtained indicate a significant change in the human body functional state and a critical risk of overheating when using shielding personal protective equipment. The use of a shielding clothing increases the physiological and energy cost of work, which is expressed in a gain in the metabolic rate level, oxygen consumption, and a work category elevation from IIa to IIb.

Application by the court of an effective method of protection, which is not established by law or contract: some civil-procedural issues

The article deals with civil procedural issues related to the application of an effective method of protection by the court, if the law or contract does not establish such a method of protection of the violated, unrecognized or contested right, freedom or interest of the person who appealed to the court. court. The main theoretical provisions regarding the application of an effective way of protecting the violated right by the court have been studied, the civil procedural legislation and relevant judicial practice have been analyzed. It is noted that the procedure for determining the method of protection by the court, which is not defined by law or contract, should be considered in combination with other provisions of the Central Committee of Ukraine, in particular with the norms determining the form and content. statement of claim. It is noted that the court does not have the right to independently determine an effective method of protection of the violated, unrecognized or contested right, freedom or interest of the person who appealed to the court, if such a method of protection is not defined in the law or contract. A similar duty is placed on the plaintiff, who must independently determine such, as well as justifythe effectiveness of the chosen method of protection and prove that the chosen method of protection does not contradict the law, that is, such a method should not violate the rights of the defendant or other persons or cause harm. It is noted that when deciding on the application of an effective method of protection, if such a method of protection is not defined by the law or contract, the court must proceed from one of the following criteria: 1) the method of protection, which is defined in the law or the contract, is not effective for the protection of the corresponding violated or unrecognized right or interest; 2) the plaintiff's claim regarding the method of protection set forth in the lawsuit is not effective in terms of protecting the violated right and restoring it. 3) the method of defense chosen by the plaintiff does not contradict the law. Based on the results of the research, legislative proposals were formulated to improve the institutionof the court's use of an effective method of protection in civil proceedings.

A Self-adaptive and Secure Approach to Share Network Trace Data

A large volume of network trace data are collected by the government and public and private organizations and can be analyzed for various purposes such as resolving network problems, improving network performance, and understanding user behavior. However, most organizations are reluctant to share their data with any external experts for analysis, because they contain sensitive information deemed proprietary to the organization, thus raising privacy concerns. Even if the payload of network packets is not shared, header data may disclose sensitive information that adversaries can exploit to perform unauthorized actions. So network trace data need to be anonymized before being shared. Most of the existing anonymization tools have two major shortcomings: (1) they cannot provide provable protection, and (2) their performance relies on setting the right parameter values such as the degree of privacy protection and the features that should be anonymized, but there is little assistance for a user to optimally set these parameters. This article proposes a self-adaptive and secure approach to anonymize network trace data and provides provable protection and automatic optimal settings of parameters. A comparison of the proposed approach with existing anonymization tools via experimentation demonstrated that the proposed method outperforms the existing anonymization techniques.

Sedimentary environments in the prelude to the lagerstätten conditions of the Tlayúa Formation (Albian) in central Mexico: A microfacies approach

This contribution presents the first detailed microfacies analysis of the Lower Member of the Albian Tlayúa Formation outcropping in southern Mexico. The basis for this study consists of two measured stratigraphic sections named Tlayúa and Barranca Abuelo. The Tlayúa section is a composite section ∼48 m thick that includes the sedimentary record of the Lower Member and the first 12 m of the Middle Member. This carbonate succession directly precedes the fossil Lagerstätten deposits of the Middle Member exposed at Tlayúa Quarry. A second stratigraphic section of ∼23 m outside of Tlayúa Quarry includes the transitional contact between the Lower and Middle members and is documented herein for the first time. A detailed microfacies analysis combined with stratigraphic and sedimentologic data suggests that the Tlayúa deposits are part of a tropical shallow-water carbonate platform similar to the modern Great Bahama Banks.Microfacies analysis of the studied sections reveals the evolution of a protected carbonate setting affected by recurring storm events of different intensities. The succession records shelf lagoon sedimentation for most of the Lower Member and its gradual change to tidal flat deposition in its upper part. Shelf lagoon deposits consist of a diverse set of subtidal microfacies characterized by a carbonate fabric with low taxonomic group diversity that indicates stressed environmental conditions. Tidal flat deposits consist of shallowing upward cycles, each less than 1 m thick. Commonly, the peritidal cycles are incomplete and consist of mud-rich shallow-subtidal intertidal microfacies, which are clearly observed at the top of the Lower Member. Both microfacies are similar to those observed in the complete cycles described below. The complete cycles consist of mud-rich shallow-subtidal microfacies with low diversity of bioclasts that gradually change to intertidal microfacies characterized by the association of microbialites with desiccation features that suggest intermittent subaerial exposure. Intertidal microfacies record an important change in the composition of the carbonate factory because microbial processes generated most of the sediments in these microfacies. Supratidal deposits characterized by the presence of subaerial exposure structures and calcified pedogenic products, complete the peritidal succession and were identified at the base of the Middle Member. Thus, the presence of soil pisoid-like structures, clotted micrite, possible Microcodium structures, and alveolar textures indicate a sufficiently long subaerial exposure for the formation of pedogenic products, and therefore, a break in the marine sedimentation of the Tlayúa Formation.

