Set Of Dictionaries Research Articles

Visual abnormal behavior detection based on trajectory sparse reconstruction analysis

Abnormal behavior detection has been one of the most important research branches in intelligent video content analysis. In this paper, we propose a novel abnormal behavior detection approach by introducing trajectory sparse reconstruction analysis (SRA). Given a video scenario, we collect trajectories of normal behaviors and extract the control point features of cubic B-spline curves to construct a normal dictionary set, which is further divided into Route sets. On the dictionary set, sparse reconstruction coefficients and residuals of a test trajectory to the Route sets can be calculated with SRA. The minimal residual is used to classify the test behavior into a normal behavior or an abnormal one. SRA is solved by L1-norm minimization, leading to that a few of dictionary samples are used when reconstructing a behavior trajectory, which guarantees that the proposed approach is valid even when the dictionary set is very small. Experimental results with comparisons show that the proposed approach improves the state-of-the-art.

The Role of the Introductory Matter in Bilingual Dictionaries of English and Arabic

Monolingual and bilingual dictionaries for learners of English as foreign language differ from each other in many aspects. Among the differences are the types of information a dictionary provides outside the A–Z word list, especially in its introductory matter. Yet, dictionary introductions have been referred to rather peripherally in the literature on dictionary users and uses. Within the context of lexicographic practice, this study aims to outline the differences between EFL learner's dictionaries and bilingual English–Arabic dictionaries, and to determine to what extent a given set of popular dictionaries provide varied and sufficient information in their introductions. Three categories of dictionaries will be the subject of comparison: EFL dictionaries, European bilingual dictionaries, and bilingual dictionaries in the Arab world. Keywords: bilingual dictionary, introductory matter,English–Arabic, efl learner's dictionary, orientalist dictionary

The semantics of Chemical Markup Language (CML): dictionaries and conventions

The semantic architecture of CML consists of conventions, dictionaries and units. The conventions conform to a top-level specification and each convention can constrain compliant documents through machine-processing (validation). Dictionaries conform to a dictionary specification which also imposes machine validation on the dictionaries. Each dictionary can also be used to validate data in a CML document, and provide human-readable descriptions. An additional set of conventions and dictionaries are used to support scientific units. All conventions, dictionaries and dictionary elements are identifiable and addressable through unique URIs.

New Oxford American dictionary

Produced by Oxford's American Dictionaries Program, and drawing on the expertise of scores of American scholars and advisors, The New Oxford American Dictionary sets the standard of excellence for lexicography in this country. Here is the most accurate and richly descriptive picture of American English ever offered in any dictionary. Oxford's American editors drew on our 200-million-word databank of contemporary North American English, plus the unrivaled citation files of the world-renowned Oxford English Dictionary. We started with American evidence--an unparalleled resource unique to Oxford. Our staff logged more than 50 editor-years, checking every entry and every definition. Oxford's ongoing North American Reading Program, begun in the early 1980s, keeps our lexicographers in touch with fresh evidence of our language and usage--in novels and newspapers, in public records and magazines, and on-line, too. To provide unprecedented clarity, the entries are organized around core meanings, reflecting the way people think about words and eliminating the clutter and confusion of a traditional dictionary entry. Each entry plainly shows the major meaning or meanings of the word, plus any related senses, arranged in intuitive constellations of connected meanings. Definitions are supplemented by illustrative, in-context examples of actual usage. This major new edition of The New Oxford American Dictionary includes a guide to the pronunciations on every page, a new etymology essay by Anatoly Liberman, completely updated and revised maps, and more than a thousand new entries, covering everything new in our language from low-carb to warblog and beyond. The New Oxford American Dictionary is designed to serve the user clearly, simply, and quickly, with the precise guidance you expect from Oxford University Press. With in-depth and up-to-date coverage that all users need and expect--for reading and study, for technical terms, for language guidance--it continues the tradition of scholarship and lexicographic excellence that are the hallmarks of every Oxford dictionary. Web Site A companion web site is now available at www.oup.com/us/noad.

