Set Of Recipes Research Articles

Intermediate product selection and blending in the food processing industry

This study addresses a capacitated intermediate product selection and blending problem typical for two-stage production systems in the food processing industry. The problem involves the selection of a set of intermediates and end-product recipes characterising how those selected intermediates are blended into end products to minimise the total operational costs under production and storage capacity limitations. A comprehensive mixed-integer linear model is developed for the problem. The model is applied on a data set collected from a real-life case. The trade-offs between capacity limitations and operational costs are analysed, and the effects of different types of cost parameters and capacity limitations on the selection of intermediates and end-product recipes are investigated.

A multivariate parameter trace analysis for online fault detection in a semiconductor etch tool

The objective of this paper is to develop a wafer-by-wafer fault detection model for a semiconductor etch tool operating in a worksite situation in which the tool parameter traces are correlated and drift slowly from an initial recipe setting. Process drift is a common occurrence in many processes because of the aging of tool components. The proposed fault detection model compares the entire trace structures of the tool parameters with reference templates by using an improved DTW (dynamic time warping) algorithm, and it performs a T 2-based multivariate analysis with the structure similarity scores created by the improved DTW. In addition, to adapt to the process drift, a recursive T 2 update procedure with an optimal correction factor is incorporated in the model. The optimal correction factor is derived using the Kalman filtering technique. Experiments using the data collected from a worksite reactive ion etching process demonstrate that the performance of the proposed fault detection model is very encouraging.

Tooth for Tooth

In 2011, Brooklyn-based artist Heather Hart introduced her interactive installation The Oracle of Epicure: Tooth for Tooth. For this, she transcribed a selection of recipes onto note cards and adorned each with an original drawing. Filed in a recipe box and set on top of a desk, viewers were invited to take one card in exchange for a recipe of their own that was to be written from memory on the spot. This article gives the particulars of Heather's installation with special attention given to the source of her recipes: Harry H. Hart's Favorite Recipes of Williams College, with Training Table Records, Notes and Menus (1951). Harry Hart, a chef at Williams College from 1917 to 1954, was Heather's great grandfather. Harry Hart, Jr., Heather's grandfather, was also a chef at Williams College from 1938 until circa 1959. By way of Tooth for Tooth, the Hart family's rich culinary history is conveyed for the first time here.

Reflective Leadership in EFL

There seems to be a large discrepancy between leading and learning roles of EFL (English as a foreign language) teacher, learner and principal, which often makes EFL schools fail to build a coherent, collaborative system that supports powerful, equitable learning for all learners. Based on the discrepancy above, in this article, I introduce a reflective leadership framework (RLF) for EFL learners, teachers, and principals, which offers a vision of desirable practice for these three stakeholders with particular roles rather than a set of recipes or a change theory. Reflective leadership is used to describe the concept that learners, teachers and principals should be leaders and learners. I argue that with this reflective leadership type, in which all individuals are empowered to lead for learning, EFL schools could be more effective due to their unique contexts. In this leadership framework, 3 distinct concepts-learning, teaching, and leading-are mutually supportive for more powerful connections between leading and learning. This leadership type particularly offers a theoretically grounded framework for EFL schools, which desire to initiate a communicative curriculum with new leadership roles for students, teachers, and principals by drawing on the following bodies of literature: leading for learning, school-based management, creating a reflective learning community.

The physics and metaphysics of quantum field theory

Apart from being a long-standing interest for all sorts of philosophers for two millennia, ontology also appears to be very much involved in the development of modern and contemporary scientific theories. In our times, the ban on ontology— which was a heritage of (some, not all, of) the logical empiricists—belongs to the very history of philosophy of science: as a matter of fact, it is just contemporary physics, the so-called queen of the sciences, that forces us to re-examine fundamental ontological intuitions and to assess whether and to what extent those intuitions are compatible with the conceptual content of fundamental physical theories. It is now more than a century that quantum mechanics (QM) represents a puzzle for all who strive for a philosophically sound image of the physical world. In fact, the controversy concerns not only the details of the several interpretations of the quantum formalism but also the very task of the theory: according to some, the theory is simply a set of recipes that enable physicists to handle the experimental evidence, whilst according to others, there is nothing in the theory that prevents it from trying to describe the world in a realistic and objective (namely, observer-free in principle) way. Since one of the major issues in the foregoing controversies concerns the potential tension between ordinary QM and relativity theory generated by non-locality, a growing number of philosophers and physicists alike have begun, more recently, to wonder whether any light might be shed by shifting to the level of the so-called second quantization; a shift also driven by the intuition that if there is to be some sort of unified physical worldview, this should incorporate not simply non-relativistic QM but quantum field theory (QFT), viz., the theory that in one way or another should be the basis of all theoretical physics. In addition to that, QFT appears to raise questions—concerning identity, localizability and the like—for which contemporary analytical ontology claims to have some useful toolkits.

