Services In Rural Areas Research Articles

STAGES OF FORMATION OF A NETWORK OF GENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN A RURAL LOCATION OF UKRAINE

The study conducted a retrospective analysis of the genesis, formation and development of a general secondary education institutions network in rural areas of Ukraine. Taking into account the broad socio - cultural and political contexts, stages of rural schools network formation related to the emergence of a network (stage 1), its functioning (stage 2), transformation and consolidation of the existing network (stage 3) were revealed, development of the existing network at the expense of active development low -complex schools and schools with low -content classes (stage 4), new enlargement of the school network (stage 5). It is determined that the emergence of a rural schools network is related to democratic trends both by the totalitarian state and by the local initiative from below - by provincial and county zemstvos. And in the stages of formation of a schools network, dynamic and cyclical fluctuations from the democratic principles of formation from below and taking into account the interests of the population in formal administration by a totalitarian state are traced. The dependence of the formation of a schools network and its quality on the state policy on the formation of the system rural population and territorial-administrative reforms is established. The tendency of increasing enlargement of the schools network and cultural and household services in rural areas has been identified, which in turn leads to inequality of access to the services of rural and urban population and accordingly causes the outflow of the population from the villages. The need for more flexible planning of the network, taking into account local features, the need for individualization of approaches to the formation of networks in different territorial communities and regions, which can be facilitated in recent years by domestic scientists network models of integration, cooperation of educational institutions and complex training of various age groups. In order to achieve the goals of sustainable development of the country, it is necessary to form an effective network of pre -school and extracurricular education institutions, general secondary education, creating conditions for the possibility of learning throughout life. Keywords: school network, general secondary education institution, rural school, school building.

Get skilled, get a job, give back: Virginia's tuition‐free program for high‐demand jobs

AbstractG3: Get Skilled, Get a Job, Give Back is Virginia's new initiative that provides tuition‐free community college to low and middle‐income students pursuing careers in high‐demand fields. Signed into law on March 29, 2021, this new program allocates $36 million to cover tuition, fees, and books for qualified students in high‐need workforce areas: healthcare, information technology, manufacturing and skilled trades, early childhood education and public safety. This commentary aims to describe an overview of the Virginia Community College System's G3 initiative while also describing the G3 at four different colleges representing urban, suburban and rural service areas. Recommendations for policy and practice are offered.

Traditional Birth Attendant in the Maternal and Child Health Space in Nigeria: Ancient Practices and Modern Recommendations

Background: Arguments on the usefulness of Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs) in maternal and child health care and the reduction of maternal and child morbidity and mortality indices or not, persist. This paper sought to explore the ancient practices of TBAs and to strike a balance to portray modern recommendations that would contribute to improved maternal and child health status. Methods: The method used was review of relevant literatures from open-access journals and google scholar data base, as well as research reports on variables of the subject in developing countries. Results: Findings revealed that the overlapping root of TBAs’ practice burden include poor social amenities, inadequate health facilities and services in rural areas where over 70% of the population reside. While evidencebased report showed that even when 93% of rural women registered for Ante-Natal Care, 49% were delivered at home by TBAs and 73% has sought help from them for retained placenta with bleeding. Also, 41% of women of child bearing age indicated that maternal and child infection is a risk associated with the patronage of TBAs, whereas 32.8% indicated that bleeding during and after delivery were equally risks associated with TBA-provided maternal health services. Such circumstances of service were associated with harmful practices with attendant health and medical complications to recipient mother and child. However, helpful ancient practices of TBAs include; home visiting to promote well-being of mother and child (9.84%), sitz bath (17.20%), encouraging breastfeeding up to 2years (18.90%) etc. The modern recommendations, x-rayed the remedial actions on the harmful practices and associated negative consequences to improving maternal and child health indices in Nigeria. Conclusion: For reasonable and sustainable reduction in the burden associated with the practices of TBAs in maternal and child health care in Nigeria, contextual focused training and continuous mentoring is a necessity.

