Set Of Tasks Research Articles

Stimulus-triggered task conflict affects task-selection errors in task switching: A Bayesian multinomial processing tree modeling approach.

In the present study, we used a modeling approach for measuring task conflict in task switching, assessing the probability of selecting the correct task via multinomial processing tree (MPT) modeling. With this method, task conflict and response conflict can be independently assessed as the probability of selecting the correct task and the probability of selecting the correct response within a given task, respectively. These probabilities can be estimated on the basis of response accuracy in the different experimental conditions. In two task-switching experiments, we used bivalent stimuli and manipulated irrelevant-task difficulty by varying the saliency of the stimulus feature belonging to the irrelevant task. The more salient the task-irrelevant stimulus feature, the more salient the irrelevant task, leading to more task conflict. Consistent with this assumption, we observed that task conflict, but not response conflict, was larger when the task-irrelevant stimulus feature was made more salient. Furthermore, both task conflict and response conflict were larger when the task switched than when the task was repeated. On a methodological level, the present results demonstrate that MPT modeling is a useful approach for measuring task conflict in task switching and for dissociating it from within-task response conflict. Furthermore, the present results inform theories of task switching by showing that the task-irrelevant feature tends to activate the irrelevant task set rather than being associated with a specific response option via a direct stimulus-response route. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The distinctive genre of 9/11 literature about children

The article explores the genre specifics of American 9/11 novels about children. The genre features of 9/11 literature include a modification of the classic educational novel. Such genre elements as the hero’s growing up process, their journey beyond ordinary life, and their return as changed individuals, still form the primary narrative focus of these works. However, the temporality and the impetus for action development are altered compared to the classic educational novel, which is typical for the subgenre of the initiation novel. The main catalyst of the plot becomes the traumatic experiences of the characters, representing either the trauma of loss or mental traumatization of a loved one. The interplay of road motive and motive of search symbolizes personal development and introduces elements of a detective quest, while romantic motives are linked to the outcome of the initiation trial and the formation of the character’s personality. To implement the tasks set, this study employs cultural-historical and comparative-typological methods with elements of structural analysis. The scientific novelty of this work consists in conducting a study of the genre features of literature about children and teenagers thematically based on the events of September 11, 2001, on a little-studied corpus of artistic material. For the first time in Russian science, the author of the article attempts to identify and summarize the characteristic genre features of this body of works. The main results of the study lie in revealing of hybridization of genres: the initiation novel is supplemented with elements of detective and romance novels. An important aspect here is the presence of motives of travel and heroism, coupled with the problem of the trauma of not-knowing, traumatic experiences of loss, and orphanhood. This article deepens scientific knowledge on the issue of the specificity of 9/11 literature, highlighting the process of transformation and enrichment of traditional genre elements in the context of historical events that have been reflected in the literary work of the representatives of contemporary culture.

Design and Development of College Archives and Correspondence Applications

This study aims to develop a web-based archiving and correspondence application to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of archiving and delivery of correspondence on the smart campus. The method used is the software development method. This research involves data collection through interviews and observations to understand the process of archiving and delivering correspondence on smart campus. The developed application can help users to archive and deliver correspondence more efficiently and effectively with features such as correspondence search, automatic archiving, and task and notification settings. The results showed that the use of web-based archives and correspondence applications can increase the efficiency and effectiveness of archiving and delivering correspondence on smart campuses by reducing time and costs, and increasing the accuracy and security of correspondence and archive management.

Specific Introduction of Hrm-System in Trade Organizations

A key topic in discussing the development of social and economic systems and state policy has been overall digital transformation. The introduction of digital technologies is a principle line in strategy of the majority of organizations, including trade ones. HR-divisions are also liable to digitalization effect. Providing HR-managers with support tools, advanced IT-solutions could optimize the process of HR management, focus attention on strategic tasks and in general raise the efficiency of personnel management. The article explains the purpose of HRM-systems used to manage personnel in today’s trade organizations, reviews functionality of current IT-solutions and identifies key trends in the field of HR-Tech. The authors managed to solve a set of tasks connected with introduction of HRM-systems with due regard to specificity of trade organizations and highlighted trends in the field of HR-Tech. The theoretical and methodological base of the research was formed by materials of research and analytical companies, provisions given in works by mainly Russian scientists and experts in the field of personnel management. Apart from that, methods of comparative analysis, generalization, systematization, etc. were used.

