Set Phrases Research Articles

Игровое окказиональное варьирование устойчивых выражений в испанском рекламном дискурсе

Игровое окказиональное варьирование устойчивых выражений в испанском рекламном дискурсе

Slavic Phraseology: A View Through Corpora

Abstract The study of word collocability is one of the main tasks of linguistics. The combinatory ability of language units, collocability, is one of the linguistic syntagmatic laws. This phenomenon is the main object of the phraseology and lexicography. The article deals with set phrases of different types in Russian, Czech and Slovak from the point of view of their quantitative evaluation. Corpus linguistics understand set phrases as statistically determined unities. This approach is the basic point of different automatic ways to extract idioms and collocations. The paper describes experiments which show how text corpora and corpus methods and tools can be used to expand the entries in existing dictionaries and how set phrases could be evaluated quantitatively. It is shown and maintained that corpus linguistics methods and tools allow to create dictionaries of new type which have to include a larger amount of set phrases and collocations than before.

What Does že jo (and že ne) Mean in Spoken Dialogue

Abstract The goal of this paper is to examine the role of two collocations (že jo and že ne) in spoken dialogue. Both are said to be typical of spontaneous conversation and express a large scale of pragmatic functions, e.g. uncertainty of the speaker or a request for a backchannel. The examination of their positioning within the utterance in relation to the meaning of their close context helped us to identify the functions and to distinguish between cases which are simple co-occurrences of the conjunction že and the particle jo/ne, and those which are instances of the set phrase. The source material comes from the ORAL2013 and DIALOG corpora.

Концептуализация вращательного движения в русском и польском языках

In recent years, linguistic studies have laid great emphasis on the semantic side of linguistic expressions. The subject of this paper is an attempt to introduce the term of “circular motion” in common verb patterns and set phrases in Russian and Polish. The description concerns the problem of creating metaphors based on circular motion verbs. The paper distinguishes between four metaphor types which have been presented by the comparative method between Russian and Polish.

In Pursuit of Better Vocabulary Teaching : As Based on the Learner's "Elasticity" in the Use of Set Phrases

In Pursuit of Better Vocabulary Teaching : As Based on the Learner's "Elasticity" in the Use of Set Phrases

The New Etymological Dictionary of Hungarian Idioms and Proverbs

Abstract After briefly surveying the research carried out in Hungary on the origin of sayings, proverbs and adages, this paper introduces and exemplifies the way the new Hungarian phraseological etymological dictionary has been compiled. It subsequently presents excerpts from the dictionary that will expound on the origin of 1800 set phrases and statistically analyses the linguistic, cultural-historical, historical, literary, ethnographic and intercultural background of the Hungarian set phrases included in the dictionary.

English–Greek code-switching in Greek Cypriot magazines and newspapers – an analysis of its textual forms and functions

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the textual position, form, and functions of English–Greek code-switching, which occurs in the form of insertions, in Greek Cypriot print media. The data consist of seven magazines and seven newspapers. For the analysis of the data, a theoretical framework for written multilingualism is adopted and adapted, namely “English on top”. The presence of English in the mainstream Cypriot print media is scarce. Code-switching into English mainly takes the form of naming, heading, quotations, set phrases, and doublets; a doublet refers to the use of a word next to its translation in another language. It exhibits a variety of functions such as language play, emphasis, and clarification. This is not always the case, however. In some cases, no specific textual function can be attributed to the English insertions. In such cases, it is the symbolic and/or indexical function of English that is exploited.