A rapid expansion of hospitals: the adaptation of multi-campus hospitals under the Chinese healthcare system.

In recent years, China's healthcare system has undergone significant changes to meet the increasing demands of its growing population. One notable development is the rapid expansion of hospitals, particularly the adaptation of multi-campus hospitals. These multi-campus hospitals have become increasingly popular due to the many advantages that single-campus hospitals lack, including the ability to; improve medical service quality, reduce operating costs, and facilitate the development of healthcare services in rural areas. In this study, we discuss the advantages that this type of medical facility offers and identify existing and potential problems that could hinder the development of multi-campus hospitals. Additionally, we propose appropriate solutions to mitigate these problems. Overall, we propose that there should be more communication between multi-campus hospitals and other healthcare providers.

Changes in Children and Youth's Mental Health Presentations during COVID-19: A Study of Primary Care Practices in Northern Ontario, Canada.

Recent research suggests that children and youth are at increased risk of anxiety and depression due to the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. In Canada, children and youths may face additional hurdles in accessing mental health services in rural areas due to socioeconomic disadvantages and healthcare provider shortages worsened by the pandemic. Our study aimed to assess changes in primary healthcare utilization related to depression and anxiety among children and youth aged 10-25 years in Northern Ontario, Canada. We analyzed de-identified electronic medical record data to assess primary healthcare visits and prescriptions for depression and anxiety among children and youth aged 10-25 years. We used provider billing data and reasons for visits and antidepressant/antianxiety prescriptions compared with 21 months pre-pandemic (1 June 2018 to 28 February 2020) and 21 months during the pandemic (1 April 2020 to 31 December 2021). Our interrupted time series analysis showed an average increase in visits by 2.52 per 10,000 person-months and in prescriptions by 6.69 per 10,000 person-months across all ages and sexes. Females aged 10 to 14 years were found to have the greatest relative change in visits across all age-sex groups. The greatest relative increases in antianxiety and antidepression prescriptions occurred among females and males aged 10 to 14 years, respectively. These findings indicate that there were increased anxiety and depression presentations in primary healthcare among children and youths living in northern and rural settings during the COVID-19 pandemic. The increased primary healthcare presentations of anxiety and depression by children and youths suggest that additional mental health resources should be allocated to northern rural primary healthcare to support the increased demand. Adequate mental health professionals, accessible services, and clinical recommendations tailored to northern rural populations and care settings are crucial.

Unintended effects of broadband grants on bank branches

AbstractThe Community Connect Grant (CCG) Program was created in 2002 to provide financial assistance for the provision of broadband service in rural areas. Although it aimed to strengthen the rural economy, it is possible that an increase in internet usage due to the program could have induced bank branch closures, which could have had unintended effects on the economy. This paper discusses the mechanism by which the program affects bank branches and estimates the magnitude of its effects using an event study model and find that receiving benefits from this program decreases the number of bank branches.

Exploring the sources of cervical cancer screening self-efficacy among rural females: A qualitative study.

Evidence showed self-efficacy was relevant to rural females' cervical cancer screening behaviour. However, little is known about sources of self-efficacy in cervical cancer screening among rural females. This study aimed to explore sources of self-efficacy in cervical cancer screening among rural females. A qualitative descriptive study was conducted. Both users and providers of cervical cancer screening services in rural areas of China were recruited through maximum variation sampling. Individual semi-structured interviews through telephone calls were conducted. Data were analysed via six main stages of the framework method, with the social cognitive theory as a reference. Four main sources were identified, including personal screening experience, hearing about other women's screening experiences, professional health education and consultation, and emotional status. Personal screening experience included enactive mastery of completing the screening behaviourand cognitive mastery of internalisation of the screening. Only the experience of completing cervical cancer screening behaviour was not strong enough to improve self-efficacy. Cognitive mastery showed more critical influence. These four sources of rural females' cervical cancer screening self-efficacy matched with the major sources of self-efficacy of the social cognitive theory. Cognition was critical to influencing the screening self-efficacy. Intervention strategies aimed at enhancing rural females' cervical cancer screening self-efficacy can be developed from these four major sources. A registered nurse with rich experience in cervical cancer-related research and qualitative study was the interviewer of this study. Rural females and cervical cancer screening servicesproviders (healthcare professionals and village staff) were recruited as interviewees. The interview guides were developed by the research team and evaluated by an expert panel including two nurse leaders of gynaecological cancer, one doctor specialised in cervical cancer, and one medical director in a local rural hospital.

