Sesame Lines Research Articles

Estimating yield stability and predicting the response of sesame genotypes to climate change using the SALTMED model

AbstractClimate change (CC) could lead to many crises. Therefore, increasing the number of cultivated varieties represents a low‐cost factor in confronting this problem. The effect of the genotype × environment (G × E) interaction on yield stability was estimated for 28 new sesame lines in the Beni Suwef, El‐Beheira and El‐Menoufia governorates in Egypt across 15 environments from 2019 to 2022 using AMMI analysis. The SALTMED model was used to predict the yield of sesame plants under five increasing air temperature scenarios (CC factor) to obtain future projections of sesame yield to determine the lines that are most genetically stable and facing CC. Variance analysis revealed significant differences in yield between the G and E groups and between the G × E interaction group. Fifteen genotypes yielded better control, and C6.4, C5.8 and C9.6 were selected as genetically stable according to AMMI analysis. The SALTMED model predicted that the yields of lines C3.8 and C6.2 were not affected under the high‐temperature scenarios across the three governorates, moreover lines C1.8, C2.3, and, C6.12 productions were not affected under Beni Suwef and El‐Beheira governorates. of lines C1.8, C2.3 and C6.12 were also not affected by the Beni Suwef or El‐Beheira governorates. It is now possible to establish a hybridization programme in sesame that combines parents with high productivity and high resilience to CC.

Identification of determinate sesame lines (Sesamum indicum L.): A step forward in vegetable oil

An experiment was conducted at Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bihar in the year 2020 and 2021 during summer season with 11 elite lines Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) including two national checks (GT-10, TKG-22 and one zonal check JTS-08) to identify genotypes that had determinate habit so that the capsules matured uniformly. Three lines, BRT-04, BRT-08 and BRT-10, were identified as determinate plant type ones and BRT- 09 was identified as semi determinate type.

Effectiveness of repeated mutagenesis of sesame crosses for enhancing polygenic variability in F2M2 generation.

The value of combining hybridization and mutagenesis in sesame was examined to determine if treating hybrid sesame plant material with mutagens generated greater genetic variability in four key productivity traits than either the separate hybridization or mutation of plant material. In a randomized block design with three replications, six F2M2 varieties, three F2varieties, and three parental varieties were assessed at Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. The plant characteristics height, number of seed capsules per plant, and seed yield per plant had greater variability in the F2M2 generation than their respective controls (F2), however, the number of primary branches per plant varied less than in the control population. The chances for trait selection to be operative were high for all the characteristics examined except the number of primary branches per plant, as indicated by heritability estimates. Increases in the mean and variability of the characteristics examined indicted a greater incidence of beneficial mutations and the breakdown of undesirable linkages with increased recombination. At both phenotypic and genotypic levels strong positive correlations between both primary branch number and capsule number with seed yield suggest that these traits are important for indirect improvement in sesame seed yield. As a result of the association analysis, sesame seed yield and its component traits improved significantly, which may be attributed to the independent polygenic mutations and enlarged recombination of the polygenes controlling the examined characteristics. Compared to the corresponding control treatment or to one cycle of mutagenic treatment, two cycles of mutagenic treatment resulted in increased variability, higher transgressive segregates, PTS mean and average transgression for sesame seed yield. These findings highlight the value of implementing two EMS treatment cycles to generate improved sesame lines. Furthermore, the extra variability created through hybridization may have potential in subsequent breeding research and improved seed yield segregants may be further advanced to develop ever-superior sesame varieties.

Sesame response to nitrogen management under contrasting water availabilities

Sesame is mainly cultivated under traditional, low-input agro-systems. Recent breeding developments promoted the modernization and mechanization of sesame cultivation. However, only a few articles have been published concerning fertilization requirements for both modern and traditional agro-systems. In field trials at two locations, we determined the response of irrigated sesame to nitrogen (N). Three promising sesame lines were tested combining two irrigation levels with four N levels. At a high irrigation level, N had a significant effect on growth, branching, and consequently, seed yield exceeding two-ton ha−1. A high N doze was accompanied by a decrease in the photosynthetic rate and leaf water potential. The δ13C confirmed lower stomatal conductance under high N treatments. Under deficit irrigation, the N level had a minor effect on the monitored parameters, indicating N fertilization was not efficient. Seed oil content was negatively correlated with seed N concentration. Our results question the necessity of N application when water is limited, as N fertilization promotes vigorous development that rapidly depletes soil water. Thus, water availability should be considered when developing an N management strategy. For high-yielding agro-systems, roughly 80–120 ​kg ​ha−1 N is required for optimal yield, bearing in mind the negative association between seed-N and oil content.