The Frog and the Octopus—Experience Teaching Software Project Management

How do you teach software project management to 4th year engineering students, when there is nothing to manage, and the largest project they’ve ever experienced was with two buddies last term? In this paper, we present our experience over seven years teaching this topic alternatively to industrial practitioners, and to undergraduate and graduate students in an academic environment, both in Canada and in the Netherlands. The approach is based on a conceptual model of software development that takes into account the common aspects across a vast spectrum of software projects (“the frog”): intent, product, work, people, time, uncertainty, quality cost and value, and the variability across this spectrum (“the octopus”): size, criticality, business model, governance, team distribution, culture, etc.. This conceptual model is used throughout to (1) structure the course, (2) introduce issues, techniques, practices, and analyze them from a critical perspective: what would the frog say? what would the octopus say? (3) map other models, frameworks, or standards in this field: PMBOK, ISO 12207, RUP, Agile and lean approaches, ACM/IEEE SE 2004 curriculum. Rather than delivering to the students a canned set of recipes, the objective is to allow them to reason about the strategies, techniques, practices and tools that are most applicable to a given set of circumstances. The approach is complemented by small simulation games used to illustrate a few aspects and to trigger discussion (what happened, how realistic is this, how would you do differently?), or short videos of practices used to initiate a debate in class on a given practice.

Temperature and RF Current Sensor Wafers for Plasma Etching

This paper reviews two types of sensor wafers that fit into the niche of spatially resolved in situ plasma diagnostics. The effect of both the incident power and the backside He flow on wafer surface temperature map was studied with the temperature sensor wafer. It was shown that the differential information related to the ion flux density distribution can be estimated in the case of two comparable recipe settings in a complementary way. Another sensor wafer is designed to measure the distribution of displacement current passing through the wafer. Calibrated at 13.56 MHz, it is capable of working in a wider range of source frequencies that has successfully been demonstrated in CCP reactors. It was found that the particular type of plasma reactor and the process chemistry selected can impact the level of correlation between the sensor and the blanket etch rate uniformity data.

Acoustic cloaking transformations from attainable material properties

We propose a general methodology and a set of practical recipes for the construction of ultra-broadband acoustic cloaks—structures that can render themselves and a concealed object undetectable by means of acoustic scattering. The acoustic cloaks presented here are designed and function analogously to electromagnetic cloaks. However, acoustic cloaks in a fluid medium do not suffer the bandwidth limitations imposed on their electromagnetic counterparts by the finite speed of light in vacuum. In the absence of specific metamaterials having arbitrary combinations of quasi-static speed of sound and mass density, we explore the flexibility of continuum transformations that produce approximate cloaking solutions. We show that an imperfect, eikonal acoustic cloak (that is, one which is not impedance matched but is valid in the geometrical optics regime) with negligible dispersion can be designed using a simple layered geometry. Since a practical cloaking device will probably be composed of combinations of solid materials rather than fluids, it is necessary to consider the full elastic properties of such media, which support shear waves in addition to the compression waves associated with the acoustic regime. We perform a systematic theoretical and numerical investigation of the role of shear waves in elastic cloaking devices. We find that for elastic metamaterials with Poisson's ratio ν>0.49, shear waves do not alter the cloaking effect. Such metamaterials can be built from nearly incompressible rubbers (with ν≈0.499) and fluids. We expect this finding to have applications in other acoustic devices based on the form-invariance of the scalar acoustic wave equation.

Current statistical issues in Weed Research

Onofri A, Carbonell EA, Piepho H‐P, Mortimer AM & Cousens RD (2010). Current statistical issues in Weed Research. Weed Research50, 5–24.SummaryThe correct design of experimental studies, the selection of the appropriate statistical analysis of data and the efficient presentation of results are key to the good conduct and communication of science. The last Guidance for the use and presentation of statistics in Weed Research was published in 1988. Since then, there have been developments in both the scope of research covered by the journal and in the statistical techniques available. This paper addresses the changes in statistics and provides a reference work that will aid researchers in the design and analysis of their work. It will also provide guidance for editors and reviewers. The paper is organised into sections, which will aid the selection of relevant paragraphs, as we recognise that particular approaches require particular statistical analysis. It also uses examples, questions and checklists, so that non‐specialists can work towards the correct approach. Statistics can be complex, so knowing when to seek specialist advice is important. The structure and layout of this contribution should help weed scientists, but it cannot provide a comprehensive guide to every technique. Therefore, we provide references to further reading. We would like to reinforce the idea that statistical methods are not a set of recipes whose mindless application is required by convention; each experiment or study may involve subtleties that these guidelines cannot cover. Nevertheless, we anticipate that this paper will help weed scientists in their initial designs for research, in the analysis of data and in the presentation of results for publication.

