Set Aside Research Articles

Tribunal duties and the exclusion of evidence in international arbitration: the tug-of-war of fairness and efficiency

Abstract Arbitral procedure aims to strike the right balance between fairness and efficiency in the specific and unique circumstances of the case. However, in some difficult cases, both considerations can pull in opposite directions. The exclusion of evidence provides a particularly apt example in which the dilemma arises, aggravated by the considerable evidentiary discretion vested in tribunals and the overall lack of guidance in applicable laws and rules on approaching such circumstances. This article argues that the tug-of-war between fairness and efficiency in the context of the exclusion of evidence can be resolved with the help of relevant tribunal duties, which should guide the exercise of tribunal discretion. These include the duty (i) to resolve the dispute; (ii) to observe due process; (iii) to conduct the procedure efficiently and effectively; (iv) to act with impartiality and independence; and (v) to render an award that is enforceable/not subject to set aside.

Finality and Certainty in the Integrated National System of Chapter III Courts: Judge Vasta v Stradford

Australian authority holds that there is a critical distinction between superior and inferior courts when it comes to the legal force of judicial orders affected by jurisdictional error. It is said that such orders, when made by a superior court, have legal force unless and until set aside but that, when made by an inferior court, they lack legal force from the outset. This distinction — recently consigned to pre-1846 history by the United Kingdom Supreme Court — does not align with the contemporary reality of the integrated system of courts established under Ch III of the Australian Constitution. The appeals in Commonwealth v Stradford, Judge Vasta v Stradford and Queensland v Stradford present an opportunity for the High Court of Australia to set a new approach that reflects the constitutional context for Ch III court operation. Specifically, the appeals may be upheld on the basis that any purported order made by a Ch III court acting as a repository of judicial power has legal force unless and until set aside.

Future Ready: Unlocking Financial Literacy among Tomorrow's Leaders

In a country like Yemen, where people exist on meager incomes and struggle to make ends meet, poverty is widespread. There is an urgent need to maintain, administer, and set aside funds for emergencies. This study aims to investigate the level of financial awareness and knowledge among undergraduate students in Yemen. Students in higher education are expected to take responsibility for managing their expenses, indicating a strong level of financial understanding. The study relied on primary data collected from a randomly selected sample of people. A total of 218 students at Hodeida University in Yemen were randomly selected to participate in the study. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the data. The results show that the level of financial awareness among Undergraduate Students at Hodeida University in Yemen is high, and also observed that males, on average, have financial knowledge more than females. In this light, the research adds to the body of information on financial awareness by illustrating the significance of financial literacy and access to financial knowledge among Yemeni undergraduate students. Finally, we strongly recommend academics, teachers, legislators, financial institutions, and governments make financial education a mandatory element of every school's curriculum, regardless of the level.

Exploring Financial Awareness among Undergraduate Students at Hodeida University in Yemen

In a country like Yemen, where people exist on meager incomes and struggle to make ends meet, poverty is widespread. There is an urgent need to maintain, administer, and set aside funds for emergencies. This study aims to explore the Level of Financial Awareness and financial knowledge among Undergraduate Students in Yemen. Students attending educational institutions of a higher level are expected to be responsible for managing their expenses and they have a high level of financial awareness. The study relied on primary data collected from a randomly selected sample of people. A total of 218 students at Hodeida University in Yemen were randomly selected to participate in the study. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the data. The results show that the level of financial awareness among Undergraduate Students at Hodeida University in Yemen is high, and also observed that males, on average, have financial knowledge more than females. In this light, the research adds to the body of information on financial awareness by illustrating the significance of financial literacy and access to financial knowledge among Yemeni undergraduate students. Finally, we strongly recommend academics, teachers, legislators, financial institutions, and governments make financial education a mandatory element of every school's curriculum, regardless of the level.

