Landscape Services Research Articles

Lost in the Stream: An Overview of Online Distribution of Latin American Films Co-funded by European Film Funds

The main focus of this paper is to explore the impact of the ever-expanding internet SVoD and VoD services on the availability of Latin American films that receive co-funding from the Hubert Bals Fund and the World Cinema Fund. These co-funded films are typically showcased at prestigious international festivals but often struggle to reach their home countries. This lack of local distribution remains a challenge, especially as these funds openly declare the wish to suport small local film industries. After briefly investigating the streaming service landscape in Latin America, the author examines Unleashed, a platform associated with the Hubert Bals Fund. He scrutinizes the positioning of selected Latin American works to determine how the films are framed within national labels and production conditions. Following this, he explores how Netflix can serve as a distribution channel for niche cinema, using the case study of Maya Da-Rin’s film The Fever (A febre, 2019) and its distribution during the COVID-19 pandemic. His research approach involves qualitative methods, particularly semi-structured interviews, and draws from the emerging field of streaming studies.

Identification of Priority Areas for Ecological Restoration in Coal Mining Areas with a High Groundwater Table Based on Ecological Security Pattern and Ecological Vulnerability

Resource exploitation and rapid urbanization in coal mining areas with a high groundwater table (CMA-HGT) have created double pressure on regional ecological security and increased the vulnerability of the ecological environment. Ecological restoration should be carried out to balance the relationship between economic development and ecological and environmental protection. An ecological security pattern (ESP) can identify key locations that are critical to maintaining ecosystem service stability and landscape connectivity, with territories displaying relatively high vulnerability identified as priority areas for ecological restoration. The Jining planning area (JPA), a typical representative of CMA-HGT, was taken as the study area. To construct the integrated ESP, ecological sources were identified by measuring the importance of multiple ecosystem services and landscape connectivity. Then, the ecological resistance surface was constructed, and the ecological corridors, pinch points, and barriers were determined using circuit theory. Ecological vulnerability (EV) evaluation was performed from the perspectives of natural factors and human activities. The study results showed that the spatial superposition of ESP and EV can effectively identify priority areas for ecological restoration. The ecological restoration priority areas for ecological sources, ecological corridors, and ecological pinch points were 44.56 km2, 11.7 km2, and 9.96 km2, respectively, and corresponding restoration strategies were proposed. Some valuable references were provided for the identification and restoration of priority areas for ecological restoration in CMA-HGT.

IMPACT OF AGRI-ENVIRONMENTAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ON FARM LANDSCAPES

More than a third of the Earth's total land area is used for agriculture and grazing, leading to alarming rates of land conversion and habitat loss for a variety of plant and animal species. Conventional agricultural production, in both methods and practice, is responsible for high rates of biodiversity degradation, soil erosion, reduced water potential, and impacts on a range of ecosystem services. In Bulgaria, research on economic and other issues related to agroecosystem services is at an early stage. With few exceptions, there is a virtual lack of research on the dominant forms of agroecosystem services management in the country. This paper aims to investigate the impact of implementing ecosystem services on the shaping of the landscape on farms. As well as to further the understanding of the impact of multiple agroecological ecosystem services in farm landscapes.

Exploring the interrelations and driving factors among typical ecosystem services in the Yangtze river economic Belt, China

Exploring the spatiotemporal characteristics of ecosystem services (ESs) and their drivers is crucial for managers to develop significant scientific policies that further sustainable development. We used the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) to explore the trends, hotspots, and drivers of water yield (WY), soil conservation (SC), carbon sequestration (CS), and food supply (FS) between 2000 and 2020. Similarly, we analyzed relationships among ESs and drivers of the multiple ecosystem services landscape index (MESLI). We used the self-organizing map method to obtain the types and distribution of the ES bundles, revealing the bundles, trade-offs, and synergies among ESs. The four ESs had an increasing trend, with CS having the highest increase; ES hotspot analysis showed differences among upper, middle, and lower reaches. Constraint lines among ESs and drivers were diverse; the corresponding SC and WY reached thresholds when CS values were 1477.81 and 460.5 t km−2, respectively. When FS values were 67.34 and 86.17 × 104 Yuan·km−2, CS and WY reached their thresholds. All critical drivers of the four ESs were natural factors. The thresholds that the MESLI reached with driver status were 1000 mm (evapotranspiration), 2121 mm (precipitation), 2.42° (slope), 1.46% (soil organic matter), 36.08% (sand), 30.75% (proportion of non-agricultural population), 18.57% (cropland proportion), 1.05 × 104 persons·km−2 (population density), and 84.84% (proportion of non-agricultural industries in total gross domestic product), respectively. FS, water supply, and ecological conservation bundles changed over the 20 years, and trade-offs and synergies among ESs within bundles differed. We revealed the complexity of ESs from multiple perspectives, which will enable the development of ecosystem management and conservation recommendations for the YREB and large-scale economic zones worldwide.