A Tracking-Based Two-Stage Framework for Spatio-Temporal Action Detection

Spatio-temporal action detection (STAD) is a task receiving widespread attention and has numerous application scenarios, such as video surveillance and smart education. Current studies follow a localization-based two-stage detection paradigm, which exploits a person detector for action localization and a feature processing model with a classifier for action classification. However, many issues occur due to the imbalance between task settings and model complexity in STAD. Firstly, the model complexity of heavy offline person detectors adds to the inference overhead. Secondly, the frame-level actor proposals are incompatible with the video-level feature aggregation and Region-of-Interest feature pooling in action classification, which limits the detection performance under diverse action motions and results in low detection accuracy. In this paper, we propose a tracking-based two-stage spatio-temporal action detection framework called TrAD. The key idea of TrAD is to build video-level consistency and reduce model complexity in our STAD framework by generating action track proposals among multiple video frames instead of actor proposals in a single frame. In particular, we utilize tailored tracking to simulate the behavior of human cognitive actions and used the captured motion trajectories as video-level proposals. We then integrate a proposal scaling method and a feature aggregation module into action classification to enhance feature pooling for detected tracks. Evaluations in the AVA dataset demonstrate that TrAD achieves SOTA performance with 29.7 mAP, while also facilitating a 58% reduction in overall computation compared to SlowFast.

Machine learning approach to optimal task scheduling in cloud communication

Cloud communication is a combination of distributed computing and parallel computing. One of the biggest challenges in cloud communications is task scheduling, which is difficult due to the nondeterministic polynomial completeness (NP) of cloud systems. To solve this problem, various approximation techniques based on swarm intelligence have been developed. This study proposes a dual machine learning strategy using kmeans to optimize performance and aid in selecting cloud scheduling technologies. The first technique is called Efficient Kmeans (Ekmeans) and the second technique is called Kmeans HEFT (KmeanH), where HEFT stands for Heterogeneous Earliest End Time. Our main contribution is to reduce processing time and increase speed and efficiency for a given set of tasks. We evaluate the impact of both algorithms on different virtual machines (ranging from 2 to 32) and task sizes (ranging from 50 to 1000).

Revisiting the establishment of the legal system in Dagestan in 1920–30s

The Relevance of the research topic. Contradictory and diverse problems of the national-state structure in a federal state, involving consideration of national characteristics and cultural experience of the peoples included in it, make it relevant to study the historical experience of the formation of the Soviet legal system in Dagestan in 1920–30s.Problem statement. With the establishment of the Soviet power, the Dagestanis were offered a new model of social development. The transformation of the political, economic and social structure was accompanied by changes in the system of values, ideological attitudes, beliefs and norms that the majority of society had to share. Since the «outdated» value-normative system, regulating family, social, economic, and political relations, was focused on maintaining the existing development model, the approval of the new paradigm was difficult and contradictory.The Research objectives. To highlight the process of approval of the Soviet legal system in Dagestan in 1920-30s using reliable documentary material and accumulated historiographical experience.The Research methods. To solve the tasks set, the following methods were used: objectivism, historicism, historical-systemic and historical-typological.The Results and key conclusions. The legitimization of the Soviet legal system in the first years after the establishment of Soviet power required the preservation of the traditional elements of law for the Dagestanis – Muslim (Sharia) and customary (Adat) law. Since the late 1920s, the time of the «forced» construction of socialism in the country, the traditional legal structures in the Republic have been liquidated. Under the control of party bodies by the time of the adoption of the Constitution of 1937, the legal system of Dagestan acquires all-Russian structural and functional features. The establishment of a new legal system and a socialist sense of justice was promoted by the policy of indigenization (korenization) and promotion, which in Dagestan had its own specific features, due to the multinational nature of the republic.

The Preparatory Activation of Guidance Templates for Visual Search and of Target Templates in Non-Search Tasks.