A Misunderstood Friendship: Mao Zedong, Kim Il-sung, and Sino-North Korean Relations, 1949–1976 by Zhihua Shen and Yafeng Xia

Reviewed by: A Misunderstood Friendship: Mao Zedong, Kim Il-sung, and Sino-North Korean Relations, 1949–1976 by Zhihua Shen and Yafeng Xia Adam Cathcart (bio) Zhihua Shen and Yafeng Xia. A Misunderstood Friendship: Mao Zedong, Kim Il-sung, and Sino-North Korean Relations, 1949–1976. New York: Columbia University Press, 2018. xiv, 357 pp. Hardcover $65.00, ISBN 978-0-231-18826-5. Sometimes a book needs to be written to obliterate a single word in conventional discourse. In the case of Zhihua Shen and Yafeng Xia's new opus on Chinese-North Korean relations, the word (or phrase) is "traditional friendship." From the outset of their impressive and widely-sourced book, the authors endeavor to pry apart the building blocks of Pyongyang's connectivity with the Chinese Communist Party, and likewise to untangle how Mao and the CCP navigated their own needs while dealing with Kim Il-Sung's Korean Workers' Party. Their aim is, as they put it, a destructive one: "it is necessary to refute the historical myth, to tear off the veil, and to eliminate the special set phrases that have been used to describe the history of the relationship" (p. 2). This is a tall order, given that so much of the discussion of North Korea in Chinese official sources of late consists of little more than set phrases, or at best displaces tired metaphors like "lips and teeth" with new but ultimately meaningless phrases about "beginning a new chapter" with Kim Jong-un and Xi Jinping. Fortunately, the authors do not waste a lot of time complaining about the gaps in the field and get quickly to filling them instead with a welter of documents. Ultimately the book that results is aimed at a mainland audience where scholarship on Chinese-North Korean relations (really the Party-Party relationship between Pyongyang and Beijing) has been less than abundant. The Chinese version of the book, published by The Chinese University Press in Hong Kong, is accordingly longer than the present version and is likely to be even more influential given the ease with which Zhihua Shen can still fill—and amply entertain—any given university lecture hall. Zhihua Shen is well known for his extraordinary archival reach, and this study generally does not disappoint in this realm. Shen and his co-author have combed through the wide array of documents and studies of the Korean War era which were published in the 1980s and 1990s, along with extensive work in [End Page 140] the Chinese Foreign Ministry Archives, readings of Soviet archives and published documents, memoir literature of participants, and even a few interviews. They also haul a number of their most fascinating anecdotes from Chinese provincial archives in Shanxi and Sichuan, from which we learn for the first time in detail about what precisely the Chinese state did with a number of North Korean elite exiles who fled from Kim Il-Sung after the now-infamous August 1956 plenum. (They ended up being labelled as ethnic Korean Chinese, working on state-run farms in Sichuan and other remote provinces.) The Cold War International History Project at the Wilson Center in Washington, D.C., provided a number of documents for the study, sourced out of Eastern European and German archives, and the authors make regular if occasionally baffling use of Central Intelligence Agency declassified electronic archives. A simple read through the sources which form the fundament of the book should indicate to even a casual reader that this is very much a work of Cold War history. The concerns of the authors are geopolitical—they revolve around China and North Korea's mutual appreciation and attitude toward Soviet power, their attempts to come to grips with American policy in East Asia, and the views of a multitude of communist states and interlocutors of Mao's outlook on Kim Il-Sung and vice versa. In that sense it has been shaped by the "who started the Korean War?" debate and by nature spends a fair amount of pages on Stalin's outlook and activity in managing his two client states. North Korea's drive toward economic and political development is taken up, but almost exclusively in...

ИСТОРИЯ НАРОДА В ИСТОРИИ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЗМА (на материале английского языка)

The article deals with the question of influence of a phraseological image upon the for-mation of a phraseological meaning in English idioms. The problem posed here is actual as it is caused by a rising interest in modern linguistics to the study of secondary nomination in different languages which is connected with peculiarities of people's verbal thinking and world outlook. The subject of our investigation is the English phraseological units with a fully or partially transferred meaning. The object of our exploration is their semantic peculiarities defined by their motivation or demo-tivation for linguistic and extra-linguistic reasons. The method of the inquiry presupposes to go through a brief survey of some historical facts connected with the origin of English idioms. Our intention in writing this article is to trace the сomplicated interconnection between the meaning of an English idiom and the meaning of a phrase which is considered to be its prototype that can be defined according to A.V. Kunin’s classification as speech, language, outlanguage or mixed. At the level of analysis it is possible to demonstrate the fact that though the metaphor on which the given idioms are based is “darkened”, the expressiveness of such phrases is not a bit less than in idioms with “transparent” metaphors which are felt clearly motivated. On the example of English set phrases an attempt is made to show the way language means reflect the information about the national character in its complexity and variety.

