Set Of Messages Research Articles

Error recognition in the Cantor cube

Abstract. Based on the notion of thin sets introduced recently by T. Banakh, Sz. Głąb, E. Jabłońska and J. Swaczyna we deliver a study of the infinite single-message transmission protocols. Such protocols are associated with a set of admissible messages (i.e. subsets of the Cantor cube ℤ 2 ω ). Using Banach-Mazur games we prove that all protocols detecting errors are Baire spaces and generic (in particular maximal) ones are not neither Borel nor meager. We also show that the Cantor cube can be decomposed to two thin sets which can be considered as the infinite counterpart of the parity bit. This result is related to so-called xor-sets defined by D. Niwiński and E. Kopczyński in 2014.

Diamond Message Set Groupcasting: From an Inner Bound for the DM Broadcast Channel to the Capacity Region of the Combination Network

Multiple groupcasting over the broadcast channel (BC) is studied in a special setting. In particular, an inner bound is obtained for the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$K$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -receiver discrete memoryless (DM) BC for the diamond message set which consists of four groupcast messages: one desired by all receivers, one by all but two receivers, and two more desired by all but each one of those two receivers. The inner bound is based on rate-splitting and superposition coding and is given in explicit form herein as a union over coding distributions of four-dimensional polytopes. This inner bound is then shown to be the capacity for a certain class of partially ordered DM BCs with order defined via the less noisy condition. When specialized to the so- called combination network, which is a class of three-layer (two-hop) broadcast networks parameterized by <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2^{K}{-}1$ </tex-math></inline-formula> finite-and-arbitrary-capacity noiseless links from the source node in the first layer to as many nodes of the second layer, our top-down approach from the DM BC to the combination network yields an explicit inner bound as a single polytope via the identification of a single coding distribution. This inner bound consists of inequalities which are then identified to be within the class of generalized cut-set outer bounds recently obtained by Salimi et al for broadcast networks. We hence establish the capacity region of the general <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$K$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -user combination network for the diamond message set, and do so in explicit and structured form. Such a result implies a certain strength of our inner bound for the DM BC in that it (a) produces a hitherto unknown capacity region when specialized to the combination network and (b) may capture many combinatorial aspects of the capacity region of the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$K$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -receiver DM BC itself for the diamond message set. Moreover, we extend that inner bound by adding binning to it. As in the no-binning case, we provide the more general inner bound in explicit form.

Security analysis of public key encryption with filtered equality test

&lt;p style='text-indent:20px;'&gt;Public key encryption with equality test can provide a very simple add-on in which any one can directly perform testing over a pair of ciphertexts to check whether the underlying messages are identical or not without decryption. To restrict the such test power for different scenarios, that of delegated equality test is introduced to allow only the authenticated party to perform the test. In this paper, we focus on the security of public key encryption with filtered equality test (PKE-FET). The delegation to the party is only of a message set for designated testers in PKE-FET, which implies it cannot test any underlying message out of the set. We aim for investigating distinct security notions (static and adaptive security) with specific properties of the potential adversaries. Finally, we show the relationship between the security and complexity, and show the scheme of Huang et al. can reach adaptive security.&lt;/p&gt;

Development of a Korean-version Integrated Message Set to Provide Information on Traffic Safety Facilities for Autonomous Vehicles

Development of a Korean-version Integrated Message Set to Provide Information on Traffic Safety Facilities for Autonomous Vehicles

A Mobile Phone Text Messaging Intervention to Manage Fatigue for People With Multiple Sclerosis, Spinal Cord Injury, and Stroke: Development and Usability Testing.