Representations of task-relevant object attributes (attentional templates) control the adaptive selectivity of visual processing. Previous studies have demonstrated that templates involved in the guidance of attention during visual search are activated in a preparatory fashion prior to the arrival of visual search displays. The current study investigated whether such proactive mechanisms are also triggered in non-search tasks, where attentional templates do not mediate the guidance of attention towards targets amongst distractors but are still necessary for subsequent target recognition processes. Participants either searched for colour-defined targets among multiple distractors or performed two other non-search tasks where imperative stimuli appeared without competing distractors (a colour-based Go/NoGo task, and a shape discrimination task where target colour was constant and could thus be ignored). Preparatory activation of colour-selective templates was tracked by measuring N2pc components (markers of attention allocation) to task-irrelevant colour singleton probes flashed every 200 ms during the interval between target displays. As expected, N2pcs were triggered by target-coloured probes in the search task, indicating that a corresponding guidance template was triggered proactively. Critically, clear probe N2pcs were also observed in the Go/NoGo task, and even in the shape discrimination task in an attenuated fashion. These findings demonstrate that the preparatory activation of feature-selective attentional task settings is not uniquely associated with the guidance of visual search but is also present in other types of visual selection tasks where guidance is not required.

When a song becomes an unusual french grammar test

This work has a set of tasks united by the topic “A grammar test”. The purpose of these tasks is to do a French grammar test by students at the B2 level, who have to correct different errors in an authentic text. The context and the tasks for checking students’ orthographic and grammatical competences, as well as for practicing receptive and productive skills, are based on the lyrics of the song “C’est la faute à l’amour”. The lyrics contain typical spelling and grammar mistakes which are often made by French native speakers. The proposed set of tasks will allow students to test their orthographic and grammar skills and review a significant number of fundamental French rules.

The spinal cord facilitates cerebellar upper limb motor learning and control; inputs from neuromusculoskeletal simulation.

Complex interactions between brain regions and the spinal cord (SC) govern body motion, which is ultimately driven by muscle activation. Motor planning or learning are mainly conducted at higher brain regions, whilst the SC acts as a brain-muscle gateway and as a motor control centre providing fast reflexes and muscle activity regulation. Thus, higher brain areas need to cope with the SC as an inherent and evolutionary older part of the body dynamics. Here, we address the question of how SC dynamics affects motor learning within the cerebellum; in particular, does the SC facilitate cerebellar motor learning or constitute a biological constraint? We provide an exploratory framework by integrating biologically plausible cerebellar and SC computational models in a musculoskeletal upper limb control loop. The cerebellar model, equipped with the main form of cerebellar plasticity, provides motor adaptation; whilst the SC model implements stretch reflex and reciprocal inhibition between antagonist muscles. The resulting spino-cerebellar model is tested performing a set of upper limb motor tasks, including external perturbation studies. A cerebellar model, lacking the implemented SC model and directly controlling the simulated muscles, was also tested in the same. The performances of the spino-cerebellar and cerebellar models were then compared, thus allowing directly addressing the SC influence on cerebellar motor adaptation and learning, and on handling external motor perturbations. Performance was assessed in both joint and muscle space, and compared with kinematic and EMG recordings from healthy participants. The differences in cerebellar synaptic adaptation between both models were also studied. We conclude that the SC facilitates cerebellar motor learning; when the SC circuits are in the loop, faster convergence in motor learning is achieved with simpler cerebellar synaptic weight distributions. The SC is also found to improve robustness against external perturbations, by better reproducing and modulating muscle cocontraction patterns.

A Tree-Structured Multitask Model Architectures Recommendation System.

Neural networks with branched architectures, namely, tree-structured models, have been employed to jointly tackle multiple vision tasks in the context of multitask learning (MTL). Such tree-structured networks typically start with a number of shared layers, after which different tasks branch out into their own sequence of layers. Hence, the major challenge is to determine where to branch out for each task given a backbone model to optimize for both task accuracy and computation efficiency. To address the challenge, this article proposes a recommendation system that, given a set of tasks and a convolutional neural network-based backbone model, automatically suggests tree-structured multitask architectures that could achieve a high task performance while meeting a user-specified computation budget without performing model training. Extensive evaluations on popular MTL benchmarks show that the recommended architectures could achieve competitive task accuracy and computation efficiency compared with state-of-the-art MTL methods. Our tree-structured multitask model recommender is open-sourced and available at https://github.com/zhanglijun95/TreeMTL.