Evaluation of M3 lines of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) for vegetative parameters

Vegetative parameters of eight M3 (third mutant generation) lines of sesame were evaluated under rain fed condition. The seeds of the lines were sown alongside their respective controls using a randomized complete block design. The eight lines were generated from three parental stocks: NCRIBEN-04E (V1), NCRIBEN-01M (V2) and NCRIBEN-03L (V3). The three parental stocks were exposed to different doses of gamma irradiation from cobalt-60 source. 04E-550-G2-3 had the highest plant height (57.40) at the 6th week which was significantly different (P<0.05) from the three checks. 03L-450-G2-2 had the highest petiole length (12.45cm) which was significantly different (P<0.05) from the checks except check three (12.25cm) which was not significantly different (P>0.05). 03L-450-G1-2 had the highest number of leaves (91) and consequently highest number of branches (5.60). Although the number of leaves were significantly different (P<0.05) from Check three (54.60), there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the number of branches and check three (5.40). The results obtained for vegetative parameters of M3 lines of sesame suggests that some of the genotypes could be used as potential parents for future breeding programmes aimed at improving sesame lines.

Identification of adapted genotypes in sesame lines based on multi-trait selection

Identification of adapted genotypes in sesame lines based on multi-trait selection

Preliminary Evaluation of Yield, Agronomic Characteristics and Response of Sesame Lines to Wilt Disease in Moghan Region

Preliminary Evaluation of Yield, Agronomic Characteristics and Response of Sesame Lines to Wilt Disease in Moghan Region

DETERMINATION OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IN SESAME

The present investigation was carried out to identify eleven sesame lines during twosuccessive seasons (2016 and 2017). The phenotypic variance (σ2ᵖ) was greater than the correspondingvariance for all studied traits except capsule thickness. The genotypic variance and phenotypicvariance values for number of capsules/plant and oil yield/fad., were high over the two years. Highbroad-sense heritability accompanied with high genetic advance was recorded for No. of branches/plant, seed yield/plant and seed yield/fad. Five SSR primers were used for fingerprinting of the elevensesame genotypes generated 19 bands, 10 of them were polymorphic with 53% polymorphism, N.A554produced one band negative marker in primer SSR1. Line 59-3-1 produced two band markers, one ofthem negative marker in primer SSR1 and the other positive marker in primer SSR5, while Line 82-7produced one band positive marker in primer SSR5.

Reaction and Performance of Some Sesame Genotypes for Resistance to Macrophomina phaseolina, the Incitant of Charcoal Rot Disease

Charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, is a destructive disease of sesame crop cultivated in Egypt. Eighty six sesame genotypes (Sesamum indicum L.) were used for evaluating disease resistance, in two successive summer seasons 2017 and 2018, in the field. Results obtained showed that highly significant variations were found between sesame genotypes tested in both seasons for disease infection percentage (DI %) and seed yield (SY). In season 2017, only 14 sesame lines No. 33, 3, 15, 64, 40, 63, 14, 39, 4, 16, 13, 80, 58 and 79, were classified as a moderately resistant (MR). These lines exhibited lower DI% of 13.33, 14.08, 14.44, 14.63, 15, 15.92, 16.67, 17.58, 18.33, 18.33, 18.51, 19.08, 20 and 20%, respectively. In the second season, traits of DI% and SY showed the same trend and closest means. The MR lines group, of the first season manifested the same disease reaction from first season, with one exception of the line No. 16 it was moderately susceptible with DI% increased to 25%. The combined data of DI% obtained from both seasons showed that 13, 21, 38 and 14 genotypes were MR, MS, S and HS, respectively.