On some sets of dictionaries whose ω -powers have a given

A dictionary is a set of finite words over some finite alphabet X. The omega-power of a dictionary V is the set of infinite words obtained by infinite concatenation of words in V. Lecomte studied in [Omega-powers and descriptive set theory, JSL 2005] the complexity of the set of dictionaries whose associated omega-powers have a given complexity. In particular, he considered the sets $W({\bf\Si}^0_{k})$ (respectively, $W({\bf\Pi}^0_{k})$, $W({\bf\Delta}_1^1)$) of dictionaries $V \subseteq 2^\star$ whose omega-powers are ${\bf\Si}^0_{k}$-sets (respectively, ${\bf\Pi}^0_{k}$-sets, Borel sets). In this paper we first establish a new relation between the sets $W({\bf\Sigma}^0_{2})$ and $W({\bf\Delta}_1^1)$, showing that the set $W({\bf\Delta}_1^1)$ is "more complex" than the set $W({\bf\Sigma}^0_{2})$. As an application we improve the lower bound on the complexity of $W({\bf\Delta}_1^1)$ given by Lecomte. Then we prove that, for every integer $k\geq 2$, (respectively, $k\geq 3$) the set of dictionaries $W({\bf\Pi}^0_{k+1})$ (respectively, $W({\bf\Si}^0_{k+1})$) is "more complex" than the set of dictionaries $W({\bf\Pi}^0_{k})$ (respectively, $W({\bf\Si}^0_{k})$) .

The role of the introductory matter in bilingual dictionaries of English and Arabic

Monolingual and bilingual dictionaries for learners of English as foreign language differ from each other in many aspects. Among the differences are the types of information a dictionary provides outside the A–Z word list, especially in its introductory matter. Yet, dictionary introductions have been referred to rather peripherally in the literature on dictionary users and uses. Within the context of lexicographic practice, this study aims to outline the differences between EFL learner's dictionaries and bilingual English–Arabic dictionaries, and to determine to what extent a given set of popular dictionaries provide varied and sufficient information in their introductions. Three categories of dictionaries will be the subject of comparison: EFL dictionaries, European bilingual dictionaries, and bilingual dictionaries in the Arab world. Keywords: bilingual dictionary, introductory matter,English–Arabic, efl learner's dictionary, orientalist dictionary

A New Architecture of a Two-Stage Lossless Data Compression and Decompression Algorithm

In this paper, we propose a new architecture for the two-level lossless data compression and decompression algorithm proposed in that combines the PDLZW algorithm and an approximated adaptive Huffman algorithm with dynamic-block exchange (AHDB). In the new architecture, we replace the CAM dictionary set used in the PDLZW algorithm with a CAM-tag-based dictionary set to reduce hardware cost and the CAM-based ordered list used in the AHDB algorithm with a memory inter-reference (MIR) stage realized by using two SRAMs. The resulting architecture is then implemented based on cell-based libraries with both 0.35-mum 2P4M and 0.18-mum 1P6M process technologies, respectively. With the same process technology, the prototyped chip demonstrates the new architecture not only has better performance, at least 33% improvement, but also occupies less area, only about 44%, and consumes less power, about 50%, in comparison with the architecture proposed in . In addition, the maximum data rate can achieve 2 Gbps when realizing in 0.35 mum 2P4M process technology and 4 Gbps when realizing in 0.18-mum 1P6M process technology.

Classical and effective descriptive complexities of [formula omitted]-powers

We prove that, for each countable ordinal ξ ≥ 1 , there exist some Σ ξ 0 -complete ω -powers, and some Π ξ 0 -complete ω -powers, extending previous works on the topological complexity of ω -powers [O. Finkel, Topological properties of omega context free languages, Theoretical Computer Science 262 (1–2) (2001) 669–697; O. Finkel, Borel hierarchy and omega context free languages, Theoretical Computer Science 290 (3) (2003) 1385–1405; O. Finkel, An omega-power of a finitary language which is a borel set of infinite rank, Fundamenta informaticae 62 (3–4) (2004) 333–342; D. Lecomte, Sur les ensembles de phrases infinies constructibles a partir d’un dictionnaire sur un alphabet fini, Séminaire d’Initiation a l’Analyse, 1, année 2001–2002; D. Lecomte, Omega-powers and descriptive set theory, Journal of Symbolic Logic 70 (4) (2005) 1210–1232; J. Duparc, O. Finkel, An ω -Power of a Context-Free Language Which Is Borel Above Δ ω 0 , in: S. Bold, B. Löwe, T. Räsch, J. van Benthem (Eds.), in the Proceedings of the international conference foundations of the formal sciences V : Infinite Games, November 26th to 29th, 2004, Bonn, Germany, in: Studies in Logic, vol. 11, College Publications at King’s College, 2007, pp. 109–122]. We prove effective versions of these results; in particular, for each recursive ordinal ξ < ω 1 C K there exist some recursive sets A ⊆ 2 < ω such that A ∞ ∈ Π ξ 0 ∖ Σ ξ 0 (respectively, A ∞ ∈ Σ ξ 0 ∖ Π ξ 0 ), where Π ξ 0 and Σ ξ 0 denote classes of the hyperarithmetical hierarchy. To do this, we prove effective versions of a result by Kuratowski, describing a Π ξ 0 set as the range of a closed subset of the Baire space ω ω by a continuous bijection. This leads us to prove closure properties for the pointclasses Σ ξ 0 in arbitrary recursively presented Polish spaces. We apply our existence results to get better computations of the topological complexity of some sets of dictionaries considered in [D. Lecomte, Omega-powers and descriptive set theory, Journal of Symbolic Logic 70 (4) (2005) 1210–1232].