Methods of automated detection of travel points when training a collaborative robot

An algorithm has been developed and implemented in this paper, which allows automating the process of forming and controlling scenarios for the movement of a collaborative robot (“Cobot”) through a database of points without specific interfaces, services, and software tools characteristic of each Cobot model. The unification of the developed single graphical interface is achieved by automating the work with Cobot controllers through specialised structured file formats and Robot Operation System (ROS), and by automatically detecting marks as movement points in the image received from the stereo camera using neural network-based models and image processing techniques. Research based on a series of experiments ensured the selection of the most effective image processing method and neural network model in terms of accuracy, speed, resource consumption. The approach formalised in the paper and the graphical interface allowed to implement a classical set of industrial tasks of Cobot motion control.

ОРГАНІЗАЦІЯ ОБЛІКУ БІЗНЕС-СУБ’ЄКТІВ АГАРНОГО СЕКТОРУ НА ЗАСАДАХ СТАЛОГО РОЗВИТКУ

The concept of sustainable development is one of the most vital for the domestic agricultural sector. Achieving the goals and objectives of sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas requires improving the accounting and analytical support of agricultural management; the leading role is the organization of accounting. The article examines the essence of accounting for sustainable development and the place of organization in the accounting system of business entities in the context of sustainable development. At the expense of the principle of transparency is supplemented by a set of accounting principles, based on which the system of accounting and analytical support of agricultural management should be organized. The main shortcomings of the organization of accounting of agricultural formations at the present stage have been identified. The key advantages of the transition to the accounting model for sustainable development in agriculture are outlined. Among them are better opportunities for resource recovery, risk management, improved management, and increasing the investment attractiveness of agribusiness. A set of the main tasks of accounting for sustainable development in business entities of the agricultural sector has been substantiated. The priorities and composition of reporting prepared by the requirements of sustainable development standards and integrated reporting of enterprises (IR) are studied. The key features of corporate governance inherent in structures that use the principles of sustainable accounting and information support in their practice are defined. The directions of improvement of the organization of accounting based on the concept of sustainable agricultural management are substantiated, among which the following should be highlighted: supplementing the information and analytical basis with ESG data; supplementing methodological and practical provisions related to the recognition, valuation, and features of accounting for assets, liabilities, and financial results; supplementing internal management reporting with data on the social responsibility of agricultural business; increasing the agricultural company's information security, transparency, and openness. It is concluded that the organization of accounting based on sustainable development is an effective tool for improving management practices in the context of long-term social values.

The role of sales planning in the management system of a construction and manufacturing enterprise

The successful operation of construction and manufacturing companies requires the implementation of such a management function as sales planning, which allows, through certain mechanisms of goal setting and careful monitoring of their implementation, to achieve the desired development results for both individual organisations and the country's economy. The problem of improving the efficiency of planning the proper operation of construction enterprises is especially important for developing countries, which undoubtedly include Ukraine. Therefore, in order to improve their performance, our enterprises need to learn how to improve the work planning system, improve strategic and tactical development planning, and learn how to objectively assess the implementation of the measures taken. This paper develops a methodology for planning sales at a construction and manufacturing enterprise. Priority is given to identifying and thoroughly analysing the main indicators that affect the achievement of improvement of the sales planning system for an objective assessment. In the framework of this research, some selective target standards of the organisation's development were analysed in order to obtain all the necessary data for improving the overall development strategy of the enterprise. An active sales strategy was developed, which included certain changes in the structure and operation of the sales department, the introduction of the latest developments and the setting of certain tasks for the organisation's employees. The planned and actual expenses of the sales department were optimised. Particular attention is paid to motivating the work of commercial employees, which should combine the most effective methods of moral and material incentives. The article presents planned indicators of annual distribution of sales by managers, based on the analysis of sales of previous years and the specifics of the construction market. The indicator of total expenses of the sales department in relation to the planned indicator was introduced to enable a thorough control of performance results. The results of the presented study can be used to establish a sales planning system at construction and manufacturing enterprises.