Züge sui generis der rumänischen Komposita des Typs frz. „coupe-papier“

Abstract The Romanian linguist Th. Hristea suggested the term phraseological derivation for those situations inwhich a noun set phrase is obtained froma verbal set phrase. For instance, from a pescui in ape tulburi “to benefit from a confusing situation” pescuitor in ape tulburi has been formed. The possibility of creating noun phraseologisms from the verbal ones is in accordance with the system of the Romanian language. In this article we have tried to prove that some verbal set phrases, while substantivized, thanks to their semantic content, slipped into a general compounding/derivation procedure specific to the Romance languages, also encountered in examples such as the Fr. coupe-papier, It. taglia-carte, Rom. pierde-vară, etc. The fact that this type of compounds is used in Romanian almost exclusively in order to pejoratively designate persons has contributed to drawing some set phrases to this procedure.

Numerological Phraseological Units in Multi-structural Languages

This paper is devoted to the comparative-semantic analysis of numerological phraseological units (PU) in the unrelated languages, namely, Kazakh and English. The identification of the similarities and differences of fixed collocations of multiple languages is a spread type of comparative analysis in phraseology. The possibility of verbalization of the natural environment and man-made environment of ethnic group becomes apparent in comparative studies and description of any lexical-semantic groups of two or more languages. In our work we consider lexical-semantic group of numbers category in Kazakh and English. Numerals are actively involved in the formation of PU, thereby forming a large reservoir of numerological PU and deserve a special consideration. The work is ethnolinguistic and linguoculturological description of the main vernacular numerals, included in the set phrases of the languages. Main methods of the research are: method of semantic analysis, descriptive method, comparative analysis, method of sampling.

Different Approaches to the Objects of Phraseology in Linguistics

<p>The article deals with phraseology and its object. Phraseology is known to be one of the difficult, debatable and interesting parts of linguistics. It appeared in the middle of the 19th century as a science, and was firstly dealt widely with by the scholars of the post-Soviet country. The early researchers of phraseology were Russian scholars and linguists such as Abakumov, Reformatski, Arnold, Bulakhovski, Ojegov, Amosova, Vinogradov, etc. Though being mostly investigated by Russian specialist, phraseology has been the target of the research of the following Azerbaijan linguists—Seyidov, Shiraliyev, Bayramov, Rustamov, Huseynzade, & Veliyeva. The subject matter of phraseology was very interesting to most linguists, however, it was impossible to originate a single theory on phraseology.</p><p>In this article we have touched upon the main terms used in phraseology, such as, set expression, idiom, set phrase, fixed word-groups, word-equivalent, phraseological unit, etc. These terms are defined differently by some scholars. Connotational and denotational meanings of phraseological units are described discussed here. Besides, three approaches to the study of phraseological units (semantic approach, functional approach, contextual approach) are discussed in details.</p>

METAPHORS OF INCLUSIVE SEMANTICS IN THE LANGUAGE OF SCIENCE

Scientific discourse is viewed as a specific object of linguistic analysis in light of cognitive-discursive paradigm. Categories are integral parts of the scientific discourse, yet there is no full list of such categories. Insufficient studies of the category of inclusiveness, as one of the categories that has not come under linguistic scrutiny, specifically, in modern English scientific discourse, call for investigating this category and its elements. The paper deals with the analysis of the metaphors of inclusive semantics to convey the category of inclusiveness. Empirical material of our study involves Anglo-American articles in the field of information and communication technologies, as this research domain deals with the latest cutting-edge technologies that influence virtually all spheres of human life due to the potential of such technologies to dramatically reshape information society in the age of digital revolution. We have outlined the following types of inclusive metaphors in the language of science: the metaphor of CONTAINER that is expressed through a bunch of linguistic devices (nouns: container, envelope, family, house; verbs: to house, to wrap up); the metaphor of CIRCLE (nouns: circle; verbs: to circle, compass, to compass, to encircle, to enclose, to surround, set phrase: to range from…to); and the metaphor of CONTENTS. The obtained results have shown that the metaphor of CONTAINER is the most frequently used one.