Demand for and intensity of use of extension services among cocoa farmers in Ghana: the heckpoisson approach.

In response to the evolving landscape of agricultural extension services, a paradigm shift is imperative, moving away from the traditional supply-centric approach to one that recognizes farmers as active participants influenced by socio-economic factors. This transformation is especially pertinent for cocoa farmers, whose livelihoods hinge on this crop. To elucidate this shift, our study employs a multistage sampling technique to select 400 cocoa farmers in the Tafo District, Eastern Region, Ghana to ensure representativeness and diversity. The Heckpoisson model analysis reveals that farmers' demand for and intensity of use of extension services are intricately linked to a spectrum of socio-economic factors; farming experience, cooperative membership, farm size, sex, number of farms, religion, land tenure, marital status, household size, access to credit, distance to the farm, age, and years of formal education. Building upon our insights, we recommend that extension service providers tailor their services to align with the socio-economic characteristics of farmers

How do system and user characteristics, along with anthropomorphism, impact cognitive absorption of chatbots – Introducing SUCCAST through a mixed methods study

Chatbots are radically redefining the customer service landscape. With the advent of AI-enabled chatbots, like ChatGPT, organizations are adopting chatbots to provide better customer services; however, the user experience has been given less attention. Building on IS success model and cognitive absorption theory, we posit that system and user characteristics enhance cognitive absorption amongst users, such that the relationship varies between anthropomorphic (e.g., human-like) and non-anthropomorphic chatbots. We undertook a cross-sectional comparative study, which was analyzed using PLS-SEM and fsQCA. Where PLS-SEM provided limited inferential insights about the differences between anthropomorphic and non-anthropomorphic chatbots, the FsQCA analysis resulted in three configurations of attributes for non-anthropomorphic and two configurations for anthropomorphic chatbots, which lead to higher cognitive absorption. The findings extend the existing literature, suggesting that anthropomorphic and non-anthropomorphic chatbots impact cognitive absorption through separate system and user characteristics configurations.

Both long-term grasslands and crop diversity are needed to limit pest and weed infestations in agricultural landscapes.

Increasing landscape heterogeneity has been suggested to be an important strategy to strengthen natural pest control in crops, especially through enhancing the amount of seminatural habitats. Increasing crop diversity is also a promising strategy to complement or replace seminatural habitat when seminatural habitat is scarce. However, their relative or possibly interactive effects on pest and weed infestation remain poorly investigated, and the role of different types of seminatural habitats has been understudied. Using an extensive sampling effort in 974 arable fields across 7 y, we evaluated the separate and interactive effects of crop diversity (seven arable crop types) and the amount of four types of seminatural habitats (meadows, hay, forests, and hedgerows) in the landscape on pest and weed control. Meadows and crop diversity, respectively, supported insect pest and weed control services in agricultural landscapes through a complementarity effect. Crop diversity increased weed seed predation rate (by 16%) and reduced weed infestation (by 6%), whereas long-term grasslands (to a much higher degree than hay or woody habitats) increased insect pest predation rates (by 23%) and reduced pest infestation (by 19%) in most arable crops. Our results demonstrate that diversification of the agricultural landscape requires long-term grasslands as well as improved crop diversity to ensure the delivery of efficient pest and weed control services.

Implementing a National Navigation Service for Perinatal and Infant Mental Health: Early Learnings from the ForWhen Model.

ForWhen is an Australia-based national navigation service aimed at helping parents and carers navigate the perinatal mental health service landscape and connect them with appropriate support and clinical services. The current study forms part of a mixed-methods evaluation of the ForWhen program. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ForWhen navigators during the early design and implementation phases of the service. Results were used to characterise the ForWhen navigator activities and responsibilities, identify navigator core competencies, and examine facilitators and barriers to successful implementation of a large-scale navigation program for perinatal and infant mental health. Further research will be crucial for evidencing the utility and potential of navigation models in addressing identified issues with access to treatment for perinatal and infant mental health issues.