ЛІДЕРСЬКИЙ ПОТЕНЦІАЛ ОПЕРАЦІЙНОГО МЕНЕДЖЕРА ЯК КЛЮЧОВИЙ ЧИННИК СТРАТЕГІЧНИХ КОМУНІКАЦІЙ СИСТЕМИ УПРАВЛІННЯ ПЕРСОНАЛОМ

This article examines the features of the operational manager's leadership potential as a key factor in the strategic communications of the personnel management system. Factors influencing the construction of strategic communications in the information space at the enterprise are analyzed. The main areas of responsibility of the operations manager as a manager-leader are defined and characterized. The decisive factors of realizing the economic interests of the enterprise are considered in detail. The characteristics of successful leadership are given in terms of the ability to coordinate the goals and requirements of employees in the general goals of the company, which will have the greatest result in solving the set operational tasks. The most effective traits of a leader are determined. The leadership phenomenon is characterized, which consists in using one's own potential through the transformation of external and internal factors of the surrounding economic environment of the enterprise. Strategic communications in enterprise personnel management in today's conditions require the setting of new tasks, the formation of progressive views and modern approaches to managers of all levels, in particular operational managers. Every modern enterprise needs professional leaders who are able to immediately and adequately respond to the challenges of society, the instability of the economic system and the dynamics of the competitive environment. Leadership as a process is a factor of influence on employees, aiming at joint achievements and fulfillment of assigned tasks. That is, it is extremely necessary for a modern operational manager to have strategic views when building effective communication relationships in the process of performing management functions and making management decisions. That is why enterprises that want to earn sustainable profits, maintain a high level of competitiveness and meet the high requirements of the modern economic environment need operational managers with pronounced leadership qualities who are able to effectively establish strategic communications between members of the enterprise team, as well as with partners and suppliers.

Meta-learning Based Domain Generalization Framework for Fault Diagnosis With Gradient Aligning and Semantic Matching

Intelligent fault diagnosis models have demonstrated a superior performance in industrial prognostics health management scenarios. However, these models may struggle to generalize in complicated industrial environments, when encountering new working conditions and handling low-resource and heterogeneous data. To cope with the aforementioned issues, we focus on constructing a universal training framework with domain generalization technique that will encourage fault diagnosis model to generalize well in unseen working conditions. Firstly, a model-agnostic meta-learning based training framework called Meta-GENE is proposed for homogeneous and heterogeneous domain generalization. Secondly, a gradient aligning algorithm is introduced in meta-learning framework to learn domain-invariant strategy for robust prediction in unseen working conditions. Thirdly, a semantic matching technique is proposed for utilizing heterogeneous data to alleviate low-resource problem. Our method has yielded excellent performance on the PHM09 fault diagnosis dataset and achieved superior results on a set of generalization tasks across various working conditions.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ВНУТРІШНЬОГО КОНТРОЛЮ НА ПІДПРИЄМСТВАХ З ПРОКАТУ МАЙНА

The article examines the peculiarities of the organization of internal control at property rental enterprises. The main elements of the internal control system of property rental enterprises are determined – control environment, goals, functions, tasks, principles, subjects, objects, control procedures, methods and users of control information. The organization of the internal control system of rental business enterprises is defined as a set of actions aimed at ensuring the effective functioning of a set of interconnected and interdependent elements, thanks to which internal control acquires rational characteristics necessary for the implementation of the tasks and achievement of the goals set by the owners and management of the enterprise. Attention is drawn to the fact that approaches to the organization of internal control will depend on the policy followed by the owners and management of the enterprise in order to establish an effective mechanism for the functioning of this control system. The purpose and goals of internal control in the information provision of the management system of the decision-making process in order to create conditions for the effective operation of rental business enterprises are specified. Determining the functions of internal control. It is recommended to start the organizational process with the setting of control tasks, based on which the control objects and the list of control procedures that will be used in the process of their verification are specified. The need to implement all stages of the organization of internal control in compliance with the key principles of control was considered. Attention is paid to the world practice of using the COSO model of internal control construction, with the definition of the conceptual basis of risk management and the goals it is focused on achieving. The importance of identifying risks associated with the functioning of control objects of property rental enterprises is revealed, which directs the attention of internal control to those areas where financial losses are most likely to occur. Attention is focused on the need to define the circle of persons who carry out control, i.e. control subjects who will perform specific tasks of control of property rental activities. It is recommended to distribute powers between control subjects in accordance with job duties in the organizational structure of the enterprise or internal control service, with the establishment of information links between all control subjects. The possibility of organizing internal control at rental business enterprises under outsourcing conditions was considered.