Fatigue significantly affects daily functioning in persons with disabilities. Fatigue management can be challenging, and the information provided during routine physician visits to manage fatigue can be overwhelming. One way to address fatigue is to increase knowledge, skills, and confidence for self-management (ie, patient activation). Self-management programs have shown promising effects in targeting fatigue in persons with disabilities. However, satisfaction with self-management programs is low for persons with disabilities, and tailoring interventions to personalized needs has been recommended. SMS text messaging is increasingly being used to implement health behavior change interventions in a person's natural environment. Little has been done to link mobile health approaches with patient activation and self-management to address fatigue in persons with disabilities. This study aimed to develop and test a mobile phone-based fatigue self-management SMS text messaging intervention targeting patient activation in 3 groups of persons with disabilities: persons with multiple sclerosis, persons who had a stroke, and persons with a spinal cord injury. We used evidence-based resources and input from a consumer advisory board (CAB; composed of 2 participants from each of the 3 disability groups) and a neurologist to develop the intervention. The study was conducted using a 4-step process: development of the initial SMS text messaging library and categorization of the content into 9 content areas, review and modification of the SMS text messages by the neurologist and CAB, integration of the content library into a digital platform, and utility testing by CAB members. A total of 6 CAB participants rated SMS text messages covering 9 domain areas of fatigue self-management with good clarity (mean ratings=3.5-5.0 out of 5) and relevance (mean ratings=3.2-5.0 out of 5). Overall, SMS text messaging content was reported by CAB participants as helpful, clear, and well suited for a mobile health intervention. The CAB reached consensus on the time of day that SMS text messages should be sent (morning) and their frequency (once per day). This feedback led the research team to narrow down the program to deliver 48 SMS text messages, 1 per day, Monday through Thursday only, a total of 4 SMS text messages per week, over a 12-week period. The final set of SMS text messages was programmed into a digital platform with a predefined delivery schedule. The usability of the intervention was high, with 55 (83%) out of 66 responses endorsing the highest rating. This study demonstrates a step-by-step process for developing a fatigue self-management SMS text messaging intervention for persons with disabilities. For this population, whose access to health services is often limited, this intervention provides an alternative delivery model to increase access to fatigue information and deliver content that aligns with the person's needs.

Testing the acceptability of stillbirth awareness messages in an SMS program for fathers.

To raise expectant fathers' awareness of risk factors for stillbirth. A set of brief text messages was developed addressing recognised risk factors for stillbirth: avoidance of maternal cigarette smoking, maternal going to sleep on side messaging, awareness of the importance of noticing and reporting changes in foetal movement and fathers' involvement in shared decision making for timing of birth. Eight messages were inserted into the SMS4dads pilot program being conducted by NSW Health. Feedback on the messages was requested. Participants rated the quality of the messages on a three-point Likert scale and provided comments. Overall, 2528 messages were sent to 626 fathers' mobile phones, 45% of fathers replied with 666 ratings and 115 comments evaluating the texts. The quantitative ratings indicated substantial overall approval of the messages. Within the coding category "Evaluation of Message Content," three themes described fathers' reactions and feelings about the smoking, movement, side sleeping and birth timing messages: "important-good information," "not appropriate/anxiety provoking" and "not relevant-obvious." Three themes reflecting the attributes of the messages within the "Service Quality" category were "need more information," "complements public health" and "child voice fit." Results indicate that the messages are an acceptable way to provide information and suggested actions addressing stillbirth risk factors to fathers-to-be. SO WHAT?: Fathers' awareness of the risk factors for stillbirth can assist mothers to take appropriate actions for a healthy birth. Information on risk factors can be provided to fathers via a father-focused text messaging service.

From Message to Messenger: Should Politicians Lead-by-Example to Increase Compliance with Public Health Directives?

ABSTRACT This study proposes that in order to increase compliance with government directives during health crises, we should consider the message as well as the messenger. Prior research shows that highly instructional crisis communication increases compliance during acute crisis situations. Crisis communication literature provides no clear answers on how to address prolonged crises like the COVID-19 pandemic, however. We examined the impact of crisis communication on compliance with health directives in March – April 2021, during the third wave of the pandemic in Belgium. Two field experiments were conducted at two different points in time. Participants received an informational message from Belgian authorities, that was either highly instructional or not. Next, they watched a set of messages from traditional and social media, depicting Belgian politicians setting a good or a bad example in terms of adhering to public health directives. Instructional messages only proved to be effective in the first study. Leading-by-example had a stronger impact, especially in study two. During the third wave of COVID-19, Belgian people seemed more inclined to follow public health directives when politicians set the right example, due to an increase in trust in the government. Bad examples, however, decreased compliance.