OGC P12 The Current Landscape of Nutritional Care in Oesophahgogastric Cancer: Insights from The National Oesophagogastric Nutrition Audit (NONA)

Abstract Background Specialist nutritional support is important during treatment for oesophagogastric (OG) cancer yet current practice remains unstandardised across the UK. The National Oesophagogastric Nutrition Audit (NONA) aimed to describe the current landscape of OG dietetic services in the UK and Ireland, with a specific focus on resource allocation, barriers to dietetic support, and the provision of support throughout the cancer pathway. Methods Tertiary cancer units, secondary care, and community services across the UK and Ireland were invited to complete a 28-point electronic questionnaire. Team leaders and senior specialist OG dietitians were the target respondents. All data points were peer-reviewed, piloted, and revised by the NONA steering committee before distribution. Data points covered a range of areas related to resources, skill mix, provision of support throughout the cancer pathway, and involvement with national audit and research. Results Complete responses were received from 50 units (surgical units, n=35 and oncology units, n=10). Secondary care/community services were underrepresented (n=5). The majority (77%) of tertiary surgical units agreed or strongly agreed they were able to provide adequate nutritional care in the post-operative period. However, confidence dropped significantly during the early diagnostic phase and in the neoadjuvant period, with 52% and 67% of units disagreeing that they could provide adequate dietetic support, respectively. Inadequate funding, understaffing, and prioritisation of inpatients were commonly reported barriers. There was significant variation in practice regarding nutritional service structure, and staffing resources across specialist units. Conclusions The NONA survey provides a ‘real-world’ landscape of nutritional care for patients with OG cancer. Lack of funding, resource, and evidence-base may explain the variation seen in services provided across the UK. Further research and consensus is required to help standardise nutritional care, guide service specification, and improve nutritional outcomes for patients with OG cancer. Further national consensus frameworks to standardise care in the UK are currently underway.

"A Soft Death": Perceptions and Attitudes Toward Palliative Care in Senegal.

Palliative care (PC) is a specialty medical service that aims to address the bio-psycho-social-spiritual needs of patients with serious illnesses and their care partners. Despite the value of PC, its expansion in Sub-Saharan Africa has been uneven and particularly underdeveloped in Senegal due to variability in access to training resources and funding. This study sought to understand the current landscape of PC services in Senegal and the barriers and opportunities in its growth. Semistructured interviews were conducted with six PC clinicians, four caregivers of people with serious illnesses, one driver for a PC service, and one public health professor, all native to Senegal. Questions addressed their experience delivering or receiving PC, perceptions of barriers to implementation and access, and recommendations for additional resources and initiatives. Interviews were translated and transcribed from French into English. Transcripts were qualitatively coded for concepts during open and focused coding to identify themes. Five themes were identified: (1) the current landscape of PC, (2) barriers to implementing PC, (3) strategies and philosophies in care, (4) unique features of Senegalese culture, and (5) the future of PC. Our findings demonstrate that PC in Senegal remains an underresourced and underutilized specialty medical service, but work is being done by personally committed clinicians. Results can inform PC expansion by highlighting important cultural factors influencing care in Senegal, as well as the need to expand training opportunities for clinicians, increase education of other medical providers and the public about the nature of PC, integrate PC into the healthcare system, and expand research to evaluate the impact of these resources. PC has the potential to be an important force for improving the quality of life for Senegalese patients and their care partners.

Pilot Effectiveness and Acceptability of Partial Hospitalization Treatment Incorporating Transdiagnostic, Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention

Acute mental health treatment (e.g., partial hospitalization or PHP) is a critical component of the mental health services landscape for youth whose symptoms are too acute for a typical outpatient setting, but for whom inpatient psychiatric hospitalization is not recommended or desired. Very few interventions have been developed, adapted for, or evaluated in these fundamentally different delivery contexts. Transdiagnostic treatments may be ideal for addressing the comorbidity, complexity, and heterogeneity typical of acute mental health settings. Our aim was to examine initial acceptability and effectiveness of an adaptation of the Unified Protocols for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Children and Adolescents (UP-C/A; Ehrenreich-May, Kennedy, et al., 2017), delivered as part of comprehensive therapeutic programming in a general psychiatric PHP. We recruited 152 youths (M age = 13.1 years, 62.5% female) and caregivers, who participated in an average of 11 days of intensive UP-C/A intervention. Participants rated symptoms and functioning at baseline, weekly, posttreatment, and 1-month follow-up. Latent growth curve modeling was used to examine patterns of change and evaluate the impact of potential demographic and treatment-related covariates. For all outcomes, a quadratic model best fit the data, with symptoms and emotional reactivity decreasing significantly during treatment and then leveling off during follow-up. There was a medium-sized change in functional impairment from baseline to the 1-month follow-up, and ≥90% of participants reported treatment as acceptable and helpful. Results provide initial support for use of a transdiagnostic, cognitive-behavioral intervention in acute mental health settings and suggest important future directions, including controlled trials and investigation of implementation supports.