Simulation of protection against unbalanced high-voltage asynchronous drive of recycle compressor in fuel hydrotreating unit

In the oil and gas industry, continuous processes such as oil and gas refining play a great role and are sensitive to many external factors. Such processes require special procedures for stopping and restarting. In order to maintain a sustainable process, the entire system needs to be cleaned by removing of unreacted components. Rejected raw materials are often dumped into a flare leading to tangible environmental problems and significant economic disadvantages. Electrotechnical systems (ETS) play an important role in ensuring continuous technological processes in oil and gas industry. Electric motors are one of the key elements of ETS. The majority of the electrical machines used in industry today are Asynchronous motors (AM) – no less than 80 %. Ensuring their trouble-free operation is one of the key factors in the design, simulation, and analysis of asynchronous motor relay protection systems, including unbalanced conditions of their operation. These conditions can occur due to unbalanced AM connection circuits, supply voltage unbalance, or as any faults in a machine itself. Operating a motor under these conditions will result in shorter motor life, reduced power, wear and aging of the insulation. The study subject was an Asynchronous motor drive of a recycle compressor of a gasoline hydrotreating unit at the fuel hydrotreating integrated unit at the Astrakhan Gas Refining Plant (AGRP). The authors used Matlab simulations to study the facility and its protection systems/devices operation. The method of symmetrical components was selected as the main theoretical method. The authors developed a model of an asynchronous motor drive of a recycle compressor. This involved establishing a set of relay protections (RP) and developing the models of the following protections: sequence filter (symmetrical component filter) (SF), negative sequence (nps) O/C protection, and overload protection. It was demonstrated that the specified relay protection complex fully protects the motor from unbalanced operation conditions. The authors conducted a study of the protection complex operation under different supply voltage unbalances, with different motor loads. They formed a conclusion about the performance of the developed protection complex, and gave recommendations for its technical implementation in a business environment. The study findings can be used as a basis for the development and testing of relay protection components of the entire electrical system of the fuel hydrotreating unit at the Astrakhan Gas Refining Plant.

PERLINDUNGAN PEREMPUAN PADA PENERAPAN SANKSI PIDANA HUKUM KELUARGA DALAM ADMINISTRATION OF MUSLIM LAW ACT 1966 SINGAPURA

This article discusses the protection of women based on the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) in the application of criminal sanctions under the Administration of Muslim Law Act 1966 (AMLA) in Singapore. The research aims to analyze to what extent criminal sanctions in Islamic family law in Singapore have met the standards of women's protection set forth by CEDAW. This study employs a literature review approach using a gender justice perspective on women's protection as defined by CEDAW. The research findings indicate that the implementation of criminal sanctions under AMLA represents a significant step in safeguarding women. The criminal sanctions applied within AMLA provide legal assurance for women who experience violations within the context of family law, such as domestic violence, unlawful marriages, or the neglect of women's rights in divorce.