Optimizing Bulk Transfer Size and Scheduling for Efficient Buffer Management in Mobile Opportunistic Networks

Mobile Opportunistic Networks (MONs) are characterized by intermittent connectivity with long isolation period, and nodes following redundant transmissions for reliable message delivery. This often leads to unnecessary buffer occupancy, preventing new messages from getting replicated due to small contact duration and low bandwidth, or leading to packet drop under constrained buffer. Although attempts have been made to mitigate buffer congestion, the existing schemes are localized, are slow to react, or are specific to a routing scheme. Moreover, they rely on message exchanges to obtain buffer state/occupancy, thereby incurring additional overhead. In this paper, we first develop a generalized probabilistic forwarding model where the forwarding probability denotes the likelihood of a message to get forwarded to the encountered node. Based on the forwarding probability, we develop a congestion indicator and predict the point of congestion using the Kalman filter. Using this, a node can decide the optimal number and the exact set of messages to replicate, which leads to an optimal performance with minimal packet drop and overhead. Simulation results using a synthetic mobility model and a real-life mobility trace show that the proposed scheme outperforms the existing schemes.

Challenges in communicating the benefits of switching from cigarettes to e-cigarettes: Responses from eight adult focus groups with varying smoking experience

This study explored the effectiveness of nuanced messages, described in our study as warnings, that seek to convey the potential benefits of switching from cigarettes to e-cigarettes for adults. The messages were designed to convey the potentially complex idea that e-cigarettes are likely less harmful than combustible cigarettes but that e-cigarettes still present a risk. Eight adult focus groups (N = 37) with varying smoking profiles responded to a set of messages that are used by government agencies and non-government organizations to convey the benefits of switching and ongoing risk associated with e-cigarette use. Results indicate that a suggestion of health benefits from exclusive use of e-cigarettes was met with skepticism from users of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes, and generated confusion about what these benefits were. Messages suggesting that individuals who have switched to e-cigarettes should not switch back to combustible cigarettes elicited the strongest statements of doubt and mistrust among focus group participants, regardless of smoking status. Participants representing all smoking profiles agreed with the message suggesting that switching from combustible cigarettes to e-cigarettes still exposes the user to ongoing health risks. Our focus group discussions suggest that adult smokers may not interpret nuanced messages about harm reduction in a way that will encourage switching behavior.

Fulbrighters without Fulbright: branding US internationalization of higher education in a context of racial justice

ABSTRACT The Fulbright Program is the oldest and largest program for US academic mobility, and therefore one of the most recognizable brands in international education. Despite its importance as a global brand associated with international education, this program has received very little attention from the perspective of marketing in higher education, even though the legacy of J. William Fulbright, founder and namesake of the program has become controversial in the US. In this article, we conduct a brand analysis of the Fulbright Program in light of contemporary calls for racial justice. Using a multi-rater textual and visual analysis of brand documents and images in connection with brand personality elements, our analysis reveals that the brand primarily relies on discourses of competence and excitement. Despite having a consistent set of messages, the contrast between the program goals, focused on mutual understanding across cultures, and the historical legacy of J. William Fulbright is noteworthy and needs to be further considered for the sustainability of the brand.

IMPACT OF FAKE NEWS ON PEOPLE IN THE PAST AND DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

If the Internet is teeming with resources, it is also a perfect vector for fake news. Google News, Facebook and Twitter indirectly participate in the spread of this misleading information. In this context, the term fake news or false information seems to have become a portmanteau word used to designate a heterogeneous set of inaccurate and/or misleading messages circulating within the public space. Disinformation is thus exacerbated by the way in which various audiences engage with it and amplify it, even unintentionally. The issue of disinformation within today's societies must be understood at the crossroads of human behavior (economic, ideological, political, playful motivations, etc. of those who create and disseminate erroneous information) and the technological and industrial specificities of new digital ecosystems. Within participatory platforms, the value of the content conveyed is now measured more in terms of potential for sharing, experience and connection, and less in terms of information. In this article, we will try to have a brief overview of fake news in the past, selecting a few examples from different eras as there are tons of examples of fake news throughout history, and during the COVID-19 pandemic, as today's fake news is different from the past in the speed at which it spreads and how it is used to influence the public.

Feasibility of Online Tailored Messaging and Goal Setting on Short-Term Dietary and Oral Health Behavior Change in Young Children

Describe how an online tailored messaging and goal setting program is feasible for short-term dietary and oral health behavior change in young children.

Reassurance regarding educational messages in people with non-specific low back pain: A cross-sectional study.