C2H4-Based Plasma-Assisted CD Shrink and Contact Patterning for RRAM Application

AbstractCritical dimension (CD) shrink and patterning of contact features via plasma etching were studied for typical resistive random access memory (RRAM) stacks. These consist of SiO2 and Si3N4 (total thickness of 65 80 nm) with NiO or pure Ni at the bottom. First, the contact patterning of RRAM stacks was investigated for 90 nm contacts. Thus, a standard high power contact etch recipe was shown to give rise to resist strip challenges due to the incorporation of sputtered Ni in the resist film. Therefore, a low-sputter-yield contact etch recipe based on a CF4/H2/Ar gas chemistry was introduced. The ion sputter efficiency of the recipe was estimated from a blanket SiO2 sputter-yield experiment in Ar plasma for the same recipe settings: this yielded values close to the Ni sputter-yield threshold. Second, plasma-assisted CD shrink was studied in combination with the newly developed patterning scheme to get the contact CD well below the initial 90-nm litho print size. It was shown that a low contact etch power regime could also provide a larger window for contact CD shrink using a C2H4-based chemistry: e.g. the demonstrated CD shrink from 90 nm down to sub-40 nm was shown to be extremely challenging in the case of a high power regime due to polymer instability enhanced with the resulting thickness increase. Perhaps, the relaxation of the polymer film stress, which was measured to be in the range of 1200-1500 MPa, is more easily triggered at higher power settings, which leads to polymer blistering. Finally, the optimization of the plasma-assisted CD shrink step in combination with the low-sputter-yield contact etch recipe was demonstrated to be able to provide CDs as small as 27 nm. The demonstrated approach shows that plasma-assisted CD shrink can provide a robust test vehicle for research programs that require the patterning of small features in the sub-40-nm CD range.

Product and Process Improvement Using Mixture-Process Variable Methods and Robust Optimization Techniques

A process for producing low-fat mayonnaise was investigated with the goal of optimizing the raw material (RM) recipe and process variable (PV) levels. The investigations included (1) optimizing the recipe for discrete combinations of the PVs, (2) optimizing the recipe to be robust to variations in the PVs, (3) optimizing the PV settings to be robust to variations in the recipe, (4) accounting for a cost constraint, and (5) quantifying the uncertainty in the robust, optimal settings resulting from model estimation and model selection uncertainties. A mixture-process variable (MPV) design was constructed and run as a split-plot experiment. Separate models involving the RM proportions and PV levels were fit and used to develop combined MPV models. Squared-error loss, mean-squared error, and bootstrap methods were applied to develop optimal and robust solutions. Optimal settings of RM proportions and/or PV levels were developed that were less costly and more robust than the reference recipe and PV settings that had been tentatively identified by a nonstatistical approach.

Total-Property Modeling: Dispelling the Net-to-Gross Myth

Summary Reservoir-modeling practice has developed into a complex set of numerical algorithms and recipes for modeling subsurface geology and fluid flow. Within these workflows, a number of myths have sometimes been propagated, especially in relation to (a) methods for handling net-to-gross (N/G), (b) implementation of upscaling methods, and (c) conditioning of reservoir models to well data. This paper discusses different practices in the use and upscaling of reservoir data and models, by comparing two end-member approaches: (1) the N/G method and (2) total-property modeling. Total property modeling, in which all rock elements are represented explicitly, is the generally preferred method. The N/G method involves a simplified representation of reality, which may be an acceptable approximation. Implications for upscaling and conditioning reservoir models to well data are discussed, and recommended practices are suggested.