Performace of some Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes for Resistance to Wilt Disease Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. Sesami

Sesame is one of the important oil crops in Egypt. It can be infected by fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. sesami which causing wilt disease. Among totally 6 isolates of Fusarium spp. isolated from diseased sesame plants, only isolates of F. oxysporum were found to be significantly pathogenic on sesame Giza-32 cultivar and showed the same ideal wilt symptoms. The objective of this investigation was aimed to; screened 86 sesame genotypes for wilt resistance during summer seasons of 2016 and 2017 under artificial infestation and field conditions with isolate FO2. In first season, a significant differences between genotypes under study in trait of disease infection %. Ten lines were resistance i.e. 71, 50, 44, 58, 28, 70, 79, 57, 24 and 80 which had a disease infection % with values of 13.77, 15, 15.29, 16.67, 17.59, 18.07, 18.33, 18.87, 19.12 and 20%, respectively. Forty eight lines had infection % varied from 20-40% considered as moderate resistance lines. In the second season, the resistance lines were 11 they were the same lines plus line number 49. Combined means over two seasons for wilt infection trait revealed that 12.5, 60, 16.25 and 18.75% from the total of 80 sesame lines were resistance, moderate resistance, moderate susceptible and susceptible, respectively. A significant and negative correlation was found between disease infection percent, number of days to 50% flowering and seed yield per plant was also negative and significant in both seasons. It could be recommended that, using the wilt resistance sesame lines in programs of new sesame cultivars or as a source for wilt resistance in sesame. The selection for lateness flowering genotypes in breeding programs for developing genotypes for Fusarium wilt resistance in sesame crop is very useful.

Towards the Selection of Superior Sesame Lines Based on Genetic and Phenotypic Characterisation for Uganda

Understanding agricultural biodiversity is critical to formulate breeding strategies for crop improvement and it impacts both, conservation and collection activities. Especially germplasm collections serve as valuable resources, thus, their adequate characterisation is of utmost importance. Although Uganda ranks seventh in African sesame production, meagre research was conducted to determine the current genetic diversity among its germplasm. Therefore, in the present study part of the sesame germplasm conserved at the National Semi-Arid Resources Research Institute (NaSARRI) in Uganda focusing on 85 established lines was genetically and phenotypically characterised. Population genetic and structure analyses revealed rather a low extend of genetic diversity (expected heterozygosity [HE], or gene diversity [D]) ranging from 0 to 0.38 per entry, but a high extend of admixture within and between entries. This decrease of heterozygosity is supported by a fixation index (FST) of 0.530, indicating a medium genetic differentiation among entries. The analysis of quantitative and qualitative agromorphological traits revealed a great inter-trait variability among the entries and further indicated a certain conservation of some of the traits reflecting the geographic origin of the analysed entries. Based on both, the genetic and phenotypic characterisation, a selection of 26 superior entries is proposed, which may form a valuable basis both for farmers and breeders.

Field evaluation of sesame lines against phyllody

In the integrated management of phyllody disease of sesame, host plant resistance plays an important role. Use of resistant genotype is one of the most viable options for the management of the sesame phyllody. Screening of material is essential to identify the real source of resistance. Sesame lines were screened against sesame phyllody during kharif 2015. In the IVT entries screened against sesame phyllody the disease incidence ranged from 4.61 to 28.49 per cent, while in AVT entries it ranged from 13.95 to 30.53 per cent. In the germplasm lines (25) the incidence of phyllody ranged from 4.60 to 28.19 per cent. Among the sesame lines screened against phyllody disease under field conditions, three genotypes viz., KAU-05-2-12, PC-14-2 and Kanakapura local showed resistant reaction, 27 lines viz., DS-28, RT-363, CUHY-57, AT-255, DS-23, DS-10, NIC-16236, AKT 101, RT-54, Amrit, AKT-64, RT-125, TMV-3, TKG 306, ST-9-2, ES-48, Chandana, ES- 8779-4, IS 294, E-8, DS-1, GT-1, DS-9, K-15284, RT-11, EC-303419 and Gulbarga showed moderately resistant reaction, 13 lines viz., JCS-2464, AT-249, PC-14-1, TKG-22, AT-282, GT-10, DS-19, CUMS-17, JLS-301-24, AT-231, DS-5, Local variety (black) and DSS-9 showed susceptible reaction.

Quantitative dissection of antioxidative bioactive components in cultivated and wild sesame germplasm reveals potentially exploitable wide genetic variability