A global assessment of access to pediatric palliative care for children with cancer in resource-constrained settings.

87 Background: Pediatric palliative care reduces suffering, improves communication, and enhances quality of life for children with complex disease, especially children with cancer. Despite a disproportionate burden of pediatric cancer in resource-constrained settings) the provision of pediatric palliative care services is limited. We aim to describe the global landscape of palliative care services for pediatric hematology/oncology patients using data from the Abbreviated PrOFILE (Pediatric Oncology Facility Integrated Local Evaluation), a 360-degree evaluation tool assessing care capacity and guiding the development of an improvement strategy in institutions caring for children with cancer. Methods: One hundred and twelve institutions across 23 countries completed the Abbreviated PrOFILE from 2019-2021. We extracted data from questions regarding pediatric palliative care personnel and training, medications for symptom management, and patient outcomes. Results were stratified by World Bank income level. Results: The analyzed hospitals were from low (LIC) (6), lower-middle (LMIC) (34), upper-middle (UMIC) (55), and high (HIC) (17) income levels. They self-identified as primarily cancer hospitals (19%), children’s hospitals (22%), general hospitals (45%), and pediatric oncology institutions (12%). Access to specialists varied by income level with 71% of HICs, 41% of UMICs, 32% of LMICs, and 17% of LICs reporting almost always having access to palliative care specialists. These specialists were more likely to have formal education in childhood cancer in HIC (59%) compared to low- and middle-income countries. Oral morphine was reported available in 100% of HICs, 76% of UMICs, 27% of LMICs, and 33% of LICs. Injectable morphine had similar results with 100% of HICs, 96% of UMICs, 41% of LMICs, and 33% of LICs reporting almost always having availability. Ibuprofen, acetaminophen, dexamethasone, ondansetron, metoclopramide, omeprazole, diazepam, phenobarbital, and phenytoin were reported as almost always or frequently available in at least 50% of institutions in each income level. End-of-life and bereavement services were less available in LICs (17%), LMICs (18%), and UMIC (36%) than HICs (53%). Following completion of the Abbreviated PrOFILE tool, 50% of the regional cohorts set a priority to improve supportive, palliative, or end-of-life care. Conclusions: Access to pediatric palliative care services varies by income level. Despite increased need for palliative services in LMICs, there is less access to trained providers and essential medications, especially in those with decreased resources. These results will inform the implementation of improvement interventions among institutions providing care for children with cancer.

Addressing Legal Needs as Violence Prevention: A National Survey of Legal Services Offered through Hospital-based Violence Intervention Programs

Abstract: Hospital-based violence intervention programs (HVIPs) provide comprehensive services to survivors of community violence to address social determinants of health (SDOH) as risks factors for future violence. Medical-legal partnerships (MLPs) integrate lawyers into health care teams to address SDOH through the application of the law. Despite shared purposes, it is unknown if HVIP-MLPs exist. We sought to quantify the existing landscape of legal services provided by HVIPs, identify HVIP-MLPs, and characterize barriers to formation. Surveys and interviews were conducted in 2020 with 35 HVIPs of the Health Alliance for Violence Intervention (HAVI) concerning civil legal services. Most HVIPs screened for civil legal needs though none had an official MLP. Common civil legal needs included housing, mental health, and education. Barriers included no memorandum of understanding, legal confusion, funding, and overwhelming need. In 2021, no HVIP-MLP partnerships existed within HAVI. Establishing HVIP-MLPs may further support survivors of violence and address health inequity.

