Set Of Environmental Factors Research Articles

Bureaucratization in the U. S. Department of State*

Very little social scientific research has considered the question of bureaucratization in the individual governmental agency. Departing from an experiment in de‐bureaucratization, this article traces the origins of two core components of bureaucracy‐hierarchy and rules‐in the U. S. Department of State. The discussion emphasizes the interaction between the internal structure of a public organization and two sets of environmental factors: the power setting and the operating environment. It is argued that this interaction produces a high degree of message generation, top‐down demands for accountability and control, and bottom‐up pressures for clearance and guidance. These conditions lead to a heavy message volume and a high degree of centralization which, in turn, bring on communications overload. Bureaucracy increases as overload is handled through hierarchical differentiation and the proliferation of rules.

RELATION OF SEXUPARA PRODUCTION IN THE WOOLLY PEAR APHID, ERIOSOMA PYRICOLA (HOMOPTERA: PEMPHIGIDAE), TO TREE GROWTH IN THE FIELD

AbstractSexupara production in the pear root aphid, Eriosoma pyricola Baker & Davidson, was closely associated with the cessation of shoot growth of its host in the field in irrigated and non-irrigated plots in two successive, but phenologically different years. Neither the environment nor the host plant were unfavorable at the time the sexuparae were formed, indicating that the aphid uses the host plant as a source of seasonal information.The nature of synchronization between active development of univoltine insects and trees is discussed. It is concluded that the initiation of dormancy in trees and diapause in insects is not likely to be synchronized by a common set of environmental factors. Either regulation of insect diapause by host trees is more common than is currently recognized, or environmental and age differences in tree growth have favored selection for obligate diapause.