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the oldest oilseed crops grown in India and worldwide. This oilseed crop has high nutritional value due to the presence of antioxidants such as lignans and tocopherols. Screening of oilseed germplasm for important nutritional attributes is of prime importance in quality breeding programs. In the present study, the content of lignans (sesamin and sesamolin) and tocopherol homologues (α-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol) was determined using reverse phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) in 143 sesame lines collected from diverse agro-ecological zones of India. Exploitable levels of sesamin, sesamolin, γ-, and δ-tocopherol was observed in the studied sesame lines. Sesamum indicum cultivar CO 1, introgressed line MKN 9, and Sesamum malabaricum showed high values for sesamin. Exotic and indigenous accessions of S. indicum (EC 542283 and IC 132176, IC 204681, IC 204773) showed high sesamolin contents. Cultivars, AKT 64, AKT 101, Phule til 1, and Tapi A showed high values for γ- and δ-tocopherol. The average content of sesamin and sesamolin was 0.86 and 0.50 mg g−1 seed, respectively. The average tocopherol content (292 μg g−1 seed) found in this study indicates the presence of a high amount of tocopherol in Indian sesame germplasm. Superior genotypes of sesame reported in this study could be utilized in sesame breeding programs for enhancing oil yield and nutritional attributes.

A new high-frequency Agrobacterium-mediated transformation technique for Sesamum indicum L. using de-embryonated cotyledon as explant

In spite of the economic importance of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) and the recent availability of its genome sequence, a high-frequency transformation protocol is still not available. The only two existing Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocols that are available have poor transformation efficiencies of less than 2%. In the present study, we report a high-frequency, simple, and reproducible transformation protocol for sesame. Transformation was done using de-embryonated cotyledons via somatic embryogenic stages. All the critical parameters of transformation, like incubation period of explants in pre-regeneration medium prior to infection by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, cocultivation period, concentrations of acetosyringone in cocultivation medium, kanamycin concentration, and concentration of plant hormones, including 6-benzylaminopurine, have been optimized. This protocol is superior to the two existing protocols in its high regeneration and transformation efficiencies. The transformed sesame lines have been tested by PCR, RT-PCR for neomycin phosphotransferase II gene expression, and β-glucuronidase (GUS) assay. The regeneration frequency and transformation efficiency are 57.33 and 42.66%, respectively. T0 and T1 generation transgenic plants were analyzed, and several T1 plants homozygous for the transgenes were obtained.

Characterization and analysis of genetic diversity in Indian Sesame (Sesamum IndicumL.) genotypes

Limited information is available on the extent of genetic variability in sesame. In this study, twenty phenotypic (qualitative and quantitative) traits and 200 RAPD markers were used to determine the extent of genetic diversity among 60 sesame varieties grown in different geographical regions of India. Fourteen RAPD markers were found useful in assessing the diversity. A high level of genetic variability among population (HT = 0.1991) and less variability within population (HS = 0.0749) was observed. Mean coefficient of gene differentiation (GST = 0.6238) was 62.38% among sesame population and 37.62% within population. The study indicated that the Indian sesame lines are genetically diverse, which should be utilized in the improvement of sesame crop.

EVALUATION AND GENETIC DIVERSITY OF ELEVEN SESAME LINES

This investigation was carried out to identify eleven sesame lines during two successive seasons, 2011 and 2012. Results revealed that line 117-7 surpassed the other genotypes in plant height, length of fruiting zone, number of capsules/pl., seed yield/pl., oil yield /fed., accelerated ageing germination and crude protein, while, line 112-5 gave the maximum estimates for number of branches/pl. and crude oil. Line 111-6 recorded high seed yield/fed. and seedling dry weight. Line 117-1 has the highest germination percentage, seed vigor index, shoot length and seedling vigor index. The total unsaturated fatty acids ranged from 85.02% to 87.31%. Meanwhile, total saturated fatty acids ranged from 13.41% to 15.46%. High estimates of (PCV) and (GCV) were exhibited for number of branches pl-1, number of capsules pl-1 and seed yield pl-1. The high heritability was exhibited for number of capsules pl-1, weight of 1000 seeds, seed vigor index, accelerated ageing germination, electrical conductivity µScm-1g-1, Seedling fresh weight and Seedling dry weight, so, selection could be effective for these characters. Heritability h2b was 70% at crude oil, 75% in crude protein and 87.51 % in total carbohydrate so; selection would be relatively effective for these traits. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis used to test the genetic diversity which generated a total of 52 DNA fragments, out of them 43 bands (82.7%) were polymorphic and high level of polymorphism was detected among sesame genotypes. RAPD-PCR was found to be useful as genotypes unique markers. The highest similarity was 88% between line108-6 and line111-4, While, line111-6 was genetically distant from line117-1 (similarity index 56%).