Social Economic Factors Driving Cassava Adoption in Teso South, Busia County, Kenya

Cassava's significance as a food crop is underscored by its ability to thrive in poor soils, withstand drought, and tolerate marginal conditions where other crops might fail. Despite its recognized importance and the introduction of improved cultivars, cassava output in Busia County remains poor, even though it is Africa's most frequently planted staple crop. This study analysed the factors influencing adoption of improved cassava cultivars among 167 smallholder farmers in Busia County, Kenya. The objective was to determine the social and economic factors influencing the adoption of improved cassava cultivars among smallholder farmers in Teso South, Busia County. Data was collected from the sampled farmers using a multistage sampling procedure in six wards. A Binary Logit model was used to investigate the effect of the selected social and economic, factors on the adoption of improved cassava cultivars. The results revealed that the average farm size in Teso South is 2 acres (48.2%), while that set aside for cassava cultivation by households is 0.25 acres (66.4%). Gender, age, marital status and education level did not influence the farm size nor the size set aside for cassava cultivation (p>0.5). Majority 127(76.0%) of the respondents indicated that they had not adopted improved cassava cultivars on their farms (χ2 = 27.04, d.f.=1, p<0.0001). From the study, it was denoted that economic factors such as financial resources, land size and market accessibility positively and significantly influenced the adoption of improved cassava cultivars among smallholder farmers in Teso South, Busia County (β=-0.148, t=-6.886, p<0.001). Social factors such as age, gender, education and household did not influence the adoption of improved cassava cultivars among smallholder farmers in Teso South, Busia County (β=0.011, t=-0.92, p=0.926). The fitting of the model was significant (F 0.05 (3, 163) =29.303, p< 0.001). Agricultural extension programs should focus on providing targeted training and support on innovative techniques and technologies, such as the adoption of improved cassava cultivars, to enhance farmers' capacities and resilience, regardless of their educational backgrounds

Electrocoagulation process for phosphate recovery of agricultural wastewater: effect of calcium adding, voltage, and time.

Recovery of valuable resources, such as phosphate recovery from wastewater, can help close the nutrient cycle and is interesting to investigate. This study aims to evaluate phosphate recovery and set aside TOC, OC, and IC in agricultural wastewater using electrocoagulation with a helix electrode configuration. This study employed the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for statistical analysis and modeling, utilizing a central composite design (CCD). Variation of calcium concentration (2-7mg/L), voltage (15-45V), and electrocoagulation time (5-15min) was applied in an electrocoagulation reactor with a helix-shaped stainless steel cathode and a solid cylindrical Mg anode. Based on RSM analysis, electrocoagulation with a helical electrode configuration significantly affects phosphate recovery and the removal of TOC, OC, and IC when treating agricultural wastewater. Under operating conditions of 15V, 15min time, and 2mg/L calcium concentration, we achieved the lowest phosphate concentration of 0.003mg/L (99.74% reduction). The highest TOC allowance is > 100% of the initial concentration, the TC allowance is 55.79%, and the IC allowance is 30.91%. The formation of metal hydroxides affects the efficiency of TOC removal in the electrocoagulation process, and higher electrolysis times lead to higher TOC removal efficiency. Higher voltages also improve the coagulation and flotation processes in the reactor. Calcium concentration plays a role in enhancing the flocculation process and binding phosphonates from wastewater.

Thermal Analysis of Micro-Channel Internal Cooling in Cutting Tools: A Machine Learning Approach