A novel fault location strategy based on Bi‐LSTM for MMC‐HVDC systems

AbstractThe integration of modular multilevel converters (MMCs) with high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems is an efficient method for transporting electricity from distant renewable energy sources to demand centres. However, MMC‐HVDC systems face reliability challenges during DC overcurrent faults, often caused by component failures that can lead to HVDC network shutdowns. Consequently, a reliable fault location approach is crucial for grid protection and restoration, aiding in fault isolation and alternate power flow identification. Conventional fault location methods struggle with manual protective threshold setting, susceptibility to fault resistance and noise, and the need for communication channels, resulting in signal delays. In multi‐terminal HVDC networks, fault location becomes even more complex due to poor selectivity and sensitivity in traditional schemes. This study proposes a robust fault location approach based on bidirectional long short‐term memory (bi‐LSTM). The method offers a simplified decision‐making model with low computational requirements, utilizing fault features from one end of the network, eliminating the need for a communication channel. Remarkably, this approach achieves high fault location accuracy, even with varying fault types, resistances, and noise levels, as demonstrated by an MSE of 0.006 and a percentage error below 1% in simulations conducted using a real‐time simulator with MATLAB/Simulink.

A Novel Magnetic Suspension Flywheel Battery with a Multi-Function Air Gap

In this study, a novel magnetic suspension flywheel battery with a multi-function air gap is proposed. Based on the unique multi-function air gap, the degrees of freedom between the control magnetic circuits can be independent of each other, reducing the coupling effect between degrees of freedom. The proposed flywheel battery system topology inherits the unique advantages of the magnetic suspension flywheel battery. However, due to the breakthrough of the overall topology in the air gap, flywheel, and protection measures, the system has more advantages in the precise design of the magnetic circuit, decoupling, high-stability control, and energy storage. First, the advantages, geometric characteristics, and magnetic circuit of the flywheel battery system are introduced and analyzed. Then, the position and length of the multi-function air gap and conventional air gap in the magnetic circuit are optimized to ensure the best magnetic performance of the entire magnetic circuit. Then, the flywheel, motor, and protection settings are introduced in detail. Finally, performance tests are conducted, and the good experimental results show that the proposed flywheel battery has good anti-interference ability and decoupling ability.

Hyperspectral-physiological based predictive model for transpiration in greenhouses under CO2 enrichment

Accurate prediction of transpiration in protected agricultural settings with CO2 enrichment is of high importance for the deployment of precision irrigation. Several physical and mechanistic based models are deployed for the estimation of transpiration. However, these models may not accurately explain physiological interactions for greenhouse settings under CO2 enrichment. Thus, it is necessary to build site-specific and microclimate-targeted models that can accurately estimate transpiration and irrigation water requirements. In this work, a data-driven predictive model is proposed for the estimation of short-term transpiration (mmol/m2.s) for cucumber crops grown in greenhouses with CO2 enrichment. Three machine learning models were investigated for transpiration modelling and prediction: deep neural networks (DNN), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and support vector machine regression (SVR). These predictive models assimilate microclimate, physiological and hyperspectral features with high temporal and spatial resolutions. The results demonstrated the inclusion of hyperspectral-based vegetation indices significantly increased the performance of the three machine learning models in predicting transpiration. The XGBoost model outperformed the DNN and SVR models with higher R2 of 0.62 – 7.53%, lower RMSE and MAE values of 9.74 – 46.19 mmol/m2.s and 13.74 – 39.08 mmol/m2.s respectively with microclimate, physiological and hyperspectral based vegetation index inputs. Moreover, the time series prediction with different time steps improved the XGBoost model, achieving an R2 of up to 99.0%. The XGBoost proved to be the most efficient in predicting transpiration for cucumbers grown in greenhouses under CO2 enriched environments.

When mechanical ventilation fails-Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) is predominantly being used as a rescue strategy in patients with acute lung failure, suffering from severe oxygenation and/or decarboxylation impairment. Cannulas introduced into the central veins lead blood through a membrane oxygenator in which it is oxygenated via sweep gas (pO2 up to 600 mm Hg) flow, eliminating CO2. According to the largest randomized studies carried out so far, the two most important indications for VV-ECMO are hypoxic respiratory failure (paO2 < 80 mm Hg for more than 6 h) and refractory hypercapnia (pH < 7.25 und pCO2 > 60 mm Hg with a breathing frequency of >30/min) despite optimal protective mechanical ventilation settings (ARDS, Δp < 14 mbar, plateau pressure < 30 mbar, tidal volume VT < 6 ml/kg idealized body weight). Relative contraindications are life-limiting comorbidities and terminal pulmonary diseases that cannot be treated by lung transplantation. Advanced patient age is not regarded as an absolute contraindication, though it highly impacts ARDS survival rates, especially for pneumonia associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The most frequent complications of VV-ECMO include bleeding, thrombus formation and rare cases of cannula-associated infections. Its use in nonintubated patients (awake ECMO) is possible in specific cases and has proven valuable as a bridge to lung transplant approach. Some ECMO centers offer cannulation of a patient at primary care hospitals, facilitating subsequent transport to the center (ECMO transport). The COVID-19 pandemic not only caused the number of VV-ECMO runs to skyrocket but has also drawn public attention to this extracorporeal procedure. Strict quality control to improve vvECMO outcomes according to the German hospital reform is urgently needed, especially so since the technique has a high demand in resources and bears significant risks when performed by untrained personnel.