The peace formula of Volodymyr Zelenskyy before and after the Vilnius NATO summit

Abstract. The Peace Formula put forward by Volodymyr Zelenskyy at the G20 Summit was a response to the challenges caused by the russian-Ukrainian war and the destruction of the existing world order that followed it. Undoubtedly, the Formula stirred great resonance both among diplomatic circles and the entire international environment since the old system of regional and global security was destroyed, and the global world now faced the problem of finding the contours of a new architecture of international security. Therefore, the Formula represented an attempt to simultaneously solve a whole set of different-scale and multi-directional strategic tasks: urgent and long-term, regional and global, etc. The level of priority of those tasks depends not just on the course and outcome of russian-Ukrainian war but also on the challenges and threats that subsequently emerged at the global level of international security. The article describes the conditions and factors that preceded the emergence of the Peace Formula, as well as the process of filling the sessions and content of the document. The author emphasises the Formula’s significance for potential negotiations with russia to end the war and analyses the positions of key geopolitical actors regarding the implementation of the Peace Formula and its role in formulating security guarantees for Ukraine. Other aspects covered in the study include the influence of the decisions of the Vilnius NATO Summit on the fulfilment of the items of the Peace Formula, the prospects of security guarantees for Ukraine, and the ultimate formation of a new regional security architecture. Key words: Peace Formula, security guarantees, NATO, regional security.

Your Cursor Reveals: On Analyzing Workers’ Browsing Behavior and Annotation Quality In Crowdsourcing Tasks

In this work, we investigate the connection between browsing behavior and task quality of crowdsourcing workers performing annotation tasks that require information judgements. Such information judgements are often required to derive ground truth answers to information retrieval queries. We explore the use of workers’ browsing behavior to directly determine their annotation result quality. We hypothesize <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">user attention</i> to be the main factor contributing to a worker’s annotation quality. To predict annotation quality at the task level, we model two aspects of task-specific user attention, also known as <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">general</i> and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">semantic user attentions</i> . Both aspects of user attention can be modeled using different types of browsing behavior features but most previous research mostly focuses on the former. This work therefore proposes to model semantic user attention by capturing the worker’s understanding of task content using task-semantics specific behavior features. We develop a web-based annotation interface for gathering user behavior data when workers perform a knowledge path retrieval task. With the collected data, we train several prediction models using behavior features corresponding to different aspects of user attention and conduct experiments on a set of annotation tasks performed by 51 Amazon Mechanical Turk workers. We show that the prediction model using both general and semantic user attention features can achieve the best performance of nearly 75% accuracy.

Green infrastructure development as a factor of Moscow metropolis sustainable development

The research is aimed at improving the sustainable development of cities, which focuses on the systemic goal setting of environmental development tasks, social policy and economic responsibility. The development of green infrastructure has been among the sustainable development goals of many cities around the world since the early 2000s. The study showed that the modern understanding of green infrastructure in Russia is still not widespread, which creates problems for the sustainable development of Russian cities in the future, since the implemented greening programs generally reflect a more simplified and fragmented meaning of the city’s green infrastructure. It has been established that the situation in Russia has begun to change over the past few years: new scientific, methodological and practical approaches to the development of green infrastructure in Russian cities have been developed, leading state and public institutions presented ratings reflecting the ideology of the development of green infrastructure in cities within the framework of the principles of sustainable development. Based on the method of comparative and statistical analysis, the article identifies the features of the development of green infrastructure in Moscow, shows its advantages and problems, and suggests directions for its sustainable development based on innovative approaches to vertical gardening.