Educational messages related to Low back pain (LBP) are often contradictory and drive maladaptive beliefs, as they conflict with the latest research evidence. This study aims to examine participants' reassurance levels in relation to educational messages regarding LBP among the Saudi population with the condition compared to those without it, and to assess the association between levels of reassurance and fear avoidance. A list of 13 educational messages about LBP was generated from LBP-educational resources in Saudi Arabia, and from expert consensus on a set of evidence-based key messages for people with LBP. Consented respondents with LBP of various durations and those without the condition completed a questionnaire containing questions on demographic characteristics, the absence or presence of LBP and its intensity, and the fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire (FABQ). We also asked them to rate their level of perceived reassurance regarding the educational messages using a Likert-type scale from 0 to 10. Participants (n=1652) reported that the 13 educational messages had reassured them about LBP. However, there was no significant difference between participants with and without LBP (p≥0.05). There was an overall weak association between the responses to the 13 educational messages and the fear-avoidance questionnaire. However, reassurance levels regarding most of the educational messages were negatively associated with the FABQ. We demonstrate that people with and without LBP need reassurance about the condition. Furthermore, we show that as reassurance increases, fear-avoidance decreases, confirming the complex nature of LBP.

Secure Pdf Text Steganography Turning Secrecy into Inconspicuous Encoding

Security has become a priority in any security system. Computer applications, Internet system applications, etc. how millions of users use the Internet. This is a research project suggests an information processing algorithm Security system using PNG (Portable Network Graphics) pictures. To our knowledge, there are very few jobs available is present in the PNG archives of steganography. A Least Significant Bit (LSB) encoded stenographic system code is slightly more advanced and is built in the Matlab programming language. The proposed system is often different from other default approaches that use the LSB input method, with the next point. This: The first point about the character set of the secret message used. It automatically detects the character set for private messages. and determine whether the text is written in Latin (only 8 bits per character) or Latin/Arabic (16 characters per character). The approach presented is implemented using special Matlab code functions and encoding algorithms. Two main algorithms for deleting encrypted messages sequentially.

Latency and Alphabet Size in the Context of Multicast Network Coding

We study the relation between <i>latency</i> and <i>alphabet size</i> in the context of Multicast Network Coding. Given a graph <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$G = (V, E)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> representing a communication network, a subset <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$S \subseteq V$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of sources, each of which initially holds a set of information messages, and a set <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T \subseteq V$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of terminals; we consider the problem in which one wishes to design a communication scheme that eventually allows all terminals to obtain all the messages held by the sources. In this study we assume that communication is performed in rounds, where in each round each network node may transmit a single (possibly encoded) information packet on any of its outgoing edges. The objective is to minimize the communication latency, i.e., number of communication rounds needed until all terminals have all the messages of the source nodes. For sufficiently large alphabet sizes (i.e., large block length, packet sizes), it is known that traditional linear multicast network coding techniques (such as random linear network coding) minimize latency. In this work we seek to study the task of minimizing latency in the setting of limited alphabet sizes (i.e., finite block length), and alternatively, the task of minimizing the alphabet size in the setting of bounded latency. We focus on the establishing the computation complexity of the problem and present several intractability results. In particular, through reductive arguments, we prove that it is NP-hard to (i) approximate (and in particular to determine) the minimum alphabet size given a latency constraint; (ii) approximate (and in particular to determine) the minimum latency of communication schemes in the setting of limited alphabet sizes.

Masked face recognition: Human versus machine

The recent COVID-19 pandemic has increased the focus on hygienic and contactless identity verification methods. However, the pandemic led to the wide use of face masks, essential to keep the pandemic under control. The effect of wearing a mask on face recognition (FR) in a collaborative environment is a currently sensitive yet understudied issue. Recent reports have tackled this by evaluating the masked probe effect on the performance of automatic FR solutions. However, such solutions can fail in certain processes, leading to the verification task being performed by a human expert. This work provides a joint evaluation and in-depth analyses of the face verification performance of human experts in comparison to state-of-the-art automatic FR solutions. This involves an extensive evaluation by human experts and 4 automatic recognition solutions. The study concludes with a set of take-home messages on different aspects of the correlation between the verification behaviour of humans and machines.