Overcurrent and ground fault relay protection settings at tranformator-1 150kV/20kV Braga substation

The occurrence of a malfunction at the substation results in power outages and losses in the electrical energy distribution system to consumers. Many tests are carried out to see the performance of the protection system, including the parameters of the over current relay (OCR) and ground fault relay (GFR) in the electrical energy distribution system. This research aims to analyze OCR and GFR values, analyze OCR setting, drop-off, and pick-up values, and analyze OCR time characteristics using DigSilent Power Factory 15.1 software based on existing equipment specification data at the Braga substation. The results show an OCR accuracy level of around 94% on the 20 kV and 150 kV sides. Meanwhile, 92.39% on the 20 kV GFR side and 94.87% on the 150 kV side. The setting value for the pick-up current is 0.92 A on the 20 kV side of the GFR and the drop-off current is 0.85 A on the 150 kV side with a pick-up current of 0.39 A and a drop-up current of 0.37 A. Setting a value on the 20kV side is greater than on the 150 kV side due to the difference in current transformer ratio values. The simulation results show that the OCR and GFR characteristic curves on both sides meet the criteria for a protection system with good performance.

Assessing the correlation between Ediacaran-Cambrian units of SW Gondwana: The Tagatiya Guazú (Itapucumi Group, Paraguay) and Tamengo (Corumbá Group, Brazil) formations

The Tagatiya Guazú (PY) and Tamengo (BR) formations are South-American Ediacaran-Cambrian carbonate units that share striking similarities between their sedimentological, paleontological, and geochemical records. The Tagatiya Guazú Formation is mainly composed of grainstone and abundant microbial facies, bearing a diverse fossil content represented by autochthonous to parautochthonous remains of late Ediacaran tubular skeletal taxa, such as Cloudina, Corumbella, and Namacalathus, in addition to complex trace fossils indicative of the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition. The Tagatiya Guazú Formation is interpreted as deposited in a protected inner ramp setting. The Tamengo Formation is constituted by grainstone, packstone, wackestone, mudstone, marl, shale, and microbialite facies, also containing Cloudina and Corumbella as allochthonous and parautochthonous remains, respectively. The possible recognition of hummocky and swaley cross-stratification in the Brazilian unit, led to the interpretation of deposition in a storm-dominated middle to outer ramp setting in slightly deeper conditions than the Tagatiya Guazu Formation. Both units display the characteristic late Ediacaran Positive Carbon Isotope Plateau (EPIP) detected in terminal Ediacaran successions worldwide, commonly interpreted as a result of an intensely redox-stratified ocean, which is probably responsible for a decreasing δ13C trend from inner to outer ramp settings. The existence of this gradient can be inferred between the Tagatiya Guazú Formation and its lateral correlate, the Camba Jhopo Formation. On the other hand, the Tamengo Formation shows an unexpected opposite pattern (i.e., increasing δ13C values from inner to outer ramp settings). The limited size of the putative hummocky and swaley cross-stratifications, together with the problematic occurrence of parautochthonous skeletal fossils in deep (and probably anoxic) waters and the inverse δ13C isotopic gradient, suggest some inconsistencies in the Tamengo Formation depositional model. The reinterpretation of these deep-water facies as deposited in a shallower setting would solve (or reduce) the isotopic gradient problem and provide a better fit between the Tamengo Formation redox model and the ones interpreted for other units worldwide. Finally, multiple lines of evidence indicate that both the Tagatiya Guazú and Tamengo formations represent coeval successions (with the former being slightly younger) deposited in similar, shallow water depths in carbonate ramps opened to the Clymene Ocean.