The Value of the Advanced Practitioner in Hematology and Oncology: Establishing Benchmarks

Advanced practitioners (APs) in hematology and oncology (heme/onc) practice and provide oversight across myriad settings, including outpatient, inpatient, specialty centers, infusion centers, and other care settings. Understanding the complexity of care within the specific role APs play in providing day-to-day services across the oncology service line and throughout the continuum of care is critical to developing productivity metrics that adequately reflect the value and scope of the heme/onc AP role. Productivity metrics specific to APs are lacking. Physician models, commonly applied to APs, do not adequately reflect the changing landscape of oncology services, and more importantly do not capture nonbillable services APs provide that are essential to run a practice safely, effectively, and efficiently. Here we describe results of the APSHO Productivity, Burnout, and Work-Life Balance Survey deployed to APSHO members in October 2022 with insight into the day-to-day workload of heme/onc APs, levels of burnout, and perceptions of work-life balance in their current role. Results of the survey confirm the significant amount of time APs spend performing tasks that are not billable but are crucial for access to care and treatment, patient safety, practice efficiency, and downstream revenue. Imperative to an agile and stable heme/onc workforce is an AP leadership structure. Advanced practitioner leaders are at the cornerstone of AP retention, yet metrics for measuring AP leader productivity are also lacking. Now, more than ever, it is essential to accurately describe and assign value to the broad scope of services APs and AP leaders bring to heme/onc practices.

Rural tourism in Europe from a landscape perspective: A systematic review

This systematic review offers a comprehensive analysis of the current state of knowledge regarding tourism in European traditional multifunctional cultural landscapes (TMCLs) from a landscape perspective. Adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines, this study aims to identify the principal contextual themes, geographical patterns, and drivers of change in TMCL tourism research from a theoretical landscape perspective. The outcomes of this systematic review revealed that the study of tourism in European TMCLs is still in its early stages, characterized by a scarcity of studies and a limited representation of countries within the existing literature. The analyzed papers underscore a restricted focus on local stakeholder preferences and carrying capacity, with only one study acknowledging the concept of landscape services. Conversely, government initiatives and local community engagement emerge as the most influential drivers of change in the tourism sector. In view of these findings, this study accentuates the significance of embracing a holistic approach to tourism that integrates living systems thinking and regenerative tourism as key priorities. Consequently, the study suggests that future research prioritize investigating local stakeholder preferences, carrying capacity, and other contextual variables to overcome the current limitations of the literature and shape tourism towards a more resilient and sustainable future. The results of this systematic review provide valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers in the field of tourism in TMCLs. Additionally, they serve as a foundational basis for future research endeavors in this domain.

Farmer Options and Risks in Complex Ecological-Social systems: The FORCES game designed for agroforestry management of upper watersheds

CONTEXTSerious games have gained popularity as an innovative participatory approach to explore the complexity of social-ecological systems, managing the trade-offs between economic and ecological targets. Serious games can be abstract and generic, or more complex and specific. They can be used to raise awareness, increase shared understanding of options and risks, and/or commitment to common goals. OBJECTIVEWe here aim to clarify design principles applied in the FORCES game (Farmer Options and its Risk in Complex Ecological-Social systems) as single-player game to be easily adaptable to diverse (upper) watershed contexts. Three steps involved are game design (balance generic and site-specific information), game use in (and possibly adaptation to) specified context(s) and evaluation of contextualized impacts. METHODSThe FORCES game design was based on three contrasting watershed case studies in East Java, Indonesia, rather than on single, specific case study. Game development consisted of preparation (defining the context, generic core issues and game objectives), development process (ideating, setting the actors, resources, elements, and mechanisms), and assessment (prototyping, exploration of solution space, game trial and player feedback). Fifty-five smallholders played the FORCES in three landscapes to test the game's performance and impact on participants' insights. Therefore, we recorded every game session and performed pre- and post-game interviews for each participant. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSThe developed FORCES game focuses on decisions of individual farmers involving plot-level plant (annual crops, trees) choices with financial cost-benefits consequences and links to ecological impacts on the litter layer, water balance, and erosion. The FORCES game was successfully applied in three distinct landscapes, demonstrating its adaptability. The game's generic water balance supported the transferability to different contexts, while fine-tuning of plot management options to reflect local variation was simple due to the solid underlying game mechanics. According to players, the game reflects local dynamics in the landscapes and provides a realistic experience, triggering participants to make decisions close to their real-life choices and learn from the consequences. While the game has limited representation of social interactions due to its single-player design, FORCES allowed relational values to be recognized in players' responses. SIGNIFICANCEBalancing the combination of generic setting with easily adaptable site-specific elements in the game design plays an essential role to increase game adaptability and reusability to different locations. FORCES adds to the growing array of games that can be used to support farmers' participation in higher-level decision-making processes to secure environmental services in productive landscapes.