Del director

Del director In 2005 we had the pleasure ofinaugurating the La corónica International BookAward at the Congress ofMedieval Studies in Kalamazoo, and naming H. Salvador Martinez as our first winner. He now heads a new list ofhonorées appearing at the end ofeach Fall issue, right after die list of recipients of die John K. Walsh Award for best article published in La corónica in die preceding year. It is now my great pleasure to share widi you that our distinguished panel ofjurors has selected die winner of die 2006 Book Award for scholarship in Medieval Spanish Language, Literature and Cultural Studies: Barbara Weissberger Isabel Rules. Constructing Queenship, WieldingPower. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota Press, 2004 In announcing its selection, diejury praised Weissberger's efforts, affirming that "This is a book diat goes beyond the historical to examine literary texts, intellectual issues, and broad cultural contexts. ... [I]t brings to Hispanomedievalism a strong advocacy and proof of die relevance of theory to its research agenda. Far from die 'usual' history of Isabel and her times, it constitutes a sweeping, innovative cultural history of the era diat produced and sustained Isabel as queen. As it draws on historical, literary, and political texts contemporary to her reign, die book explains an ideology that invented and shaped a nation , and that ultimately left its imprint on the modern world." We now invite submissions for the 2006 competition for best monograph . Please send diree copies ofany tide published in 2005 to George D. Greenia, Editor, La corónica, Dept. of Modern Languages, PO Box 8795, College ofWilliam & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795. Full details are available at the journal's Web site; die deadline is always October 1 in the year following that of publication. No documentation is necessary odier than a cover letter specifying diat the copies are meant for the La. corónica International Book Award and providing the full address and odier relevant contact information for the audior. ? ? ? 2 Geoige D. GreeniaLa corónica 34.2, 2006 Research by Hispanomedievalists continues to gain die respectful attention ofcolleagues in congruent fields in the humanities. In April of 1997 the Modern Language .Association launched a radio show called What's the Word? aimed at cultivated .American audiences, and for any of our readers who missed the broadcasts on National Public Radio, programs are audio-streamed at the MLA Web site (www.mla.org) and available to download to your computer. Various shows feature frequent contributors to La corónica: Medieval Women Opportunities for, accomplishments of, and challenges faced by women in the Middle Ages. Chaucer's Canterbury Tales arrd the Wife of Bath - her career, financial status, and five marriages . The economic, social, and spiritual reasons women chose to enter or were serrt to convents; the advantages of convent life. The twelfth-century German nun Hildegard of Bingen and her poetry, music, and visionar}-, theological, scientific, and dramatic writings. The types ofhealing practiced by women healers in medieval Spain and their training and education. Virgin miracles, or songs to the Virgin, and what diey teach us about healing in medieval Iberia. Participants: Marie Boroff C.Jean Dangler. Barbara Newman The Spanish Ballad Tradition Medieval Spanish romances and how they have been adapted over centuries and across cultures. Prirrted eighteenth- arrd nineteenth-century blindmarr's ballads, or romances de ciego, as mass literature that reflected the concerns ofthe day. Mexican and Mexican American corridos and Spanish outlaw ballads as inspiration for twentieth-century narcoconidos, stories about drug smugglers. Participants: Michael Solomon. Madeleine Sutherland-Meier, Jaime Nicolopitlos Christian, Jew, Muslim: Coexistence in Medieval Spain El Cid, the expulsion oftheJews, Fernando de Rojas's Celestina, and Sufi poetry in thirteenth-century Spain. Participants: Matthew Bailey. Michael Gerii. Lourdes Alvarez. ? ? ? Del director3 We also congratulateJudith Cohen and fellow contributors to a recent volume on world music and food edited by Ms. Sean Williams: The Ethnomusicologists' Cookbook (Roudedge, 2006). The Chronicle ofHigher Education featured this tide and its celebration of "occasions in which music, food and conversation noisily merge". The Nota Bene column notes that Each set of recipes is a full meal, however locally defined, and includes edinographic commentary, suggestions oflocal music for mealtime listening, and a...

Split‐plot regression models with both design and spectroscopic variables

AbstractThe main object of this work is to compare two methods for combining spectroscopic measurements and design variables in a regression model, when the data has a split‐plot error structure. Focus of the comparison is on prediction ability and interpretation. The need for such regression models is present in many production processes, since the end‐product quality usually is affected by both raw material quality and processing. If the raw materials are complex, biological substances, it is often natural to characterise them by spectroscopic measurements. This paper presents a case from the fish feed industry, where a designed experiment was carried out to investigate if quality variations in a certain raw material affect the end product. It was not known which raw material properties that are important, and NIR spectroscopy was therefore used for characterisation. Recipe and process settings were also varied. Practical considerations imposed restrictions on the randomisation, and this led to a split‐plot design. The regression model was estimated by restricted maximum likelihood (REML), to account for the split‐plot structure. The two methods presented here combine design variables with either PCA or PLS on the spectra. We call the methods REML‐PCA and REML‐PLS. In this case, both methods perform equally well regarding model fit and prediction ability. However, REML‐PLS is easier to interpret as less components are needed and the components are directly connected to the response. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A Predictive Model for Controlling Wafer Level Polish Rate Uniformity in Oxide CMP

AbstractA stress based engineering model has been developed that predicts the removal rate profile across the wafer as a function of the principal and shear stresses on the wafer. The model reproduces the form of the radial variation in polish rate that is seen without back side air for the current set of consumable conditions and the changes in the polish rate profile that occur when back side air pressure is used on an IPEC-472 tool. The model which is GUI based and can be run in the fab, returns the optimum recipe setting to maximize polish rate uniformity based on the current tool performance. Implementing this model in production resulted in a 50% improvement in within wafer uniformity statistics.