The use of coolants for cutting process in metal cutting operations is customary. Turning causes high cutting heat in nickel base super alloy Inconel 718. Nonetheless, it should be acknowledged that although flooding techniques are commonly used in the machining of super alloys, these flood cooling methods have extremely poor efficiencies. Another alternative to increase the cooling capabilities of fluids would be an internal-cooling approach that would enable to lower machining temperatures significantly. The heat dissipation ability in the tool is also greatly influenced by the micro-channel diameter of tool which further causes a significant effect on the coolant outlet velocity. A design of an internal-cooling single point cutting tool with micro channel structures for enhanced coolant heat transfer capability and reduced machining temperature is used for turning Inconel 718 under dry, flooded cooling and internal cooling to study the effects of cooling conditions on cutting force, cutting temperature and surface quality. A regression model is built using the Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Regression (SVR) methods in machine learning framework. These models were then used to forecast input parameters, such as channel diameter and inlet pressure, which made it easier to obtain output data, such as pressure and maximum velocities at different notches. Eighty percent of the data in the dataset is used to train the model and with the remaining twenty percent set aside for evaluating the model's functionality. When comparing internal-cooling technology to traditional flood cooling, there are clear benefits including increased heat transfer efficiency, which leads to lower cutting temperatures, less cutting force, and better surface quality. More specifically, in the internal-cooling configuration, a direct relationship is shown between rising coolant inlet pressure and falling cutting force and temperature over time. Further highlighting the advantages of this cooling strategy is the relationship between increased intake pressure and decreased surface roughness.

Implementasi Metode New Jersey dalam Perhitungan Cadangan Premi dengan Suku Bunga Stokastik dan Konstan

Premium reserve allocation represents an obligation undertaken by insurance companies to set aside funds for future claims payment to policyholders. Some insurance companies have faced operational challenges, leading to their closure, primarily due to inaccurate premium reserve computations. This research aims to calculate premium reserve in lifelong insurance using the New Jersey method, an improvement upon the Illionis method. The New Jersey method initiates the premium reserve at the beginning or end of the first year at zero dollars. The majority of premium reserve calculations still rely on constant interest rates. However, in reality, this approach inadequately reflects future fluctuations in interest rates, which are crucial for long-term life insurance products. Therefore, this study implements a more realistic approach using stochastic elements, using the Vasicek stochastic interest rate model to determine premium reserve values. From this research, it was found that there was quite a significant difference between the New Jersey method premium reserve value and the two interest rates. The calculation graph shows that the premium reserve value using the Vasicek model of stochastic interest rates tends to be lower than when using constant interest rates. This can be caused by the results of non-constan variations in interest rates in the Vasicek model which ultimately results in fluctuations in interest rates which wffect the calculation of premium reserve.

Well supplied in life, set aside in death: A multi-isotope study of Justinian plague victims from Saint-Doulchard (France, 7th-8th centuries AD).

Justinian plague and its subsequent outbreaks were major events influencing Early Medieval Europe. One of the affected communities was the population of Saint-Doulchard in France, where plague victim burials were concentrated in a cemetery enclosure ditch. This study aimed to obtain more information about their life-histories using the tools of isotope analysis. Dietary analysis using carbon and nitrogen isotopes was conducted on 97 individuals buried at Le Pressoir in Saint-Doulchard, with 36 of those originating from the enclosure ditch. This sample set includes all individuals analyzed for plague DNA in a previous study. Mobility analysis using strontium isotope analysis supplements the dietary study, with 47 analyzed humans. The results are supported by a reference sample set of 31 animal specimens for dietary analysis and 9 for mobility analysis. The dietary analysis results showed significantly different dietary behavior in individuals from the ditch burials, with better access to higher quality foods richer in animal protein. 87Sr/86Sr ratios are similar for both studied groups and indicate a shared or similar area of origin. The results suggest that the ditch burials contain an urban population from the nearby city of Bourges, which overall had a better diet than the rural population from Saint-Doulchard. It is implied that city's population might have been subjected to high mortality rates during the plague outbreak(s), which led to their interment in nearby rural cemeteries.

Specification and survival of post-metamorphic branchiomeric neurons in a non-vertebrate chordate.