Self-Secure Capacity-Achieving Feedback Schemes of Gaussian Multiple-Access Wiretap Channels With Degraded Message Sets

Self-Secure Capacity-Achieving Feedback Schemes of Gaussian Multiple-Access Wiretap Channels With Degraded Message Sets

Health belief model for empowering parental toothbrushing and sugar intake control in reducing early childhood caries among young children\u2014study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial

BackgroundIt has been recognized that oral health education for parents is critical for preventing early childhood caries (ECC). Few parents practiced caries prevention procedures for their children in daily life, though. A novel intervention scheme using mobile messages will be developed in this study under the framework of the health belief model (HBM). The objective of the present randomized clinical trial (RCT) is to evaluate the effectiveness of the new scheme in promoting oral health of young children by reducing dental caries.MethodsThis RCT will involve 26–36 child care centers or kindergartens with nursery classes (clusters) located in Hong Kong. A total of 518–628 child-parent dyads (child age 18–30 months) will be recruited and randomly allocated at the cluster level into the test or control group with a 1:1 ratio. For parents in the test group, the intervention will consist of a set of HBM-based text messages sent regularly in 48 weeks. A standard text message will be sent to the parents in the control group in the first week. The primary outcome will be dental caries measured by dmft/dmfs of the children after 2 years (around 4 years of age). The secondary outcomes will be toothbtushing and sugar intake.DiscussionHBM-based intervention via a low-cost text messaging vehicle may serve as a viable way to empower parents to establish proper oral health behaviors for their children and safeguard the oral health of children in Hong Kong.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.govNCT04665219. Registered on 11 December 2020.

Impact of SMS Text Messaging Reminders on Helmet Use Among Motorcycle Drivers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Randomized Controlled Trial.

BackgroundRoad traffic injury is a pressing public health issue in Tanzania. Increasing helmet use among motorcycle drivers can help reduce the burden due to road traffic injuries in the country. Helmet adherence can be supported through mobile health interventions.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to evaluate the comparative impact of two different types of SMS text messaging reminders on motorcycle helmet use.MethodsParticipants were 391 commercial motorcycle taxi drivers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Participants were randomized into three groups, each receiving a different set of messages: (1) social norming messages aimed at emphasizing society’s positive stance on helmet wearing, (2) fear appeal messages that emphasized the dangers of riding without a helmet, and (3) control group messages, which included basic road safety messages unrelated to helmet use. Every participant received the control messages. Adherence to helmet use was evaluated by self-report through surveys conducted at baseline, 3 weeks, and 6 weeks.ResultsAt 6 weeks, the odds of self-reporting consistent helmet use were estimated to be 1.58 times higher in the social norming group than in the control group (P=.04), though this difference was not significant after accounting for multiple testing. There was little difference between fear appeal and control group recipients (odds ratio 1.03, P=.47). Subgroup analysis suggests that both fear appeal and social norming message types might have been associated with increased helmet use among participants who did not consistently wear helmets at baseline (odds ratio 1.66 and odds ratio 1.84, respectively), but this was not significant (P=.11 and P=.07, respectively). Among those who were consistent wearers at baseline, the social norming messages performed better than the fear appeal messages, and this difference reached traditional significance (P=.03), but was not significant after accounting for multiple testing.ConclusionsThe use of SMS text messaging reminders may improve helmet use among motorcycle drivers when framed as social norming messages. Given that nearly half of the drivers in our sample did not consistently wear their helmets on every trip, strategies to increase consistent usage could greatly benefit public safety.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT02120742; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02120742

Concave or convex? The impact of display surface curvature on social appeals’ persuasion: the mediating role of self–other overlap

PurposeMarketing persuasive materials are often displayed on a curved surface (e.g. a curved hallway). This study aims to investigate how the curvature (concave vs convex) of a display surface influences the persuasion of the marketing appeals presented on it.Design/methodology/approachThe conceptual framework was tested in a field experiment, a lab experiment and two online experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Analyses of variance and mediation analysis were used to test the hypotheses.FindingsThis research demonstrates that a concave (vs convex) display surface may increase persuasion for marketing materials with social appeals. This occurs because a concave surface enhances consumers’ perception of self–other overlap, which is matched with the content of the social appeal presented on it, thereby enhancing the appeal’s persuasiveness. It further identifies the appeal content as an important moderator of the effect; a convex (vs concave) display would enhance persuasion when the marketing materials contain personal appeals.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research could investigate how a time delay (e.g. hours, days) and the curvature of a display board or wall would play a role in the effect of display curvature.Practical implicationsThe findings offer a novel, simple and cost-effective approach to enhance persuasion for both nonprofit and for-profit marketing materials.Originality/valueThis research contributes to the persuasion literature by investigating the impact of one ubiquitous but overlooked aspect of the message setting (i.e. the curvature of the message’s display surface) on persuasion while holding the message source and content constant. It also advances knowledge on consumer shape perception by examining an underexplored shape (i.e. the curved shape of a display surface) that is nondiagnostic in message persuasion.