Wise Old Ceorl(as) in Beowulf and its Original Meaning

ABSTRACTIn the Old English poem Beowulf, the word ceorl “man” (> Modern English churl) is used for old kings and wise nobles, which is unparalleled in other Old English writings, where it often means a freeman of the lowest class or a peasant. The Beowulf poet uses it always in certain set phrases, and they seem to have been formed in close connection with its original meaning “old man”, which is lost in Old English but is retained in its cognates in some other Germanic languages. The set phrases the poet uses, echoing its lost original meaning, seem to be of rather early origin and his frequent use of this word, together with its rare occurrence elsewhere, may reflect an archaic aspect of the language of the Beowulf poet.

Chinese Proverbs in American Verbal Culture

The paper deals with the question of Chinese proverb quotations in American mass and social media discourse. This is a specific aspect of a much broader issue of intercultural communication, that is how proverbs being both verbally and culturally unique enter entirely different society and eventually become the part of its verbal culture and communication. Despite significant research made in the field of language contacts, especially loanword phenomena, there are still apparently few works devoted to proverb borrowings. However, the evidence proves that foreign language proverbs freely and extensively circulate in many world languages. In this regard contemporary English, where their frequency as well as diversity has recently become remarkably conspicuous, deserves a special study. Numerous proverbs of other countries are not only quoted in the English-language communication, but also enter proverb corpora and dictionaries of English. It holds particularly true for the phenomenon of Chinese proverbs. The empirical data show that adoption of these set phrases by American English is becoming more and more common. It seems that the reasons for the integration of Chinese wisdom into American verbal culture lie in strengthening of China position on international scene as well as expansion of diplomatic contacts and ties. In this paper we address the question of what actually governs the ways of naturalization of Chinese sayings and proverbs in the American English. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n1s1p284

The Meaning of the Construction vь + Locative in Hagiographies of Queen Jelena and King Milutin by Archbishop Danilo II (After the Transcript of Danilo’s Collection of Hagiographies in the Archive of SANU, 1553)

This paper deals with the analysis of the construction vь + locative in the hagiographies of Queen Jelena and King Milutin, by Danilo (after the transcript from 1553). The preposition vь is confirmed in locative constructions, expressing different meanings (place, cause, feature etc.). Due to its specific semantic features, phrases with bigger or smaller degrees of lexicalization are singled out (phrasemes, set phrases, phrases with adverbial meanings, etc.).

Indonezyjskie i polskie idiomy – w poszukiwaniu ekwiwalentów tłumaczeniowych

This paper focuses on Indonesian and Polish idioms analysed from an inter-lingual standpoint, with particular emphasis on their image components. The research material comes from general and specialized (phraseological) dictionaries of both languages. The objective is to assign Polish translation equivalents to selected Indonesian idioms. As no text corpora or translation series are available for Indonesian and Polish, the investigation is limited to systemic (lexicological) equivalence. The analysis of the Polish equivalents of Indonesian idioms covers stable set phrases which carry the same image, idioms which carry an analogous image, and idioms with identical meaning which carry a different image. Also considered are false equivalents (pseudo-equivalents).

"Nebelsprech" – Sprechen in der parlamentarischen Demokratie

"Fogspeech" is a variant of Orwellian Newspeak typical of parliamentary Democracy: As it is important in a Democracy to find vast support for political projects, linguistic strategies from advertising are used, esp. positively connotated words, positive framing, hyperbolic speech. At the same time, politicians who want to avoid direct responsibility tend to use nebular expressions, set phrases, passive and impersonal constructions etc. A number of examples are discussed.