Tunicates are the sister group to the vertebrates, yet most species have a life cycle split between swimming larva and sedentary adult phases. During metamorphosis, larval neurons are replaced by adult-specific ones. The regulatory mechanisms underlying this replacement remain largely unknown. Using tissue-specific CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis in the tunicate Ciona, we show that orthologs of conserved hindbrain and branchiomeric neuron regulatory factors Pax2/5/8 and Phox2 are required to specify the 'neck', a cellular compartment set aside in the larva to give rise to cranial motor neuron-like neurons post-metamorphosis. Using bulk and single-cell RNA-sequencing analyses, we characterize the transcriptome of the neck downstream of Pax2/5/8. We present evidence that neck-derived adult ciliomotor neurons begin to differentiate in the larva and persist through metamorphosis, contrary to the assumption that the adult nervous system is formed after settlement and the death of larval neurons during metamorphosis. Finally, we show that FGF signaling during the larval phase alters the patterning of the neck and its derivatives. Suppression of FGF converts neck cells into larval neurons that fail to survive metamorphosis, whereas prolonged FGF signaling promotes an adult neural stem cell-like fate.

Implementation of hematology oncology lecture series for nursing staff.

e21005 Background: Westchester Medical Center has an oncology unit that provides care for hundreds of patients annually. Inpatient cancer patients often have especially complex medical treatment plans that require interdisciplinary collaboration and specialized knowledge of oncologic conditions. There is a need to implement formal teaching tailored to nursing staff devoted to topics in hematology and oncology. Our goal was to develop a monthly lecture series for nursing that deepened their understanding of cancer treatments, enabling them to assess and monitor patients with greater expertise. Methods: Topics were chosen based on relevance and are listed in the table. Speakers included full-time faculty, fellows and residents, pharmacists, and medical students. Ten lectures were completed and scheduled approximately once monthly in the mornings just prior to sign out for nursing shift change. Nursing staff were asked to complete a set of questions prior to each lecture (Pre-Test) They were given the same set of questions after each lecture (Post-Test) to determine whether there was an improvement in understanding of the topic. Informational handouts were distributed at the end of each lecture to provide participants with a summary of key points. A survey administered at the conclusion of the lecture series was collected to assess attitudes towards the lectures. Results: Overall test scores improved after each lecture was given, as demonstrated in the table: Pre and Post Lecture Test Scores. Additionally, feedback regarding the lectures was positive. 100% agreed that they gained a better understanding of topics related to hematology oncology and 92% agreed that participation in these lectures has improved their ability to function collaboratively on interprofessional healthcare teams. Conclusions: A didactic lecture series is a valuable component of hematology oncology education for nursing staff and will improve quality of care of the oncology service. Some limitations of this lecture series concerned nursing staff scheduling conflicts and their availability for lecture attendance. Possible interventions in the future may include setting aside time dedicated for monthly lectures and scheduling lectures for afternoons to avoid conflicts with shift changes and morning rounds. Nevertheless, our findings highlight the value of continued education in empowering nursing staff to deliver quality care to hematology oncology patients.[Table: see text]

Naive pluripotent stem cell-based models capture FGF-dependent human hypoblast lineage specification

The hypoblast is an essential extraembryonic tissue set aside within the inner cell mass in the blastocyst. Research with human embryos is challenging. Thus, stem cell models that reproduce hypoblast differentiation provide valuable alternatives. We show here that human naive pluripotent stem cell (PSC) to hypoblast differentiation proceeds via reversion to a transitional ICM-like state from which the hypoblast emerges in concordance with the trajectory in human blastocysts. We identified a window when fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is critical for hypoblast specification. Revisiting FGF signaling in human embryos revealed that inhibition in the early blastocyst suppresses hypoblast formation. Invitro, the induction of hypoblast is synergistically enhanced by limiting trophectoderm and epiblast fates. This finding revises previous reports and establishes a conservation in lineage specification between mice and humans. Overall, this study demonstrates the utility of human naive PSC-based models in elucidating the mechanistic features of early human embryogenesis.