Coding Disaggregated Intrastate Conflict: Machine Processing the Behavior of Substate Actors Over Time and Space

This article describes a new machine-coded event data set specifically designed to study the spatially, temporally, and tactically disaggregated actions of multiple state and nonstate actors in a systematic fashion. The project develops an extensive set of dictionaries for multiple actors and employs a new coding scheme to organize information on such actors and their behavior. The author describes the machine content-analysis methods used to collect the data and the newly developed coding scheme.

A WAVELET TRANSFER MODEL FOR TIME SERIES FORECASTING

This paper is concerned with the case of an exogenous system in which a model is required to forecast a periodic output time series using a causal input. A novel approach is developed in which the wavelet packet transform is taken of both the dependent time series and causal input. This results in two sets of basis dictionaries and requires two bases to be chosen. It is proposed that the best bases to choose are those which maximize the mutual information. Input selection is then implemented by eliminating those coefficients of the selected input basis with low mutual information. As an example, a model is constructed to forecast short-term electrical demand.

A color image compression scheme based on the adaptive orthogonalized transform: Accelerated by product code technique

This paper proposes an improvement of the coding performance of a vector quantization method based on the adaptive orthogonalized transform (AOT). The principle of the proposed method is based on the product code technique, which divides an error vector into lower-order vectors and then quantizes them. For a lower-order vector, a smaller size dictionary can give the same approximation gain. Thus, the number of vector comparison will be reduced, and the coding time will be shortened. Two speed-up techniques for the proposed method are added. One consists of sorting the dictionary according to the first element of the dictionary vector, and selecting the search range from the value of the first element of the error vector. The other consists of switching the dictionary set in terms of the required approximation gain. The effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed by numerical experiments. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 36(5): 23–32, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20226

Non-Government Sector Mental Health Data Dictionary and Standard Data Set

In order to provide a framework for standardised data reporting in the Australian non-government community mental health sector, a Data Dictionary and standard data set were developed. Advisory Committee and key stakeholder consultation, review of local and national minimum data sets and stakeholder validation informed this process. This resulted in a Data Dictionary containing 37 items and a standard data set containing 15 items. These items conform to the Australian Institute of Health & Welfare's (AIHW) standards and address Leginski et al.'s (1989) decision standards.

Rhyming slang world-wide

Rhyming slang (RS) sprang to life in mid-19th century London when it was first recorded by Ducange Anglicus (1857) together with other unusual forms of slang, such as back slang and Polari. In the period of extensive British emigration to the United States, Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand, this special type of lexis was also carried around the world — though in much less regular distribution than might have been expected on the basis of shared socioeconomic colonial histories. Three types of development were possible: 1. individual RS items might survive (and possibly acquire new meanings); 2. they might die out, leaving a historical record of their extraterritorial existence at best; 3. they might prompt local fashions, imitating the pattern but creating new words. The phenomenon of RS has found various references in books on national Englishes (such as those by Baker (1970), but significantly less so in Ramson (1966) and Mencken (1977)); however, it has never been explored on a contrastive level. Such an approach has become more feasible today now that the set of historical dictionaries of English is complete following the publication of the works edited by Silva (1996), Ramson (1988) and Orsman (1997) — even though slang is badly documented, since it was not always considered worthy of inclusion in general dictionaries.

A Hardware Architecture for the LZW Compression and Decompression Algorithms Based on Parallel Dictionaries

In this paper, a parallel dictionary based LZW algorithm called PDLZW algorithm and its hardware architecture for compression and decompression processors are proposed. In this architecture, instead of using a unique fixed-word-width dictionary a hierarchical variable-word-width dictionary set containing several dictionaries of small address space and increasing word widths is used for both compression and decompression algorithms. The results show that the new architecture not only can be easily implemented in VLSI technology because of its high regularity but also has faster compression and decompression rate since it no longer needs to search the dictionary recursively as the conventional implementations do.