The Relaxed Hilberg Conjecture: A Review and New Experimental Support

The relaxed Hilberg conjecture states that the mutual information between two adjacent blocks of text in natural language grows as a power of the block length. The present paper reviews recent results concerning this conjecture. First, the relaxed Hilberg conjecture occurs when the texts repeatedly describe a random reality and Herdan’s law for facts repeatedly described in the texts is obeyed. Second, the relaxed Hilberg conjecture implies Herdan’s law for set phrases, which can be associated with the better known Herdan law for words. Third, the relaxed Hilberg conjecture is positively tested, using the Lempel-Ziv universal code, on a selection of texts in English, German, and French. Hence the relaxed Hilberg conjecture seems to be a likely and important hypothesis concerning natural language.

How to Apply CxG to Phraseology: A Multilingual Research Project

Abstract: In the present research project, we will set out to design and populate a multilingual database which lists and describes Italian, Chinese, English, French, German, Japanese, Russian and Spanish phraseologisms. We firmly believe that the multilingual database will prove particularly useful in second language teaching. We will endorse the holistic perspective of Construction Grammar as our theoretical and applied framework (Goldberg, 1995; Croft, 2001): we conceive of phraseologisms, in particular idiomatic expressions, as 'constructions', i.e., form-meaning pairings whose meaning is not compositional. With reference to Croft (2001), we will describe multi-word units in their phonological, morpho-syntactic, semantico-pragmatic and discursive aspects (Schafroth, 2013) with the aim of providing an updated tool for second language acquisition and teaching purposes.Keywords: Construction Grammar, Phraseology, Idioms, Multilingual, Database, FRAMEIntroductionIdiosyncrasy in the sense of non-predictability is the normal case in a language and it is to a large extent language specific. This can be a matter of single words, comprising meanings that are not inherent to a comparable word in another language with which it shares at least one meaning (for example, the two nouns plate in English and piatto in Italian). Moreover, idiosyncrasy is particularly relevant when we deal with multi-word linguistic patterns. As we generally do not speak in single words but in larger syntagmatic units, with many of these units being more or less entrenched or idiomatic (non-compositional) word combinations - both characteristics, idiomatic and entrenched, representing idiosyncrasy - we may understand how difficult it is to have a good command of a foreign language. Although we are not aware of idiosyncrasy in our own language, we realize at a very early stage of our foreign language learning that idiosyncrasy and non-predictability are everywhere. We can take almost nothing for granted when we embark on the adventure of learning a new language.To support this argument, it is not even necessary to refer to linguistic patterns like to spill the beans or red herring. The problems foreign learners generally have concern the entire use of the language. Let us consider some examples: the German expression sich in den Finger schneiden (lit. 'to cut into the finger'), corresponds in English to cut one's finger and in Italian to tagliarsi il dito. If you absolutely do not want something to happen you can say (You will marry him) over my dead body! In German you would say (Du heiratest ihn) nur uber meine Leiche! Even if there is correspondence between the concepts involved (Leiche 'dead body') it is the little things that cause big problems, i.e., the innocuous word nur in German and the adjective dead in dead body (body, in fact, also means 'dead person'). If we look at Italian, the analogous construction is fairly different, containing a modal verb (dovere), a verb (passare) and an optional temporal adverb (prima): Dovrai (dovrete, dovranno) (prima) passare sul mio cadavere! Franz Josef Hausmann was generally correct when he painted a rather bleak picture of the lexical and phraseological similarities between two languages:[D]ans une langue etrangere presque tout est different, presque tout est idiomatique. C'est parallelisme qui est l'exception, non la specificite (Hausmann, 1997: 284).Is Hausmann exaggerating? With regard to the great amount of non-corresponding collocations and set phrases in two languages (including phrasetemplates and formulas), one is inclined to say that the answer is No. We must instead admit that: [l]e lexique n'est pas compositionnel, il est (288) and that: le fait idiomatique [...] est au centre de la langue, non a sa peripherie (289). But how can we manage to get our foot in the door of multilingual learner-centred phraseology? If we want to tackle this problem we should first present our goal and then the methods we want to use in order to achieve it. …