Implementation of Power Factor Correction using Asynchronous Boost Converter on Single Phase Full-Bridge Diode

In various industrial applications, the use of a power supply that uses a conventional diode single-phase rectifier topology results in high harmonic values in the electricity distribution system. One of the real impacts of this harmonic value is the heating of the electric power system equipment and power losses. High rms current values due to harmonics often cause problems in protection settings in addition to efficiency problems. The percentage value between the total harmonic component and the fundamental component is called THD (Total Harmonic Distortions). Therefore, in this study an asynchronous dc-dc boost converter is connected to the output side of a single-phase diode rectifier which is capable of improving power factor and low harmonics. So that a THD value of less than 15%, PF (Power Factor) = 0.92-1 and a sinusoidal input current can be obtained. The implementation results show that the PFC (Power Factor Correction) method can work well on single-phase diode rectifiers.

Medium-Voltage Circuit Breakers and Contactors Are Not the Same: Neither are Their Protection Methods

Many standards and specifications related to medium-voltage (MV) motor and feeder circuits continue to center around the improper generic use of IEEE Device 52 as a circuit identifier for the switching device used within various points of power systems. IEEE Device 52 is defined as a device that is used to close and interrupt an ac power circuit under normal conditions or to interrupt this circuit under fault or emergency conditions. While many of the present standards include detailed protection and coordination recommendations that are centered only on the protective and control settings for circuit breakers (CBs), the protection schemes for CBs and fused contactor-controlled motors are documented in IEEE Standard 3004.8. This article clarifies some key differences between MV contactors and MV CB ratings. It also compares the appropriate protection variations and requirements between the two devices, highlighting the dangers to personnel and equipment if misapplied. Recommended protective device functions for motor protection for fused contactor-controlled or breaker-controlled motors are presented with companion drawings.

Novel transcriptomic signatures associated with premature kidney allograft failure

The power to predict kidney allograft outcomes based on non-invasive assays is limited. Assessment of operational tolerance (OT) patients allows us to identify transcriptomic signatures of true non-responders for construction of predictive models. In this observational retrospective study, RNA sequencing of peripheral blood was used in a derivation cohort to identify a protective set of transcripts by comparing 15 OT patients (40% females), from the TOMOGRAM Study (NCT05124444), 14 chronic active antibody-mediated rejection (CABMR) and 23 stable graft function patients ≥15 years (STA). The selected differentially expressed transcripts between OT and CABMR were used in a validation cohort (n=396) to predict 3-year kidney allograft loss at 3 time-points using RT-qPCR. Archetypal analysis and classifier performance of RNA sequencing data showed that OT is clearly distinguishable from CABMR, but similar to STA. Based on significant transcripts from the validation cohort in univariable analysis, 2 multivariable Cox models were created. A 3-transcript (ADGRG3, ATG2A, and GNLY) model from POD 7 predicted graft loss with C-statistics (C) 0.727 (95% CI, 0.638-0.820). Another 3-transcript (IGHM, CD5, GNLY) model from M3 predicted graft loss with C 0.786 (95% CI, 0.785-0.865). Combining 3-transcripts models with eGFR at POD 7 and M3 improved C-statistics to 0.860 (95% CI, 0.778-0.944) and 0.868 (95% CI, 0.790-0.944), respectively. Identification of transcripts distinguishing OT from CABMR allowed us to construct models predicting premature graft loss. Identified transcripts reflect mechanisms of injury/repair and alloimmune response when assessed at day 7 or with a loss of protective phenotype when assessed at month3. Supported by the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic under grant NV19-06-00031.

Analysis of an accident of abnormal increase in pole bus differential current caused by DC line faults

This paper analyzes an accident of abnormal increase of pole bus differential current and pole differential current of a converter station caused by line fault of a ±800 kV extra high-voltage direct current transmission project. After a lightning strike caused a short circuit and grounding of the DC line, the sudden voltage change protection of the DC line was triggered and the DC full voltage restart was successful. The pole bus differential current and pole differential current of the converter station have reached the protection set but have not reached the protection delay set; therefore, the differential protection has not acted. This paper first introduces the configuration principles of pole differential protection, pole bus differential protection, and line voltage sudden change protection for extra-high voltage converter stations. Second, the operation of the DC protection under this fault was analyzed in detail, and the reasons for the occurrence of pole bus differential current and pole differential current were also analyzed in this paper. Then, the range of equipment that caused the abnormal increase in differential current was identified. Finally, the lightning strike model was built on the real-time digital system, and the fault was simulated and replicated. It was determined that the abnormal increase in differential current was caused by the discharge of the pole bus surge arrester caused by the second lightning strike on the DC line.