A Legal Perspective on the Antecedents of Consumer Protection in Digital Financial Services

This research delves into the factors influencing consumer protection within the context of digital financial services, with a focus on the regulatory landscape, technology integration, consumer awareness, and data privacy. The primary objective is to analyze the impact of these factors on the improvement of consumer rights and safety. A quantitative approach was employed, utilizing data collected through surveys of digital financial service users. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to validate the measurement model, followed by structural equation modelling to test the hypotheses. The results demonstrate the significant and positive impact of the regulatory landscape, technology integration, consumer awareness, and data privacy on consumer protection. This study theoretically contributes by empirically confirming the role of these factors in consumer protection in digital financial services. From a practical standpoint, it underscores the importance of robust regulations, seamless technology integration, and effective consumer awareness initiatives in upholding consumer rights and safety. However, it is important to acknowledge certain limitations within this study. Its context-specific nature may restrict its generalizability to other regions, and the analysis primarily focuses on antecedent factors while neglecting potential influences from other variables. Nevertheless, this study's novelty lies in its comprehensive exploration of the foundational factors and their profound impact on consumer protection in the digital financial services landscape, furnishing valuable insights for informed policymaking and industry practices.

Mental health services for Muslim communities in England and Wales: developing a more collaborative model

ABSTRACT The landscape of mental health services for Muslim communities in England and Wales remains fragmented with many Muslims unsure how to access services that accommodate their religious beliefs and practices. This article reports findings from a pilot study of mental health services and Muslim communities in England and Wales. It explores the role of Muslim mental health organisations, charities, therapists, counsellors, faith leaders and community groups in supporting the communities they serve. The study’s aim was to establish a larger project to identify and amplify best practice across mainstream and non-mainstream mental health services in relation to improving provision for Muslim communities. Focus group data from key informants was analysed using grounded theory. Four analytical themes emerged from the analysis: “Knowledge gaps”, “Policy gaps”, “Working together” and “Moving forward”. Based on this, the authors argue for an asset-based approach to building collaborative partnerships between Muslim communities and mental health providers.

Modelling landscape vulnerability to the Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) invasion in a remnant urban Sandstone Sourveldt grassland ecosystem

The Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) is one of the world's most pervasive alien invasive plants, exerting adverse effects on the sustainability and balance of remnant urban green ecosystems and thereby threatening the provision of valuable ecological goods and services in urban landscapes. To identify vulnerable landscapes and future distribution of the fern, this study aimed to model landscape vulnerability to the Bracken fern invasion using bio-physical, climatic, and remotely sensed data using Maxent species distribution model. Furthermore, the study sought to evaluate the value of variable selection on Maxent's modelling performance. Vulnerability to invasion was modelled based on four scenarios of different bio-climatic, physical and remotely sensed data inputs and model performance assessed using the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC). The results show that Model 1 (topographic variables) and Model 2 (topographic variables and Sentinel-2 spectral bands) predicted the western part of the eThekwini Municipal as highly suitable for the Bracken fern invasion, while Model 3 (topographic and bio-climatic variables) and Model 4 (topographic variables, Sentinel-2 spectral bands and bio-climatic variables), i.e., all variables predicted the central and western parts of the area as highly vulnerable to the Bracken fern invasion. Results also showed that elevation and rainfall wettest month (Bio13) were the most influential variables in determining the potential spread of the Bracken fern invasion and the model built using solely topographic and all the variables had the lowest (AUC of 0.895) and highest (AUC of 0.978) performance. The findings of this study are valuable to planning conservation initiatives in the often-vulnerable urban green ecology and managing invasive species in the remnant urban green spaces.

Research of methods for assessing the quality indicators of Web services

This article explores the research of methods for assessing the quality indicators of web services, shedding light on the critical importance of ensuring top-notch performance, reliability, availability, and security in today's digital landscape. Understanding the significance of quality indicators and their assessment methodologies is essential for organizations that rely on web services to deliver seamless user experiences. The article delves into various evaluation methods, including performance analysis, availability assessment, reliability and robustness evaluation, and security analysis. Additionally, challenges and considerations, such as data collection, scalability, and privacy, are addressed to provide a comprehensive view of the assessment process. Looking to the future, the article discusses emerging trends in web service quality assessment and the integration of machine learning and artificial intelligence. Continuous quality assessment is emphasized as a key practice in adapting to the evolving landscape of web services. This article serves as a valuable resource for professionals and organizations seeking to enhance the quality of their web services, enabling them to meet the increasing demands of users and remain competitive in an ever-changing digital world.