A development environment for batch process control

A development environment and control modeling language is described which is designed to support the life-cycle of software development for programmable logic controllers (PLCs) in batch process manufacturing. The environment supports process design, logic specification and analysis, simulation, and automatic generation of PLC code from a high level control specification. The environment includes a set of dictionaries and rules, with associated editors, that permit specialization of the environment to particular manufacturing sites. It aims to standardize control code specifications, support reuse of specifications, allow inspection of specifications through simulation and reports, automatically translate the specification to code, and facilitate the long term maintenance of specifications. Its contributions are that it presents a control specification language for batch process control, a set of software tools to support PLC software development, and application of the environment to dairy processing.

Trilingual dictionary of modern materials science and a computerized compiling tool

For the first time in practice a philosophy and a computerized tool have been developed for the compilation of multilingual professional dictionaries. The database “Trilingual Dictionary of Modern Materials Science” has been compiled and activated. The hardcopy version of the set of dictionaries (English-Russian-Ukrainian, Russian-Ukrainian-English, and Ukrainian-Russian-English) has been published by the Lybid Publishing House.

Dictionnaires Pour Voyageurs, Dictionnaires Pour Marchands ou la Polyglossie au Quotidien aux XVIe et XVIIe Siecles

The cultural phenomenon of Renaissance "polyglossia" became a very important publishing phenomenon which spread considerably over space — the whole of Central Europe — and time — from the end of the 15th to the middle of the 18th Century. This article examines two sets of multilingual dictionaries, "Solenissimo Vochabuolista" and "Berlaimont", considering both external and internal aspects of these works, such as concrete presentation features of the volumes, number of languages included (twelve different languages, up to eight in one edition), and content evolution. "Solenissimo Vochabuolista" and especially "Berlaimont", are not just dictionaries: they also include prayers, conversations and even patterns of letters and contracts. This touch with reality represents the key factor in their immense popularity with a public of travellers, merchants, people generally interested in the practical knowledge of language/s for the sake of everyday communication.

Heinemann Medical Dictionary

The compilers of this dictionary set out with the novel and laudable aim of listing only terms that have appeared in textbooks and journals published since 1980 and of excluding those that are already known to the majority of physicians. They have achieved an exemplary conciseness in their definitions, partly by omitting superfluous words and partly by a lavish use of abbreviations. Some entries, however, are not especially enlightening ( cholesterol the original steroid), some are bewilderingly bald ( miryachit Russian form of compulsive mimicry), and some are not definitions at all ( papillopathy usu. refers to optic disc). Numerous Greek and Latin stems and affixes are also defined or explained. (One wonders what is the use of an entry such as glomerulo- of renal when glomerulus itself is not defined.) Brief notes in square brackets at the end of many entries trace etymologies, identify eponyms, and give dates of the first

Pierre Bayle and Moby Dick

When Melville bought an English translation of Pierre Bayle's Dictionnaire historique et critique early in 1849, he obviously anticipated—with mock alarm—an “influence.” He wrote Evert Duyck-inck, in whose library he may have come across it earlier: “I bought a set of Bayle's Dictionary the other day, &amp; on my return to New York I intend to lay the great old folios side by side &amp; go to sleep on them thro' the summer, with the Phaedon in one hand &amp; Tom Brown in the other.” It was, of course, a moment for influences, the most receptive and most productive period of Melville's life. That year, he saw Mardi and Redburn into print, and made the memorable trip to England with the MS. of White Jacket. A few months later he moved to the Berkshires, where he met Hawthorne and began work on a new book about a whaling voyage. Though we hear no more of Bayle's Dictionary we can feel sure that the program of summer reading was carried out. I shall show how pervasive were its effects on Moby Dick.

Pitman's Technical Dictionary of Engineering and Industrial Science

THE translator of technical literature, whether he be a specialist in his own branch of science or technology, or merely attempts to be an interpreter of other people's endeavours in the world of science and industry, feels the need of a comprehensive technical dictionary in which he will be sure of finding the word he wants. This new dictionary sets out to cover that want, by giving in one set of volumes (when complete) all the important technical terms used in a wide range of arts and sciences. It is arranged on an English basis, that is to say, the English terms are given first, in alphabetical order, followed by the equivalents in the six other languages. Here, we think, the publishers have made a grave mistake and considerably curtailed the scope of the work, because most of the translator's work consists in translations from the foreign idiom into his own language. Unless the publishers include an index at the end, giving all the words listed in every language, then the dictionary will be confined in its utility to translations made by Englishmen into the foreign language, or similar translations made by the foreigner into his particular language. Pitman's Technical Dictionary of Engineering and Industrial Science. In seven Languages—English, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Russian and German. Compiled by Ernest Slater. Complete in about 36 fortnightly Parts. Part 1. Pp. x + 70. Part 2. Pp. 71-134. (London: Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, Ltd., 1928.) 2s. 6d. net each Part.