Analysis of the Application of Accounting Information Systems for Cash Receipts and Disbursements in Hospitals: Literature Review

The crucial role of hospitals in health care and the need for professional management as well as the emphasis on advances in information technology and the urgency of accounting information systems were identified. The purpose of this research is to evaluate literature studies to determine the application of accounting information systems for cash receipts and disbursements in various hospitals. The research method used a literature review of several national articles that were searched using google scholar set aside 10 articles with the keywords hospital cash receipts and disbursements. The review results from 10 articles showed a variety of impacts and benefits, including implementation challenges in some hospitals. Findings included technological constraints, calculation errors, and potential operational efficiencies. Nonetheless, certain hospitals managed to implement accounting information systems well, minimize the risk of errors, and improve efficiency. Conclusion: Accounting information system implementation contributes to operational efficiency, internal control, and financial statement accuracy, with a focus on resource optimization and reputation enhancement. Continuous efforts and technology integration are the keys to optimal system implementation in hospitals.

Are there cross-cultural differences in the transformation of motivation process in close relationships?

When faced with an undesirable behavior by one’s partner, theories of relationship maintenance indicate that individuals must undergo a transformation of motivation in order to set aside their initial impulse to respond in a self-centered manner, and instead choose to respond in a pro-relationship manner. However, the cultural psychology literature indicates that a primary focus on one’s own needs and goals is predominantly a feature of individualistic cultures, such as those in the Unites States and Western Europe which have been the setting for the vast majority of close relationships research. Thus, it is possible that people from less individualistic cultural contexts do not experience this same transformation of motivation process when faced with an undesirable behavior by their partner, because their initial impulse is less self-centered and more other- or relationship-centered. To test this hypothesis we conducted pre-registered replications of two classic studies documenting the transformation of motivation process (Yovetich & Rusbult, 1994) using a cross-cultural sample of participants from the U.S. and Thailand. The extent to which people in both cultural settings engaged in the transformation of motivation process was assessed in a correlational study ( N = 187) and an experimental study ( N = 328) of partnered individuals. Results indicate that participants in both cultural contexts experience a transformation of motivation process, and the magnitude of the transformation did not differ between the two countries. Exploratory analyses indicate that Thai participants engaged in more passive behaviors than U.S. participants, and U.S. participants thought passive behaviors were more harmful than active behaviors. Overall, when faced with an unpleasant behavior by one’s partner, the need to set aside one’s initial impulse in order to respond in a more pro-relationship manner appears universal, but the exact behaviors that are the endpoint of that process differ across cultures.

Consensual settlement of competition disputes in China: a call for conditional arbitrability

ABSTRACT The current reform of China’s Arbitration Law is aimed at making the country a more attractive seat for international commercial arbitration and at encouraging consensual dispute settlement to supplement the heavy workload of the courts. At the same time, due to the lack of certainty as to the arbitrability of antitrust disputes, the competition-related arguments may effectively stall or delay arbitration proceedings or create the risks of setting aside of arbitral awards on public policy grounds. The paper addresses the aforementioned problem by advancing a call for conditional arbitrability of antitrust disputes in China, which will require clarification of the applicable legal standards and detailed procedural guidance by the Supreme People’s Court that would instruct the arbitrators and the parties about applying competition rules in the context of contractual disputes. This policy proposal is grounded on the analysis of the divergent judicial approaches to arbitrability of competition-related issues developed by the Chinese judiciary.

Hereditary angioedema: current therapeutic management and future approaches.

The aim of this review is to provide an account of the focus of therapeutic strategies for hereditary angioedema (HAE), give a brief overview of those used in the past and set aside and toughly discuss those currently available as first line. Further research is ongoing and the future therapeutic approaches that are still in different phases of study will be reviewed as well. In the last two decades, major research advancements on HAE pathophysiology and management were made and numerous novel therapeutic options are now available. Compared to the past, drugs available nowadays are more effective, well tolerated, and possibly have a more convenient administration route. Moreover, numerous other drugs with innovative mechanisms of action are under development. HAE is a rare genetic disease that if not promptly treated, it can lead to death from asphyxiation. Furthermore, due to its disfiguring and painful manifestations, HAE implies an important burden on the quality of life. Recently, following great research progresses on HAE therapy, evidence-based guidelines on HAE management were released. The therapeutic landscape of HAE is still under florid development, and it is possible novel treatments will remarkably revolutionize HAE management in the future.