The 2×3 Toolbox of Organometallic Methods for Regiochemically Exhaustive Functionalization

This review describes a concept aimed at rational and maximal structure proliferation. To this end, simple aromatic or heterocyclic starting materials, often bulk chemicals, are converted into all regionisomerically possible polar organometallic intermediates (mostly lithiated species), which then may be combined with any of the countless electrophiles to provide attractive new building blocks, particularly functionalized derivatives. The practical implementation relies on a set ("toolbox") of sophisticated recipes developed by mechanistically guided modification of the two most prominent exchange methods used for the generation of polar organometallic compounds: hydrogen-metal and halogen-metal interconversion. These mutant methods ("old methods in a new outfit") amplify the existing options for organic synthesis by ensuring maximum regioflexibility. At the same time they offer new insight into factors that govern organometallic reactivity and provide hints on how to alter or finetune this reactivity judiciously.

Kalman filter recipes for real-time image processing

Kalman filters are an important technique for building fault-tolerance into a wide range of systems, including real-time imaging. From a software engineering perspective, however, it is not easy to build Kalman filters. Each has to be custom designed and most software engineers are not sufficiently grounded in the necessary systems theory to perform this design. The contributions of this paper, therefore, are a set of recipes for implementation of the Kalman filter to a variety of real-time imaging settings, the presentation of a set of object-oriented requirements, and a design for a class of Kalman filters suitable for real-time image processing. First, we describe the Kalman filter and motivate its use as a mechanism for fault-tolerant computing and sensor fusion. Next, the details of using Kalman filters in imaging applications are discussed and several associated algorithms presented. Then, the advantages of using object-oriented specification, design and languages for the implementation of Kalman filters are explored. Finally, we present a specification and design for a class of Kalman filters, which is suitable for coding. This work extends significantly upon that first appearing in 2003 at an SPIE conference (Laplante and Neill, proceedings of the real-time imaging conference, SPIE, Santa Clara, January 2003, pp. 22–29).

Institutional recipes as a source of information about food habits*

AbstractThe School of Home Science at the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand was established in 1911 to enable women to obtain a university qualification in Home Science. Accommodation was provided for students in the Home Science Hostels. From 1940 until 1990 the hostels accommodated approximately 120 students each year. In 1943, a set of recipe cards was published for use in hostel kitchens. They were used continuously as a basis for hostel meals until 1993 and were revised four times during the period. It is suggested that an explanation of the original selection of the recipes together with an interpretation of additions and omission over the period would mirror and explain changing attitudes to food in New Zealand society. The content of the sets was examined, omissions and additions noted and a comparison made with recipes included in popular New Zealand and American household cookbooks. Overall, it was found that factors that influenced the make‐up of the recipe set and bought about change were: the background of the Foods Department staff, the hostel food supervisors, the requirements of the student residents, nutritional guidelines and food ideologies. The first recipe set revealed some American influence, but over the period, despite the institutional context, hostel meals, remained fairly traditional and mirrored the food practices of most New Zealand households.

Sensor fault detection in etch based on broadband rf signal observation

To minimize machine downtime in semiconductor plasma etching processes, a sensor fault detection system was developed, employing a broadband rf sensor. The work presented here focuses on detecting errors in the transformer coupled power (TCP) measurement and pressure sensor, though the method has potential for several other sensors. To improve the detection sensitivity, we used real-time machine input estimation, and compared it against actual recipe settings instead of employing the raw rf signals directly. For a main etch process on a Lam TCP 9400SE, ±10% relative deviations in TCP measurement, or ±25% in pressure, can be detected with high accuracy: Detection probability PD≈1 and false alarm rate PF≈0 for both.

Specific proposals for the use of petri nets in a concurrent programming course

Concurrency is a difficult subject to teach and learn. This paper presents a set of recipes for the use of Petri nets as a teaching aid of some fundamental concurrency concepts, in the context of an introductory concurrent programming course. Classroom experience clearly demonstrates this usage of Petri nets improves students understanding of concurrency concepts.