Inheritance of Shatter Resistance Capsules in Sesame

Inheritance of shatter resistant capsule in sesame was studied on the F 2 populations in the three crosses using chi square test for goodness of fit. The ratios obtained for shatter resistance: shattering fitted the 15:1 and 9:7 in the crosses shatter resistance x shatter resistance (C plus 1 x KUsr6661) and shatter resistance x indehiscence (C plus 1 x UCR5001) respectively. The results indicating the shatter resistance is caused by two genes with duplicate dominant epistasis and duplicate recessive epistasis respectively. But chi square value of the cross shatter resistance x shattering (C plus 1 x KUAOX 25) could not fit the 9:7 model suggesting that genetic control by two more genes in this cross. The shatter resistance was highly heritable with narrow sense heritability at 0.74, 0.73 and 0.68 respectively. The results suggest that the improvement of sesame lines having high seed yield with highly shatter resistance capsule or high seed retention in capsule could be successful.

Screening for drought tolerance in mutant germplasm of sesame (Sesamum indicum) probing by chlorophyll a fluorescence

Drought is one of the major constraints limiting crop productivity in African Sahel. The aim of this study was to select mutant sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) lines with improved levels of drought resistance. Twenty-one M4-M5 sesame lines of unknown drought tolerance, and their three parental sources with well-known and contrasting drought tolerance levels were evaluated at the vegetative stage in a factorial pot experiment, using a completely randomized design with three replicates. After 2 weeks of growth, water was withheld for 16 days as drought stress treatment. Chlorophyll a fluorescence data, as well as stomatal conductance and flag leaf temperature were recorded during the stress period. Recorded chlorophyll a fluorescence transients were analyzed by the JIP-test to translate stress-induced damage in these transients to changes in biophysical parameters allowing quantification of the energy flow through the photosynthetic apparatus. Large genotypic differences in the extent to which drought stress affected chlorophyll a fluorescence transients were observed. Drought stress reduced the performance index and stomatal conductance, and increased flag leaf temperature but had little effect on maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry. A drought factor index is proposed in this work to screen for improved drought tolerance in twenty-one M4-M5 sesame lines. Mutant lines shi165, lc162, mc112, lc164, icn115, icn141, mt169, dwf172 and cc102 exhibited drought factor index values superior to those of the known drought tolerant cultivars Birkan and 38-1-7. A significant and negative relationship was found between the drought factor index and the leaf temperature index. Finally, we succeeded in obtaining drought tolerant lines with good secondary traits by using mutagenesis and chlorophyll fluorescence technique.

HPLC Analysis of Seed Sesamin and Sesamolin Variation in a Sesame Germplasm Collection in China

AbstractSesame lignans, including mainly sesamin and sesamolin, has been reported to have multiple functions beneficial to health. This study analyzed sesamin and sesamolin contents by HPLC in 215 sesame lines from a core collection in China. The results showed the core sesame germplasm in China has a broad variation from 2.49 to 18.01 mg/g with average 8.54 mg/g in total of sesamin and sesamolin. On average, sesamin contents in the lines with a white seed coat color were significantly higher than in those samples with brown, yellow and black colors (P< 0.01). The lines with a black seed coat had the highest coefficient of variation followed by those with brown, yellow and white seed coats. The correlation coefficient between sesamin and sesamolin in the sesames with different seed coat colors ranked as white (R= 0.23) < yellow (R= 0.44) < brown (R= 0.72) < black (R= 0.77). The results of this study provide valuable background information on sesame germplasm in China and identified potential genotypes for breeding high sesamin or sesamolin cultivars.

Variation of sesamin, sesamolin and tocopherols in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seeds and oil products in Thailand

Abstract Sesame ( Sesamum indicum L.) seed and oil contain abundant lignans, including sesamin, sesamolin and lignan glycosides. The aim of the present study was to determine sesamin, sesamolin and tocopherol contents in sesame seed and oil available in Thailand. The results showed that there was a large variation of sesamin and sesamolin contents in products. The distribution plot of sesamin and sesamolin contents in seeds showed that the mean values of sesamin and sesamolin were 1.55 mg/g (SD = 1.63; range n.d.–7.23 mg/g) and 0.62 mg/g (SD = 0.48; range n.d.–2.25 mg/g), respectively. The range of total tocopherols of these sesame lines was 50.9–211 μg/g seed. In commercial sesame oils, the ranges of sesamin and sesamolin were 0.93–2.89 mg/g oil and 0.30–0.74 mg/g oil, respectively, and tocopherol contents were 304–647 μg/g oil. The study reveals the extensive variability in sesamin, sesamolin and tocopherol contents among sesame products.