Foreword

16 June is a special day set aside for celebrating the child in Africaand, by extension, understanding and enforcing the rights of the childin Kenya. On this day, we remember our brothers and sisters whowere killed and injured in Soweto, South Africa, in 1976 as they foughtfor some of the rights we freely enjoy today. I would like to thank theKabarak University and Save the Children International for making agreat stride in reinforcing the rights of the child with this initiative tocelebrate the Day of the African Child 2023.

Relationship between Dating Violence and Resilience among Young Adults

Abstract: The study looks into the connection between resilience and dating violence. The results point to the significance of including ways to build Resilience for victims of dating violence. To help survivors' resilience, therapists could concentrate on improving coping strategies, self-esteem, and social support systems. To lessen the harmful effects of dating violence, education and preventative initiatives should place a strong emphasis on young people developing resilience skills. With the use of this data, measures should be taken that will lessen dating violence and increase access to tools that foster resilience in contexts such as schools, colleges, etc . This can entail setting aside funds for support groups, counseling services, and awareness campaigns. It is necessary to do additional study to investigate the precise processes by which resilience mitigates the impact of dating violence. The long-term effects of resilience on relationships and mental health outcomes may be better understood through longitudinal research. Furthermore, assessing the success of programmes that emphasize resilience may help direct future efforts in practice and policy. It's critical to take into account the ways that experiences of dating violence and resilience are influenced by variables including gender, race, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic background. Promoting inclusivity and efficacy requires designing interventions to meet the specific requirements of diverse communities.

IMPLEMETASI ASAS OPORTUNITAS DI INDONESIA

This study aims to find out and analyze the history of the origins of the opportunity principle in Indonesia and also the development of the opportunity principle in Indonesia and also the problems contained in Article 35 letter c of Law Number 16 of 2004 concerning the Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Indonesia, and how to analyze become a consideration in the public interest as the basis for the application of the principle of opportunity by the Attorney General. The research method used in this study uses a qualitative approach to literature study. The data obtained from this research is secondary data, and analyzed qualitatively. The results of this study indicate that the authority to set aside cases in the public interest applies to anyone, while the implementation of dismissal of cases in the public interest can be divided into 2, in which the interests of the nation and state and also the interests of the wider community, if the interests of the nation and state must consist of unity and national and state unity, peace and general welfare, stability of the wheels of government. Meanwhile, for the benefit of the wider community, it must consist of preventing violations of rights, preventing moral decline, social protection and general welfare.

The Landscape of Tranquility in Sweden: Lessons for Urban Design from Crowdsourced Data and Deep Learning

Tranquility is typically associated with low noise levels and remote natural areas. Various methods for preserving potentially tranquil places have been proposed, although these typically involve setting aside places with low noise levels located in remote areas. To gain the benefits of tranquility in accessible urban areas, we need to identify the characteristics of tranquil spaces. This study focuses on the landscape-based, visual aspects of the phenomena. We investigated the role of visual context using a nationwide dataset of crowdsourced photographs from Sweden. Text mining identified personal perception and accompanying photographs identified the physical features. The photographs were characterized by time period and landscape conditions using computer vision technology. We found that waterbodies consistently enhanced tranquil views, while grass, flowers, and other dense vegetation were generally not well connected. Trees were positively correlated during daylight hours but had a negative impact at night. Dynamic objects such as people and vehicles were negatively associated, potentially due to aural considerations. Their effect was less significant during hours when noise would generally be less of a factor. This study provides insights for future research and design practices aimed at promoting tranquil experiences in urban environments and demonstrates the potential for crowdsourced data to help understand the qualities of built environments as perceived by the public.