HOSPITAL SHIP: HEALTH SERVICES IN TAMBELAN ISLANDS

This article aims to share the experience of healthcare services we provided in the Tambelan Islands and build awareness that healthcare services in rural areas, especially the islands, are still minimal and receive little attention. Tambelan Islands are one of the rural areas in Bintan Regency, Riau Archipelago Province, Indonesia. Healthcare facilities in the Tambelan Islands are still minimal and inadequate, including surgical services. Patients with medical conditions accompanied by complications or requiring surgery must be referred to the West Kalimantan Hospital for approximately 15 hours by sea. DoctorSHARE Foundation and volunteer team provide healthcare services with the Floating Hospital facility to reach the rural area. Healthcare services include surgical specialists, antenatal care, and general practitioner services. We served 485 patients in the local community, including 43 patients requiring surgeries.

Predictors and disparities in neonatal and under 5 mortality in rural Pakistan: cross sectional analysis.

Adopted in 2015, the sustainable development goals (SDGs) have set specific targets (SDG 3.2) for countries to reduce their neonatal mortality rate (NMR) to below 12 deaths per 1000 live births and under 5 mortality rate (U5MR) to below 25 deaths per 1000 live births by 2030. For Pakistan to achieve these targets, there is a need to measure these rates and understand the predictors of child mortality at sub-national level. Launched in 2016, the Umeed-e-Nau (UeN) or New Hope project is based on scaling up proven and effective Maternal and Newborn Child Health (MNCH) interventions in 8 of the highest burden districts of the country, using existing public sector platforms in Pakistan at both the community and facility level. The primary aim of the project is to reduce perinatal mortality in these districts by 20% from baseline. We report overall neonatal and post neonatal mortality rates for the two years preceding the UeN baseline household survey. Rates were calculated using the synthetic cohort probability method and predictors of neonatal and post neonatal mortality examined using Cox regression. To investigate spatial variations in the mortality rates, we calculated Moran's I at the district level using predicted probabilities of mortality. Finally, we create district level maps of predicted under 5 child mortality using a stochastic partial differentiation approach. A total of 26,258 children contributed to the analysis of mortality with 838 deaths in the neonatal period and 2236 under-5 deaths during the observation period from March 1, 2015 to March 17, 2017. Overall, we estimated the NMR to be 29.2 per 1000 live births (95% CI: 26.9-31.4) and the U5MR to be 86.1 per 1000 live births (95% CI: 85.5-86.8). We found evidence of within-district geospatial clustering of under 5 mortality (P<0.0001) and that social factors (poverty, illiteracy, multiparity), poor coverage of community health workers and distance from health facilities were strongly associated with child mortality. Important factors associated with neonatal and post-neonatal mortality in our study population included maternal education, parity, household size and gender. Additionally, antenatal care coverage (at least 4 visits) was specifically associated with neonatal mortality only, whereas, LHW coverage and distance to health facility were strongly associated with post-neonatal mortality. These findings emphasise the need for comprehensive, multisectoral strategies to be implemented for future maternal and child health programs and outreach services in rural areas. The study was funded by an unrestricted grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to the Aga Khan University (Grant OPP 1148892).

Transition to a circular economy-inspired waste management system

Waste management is a challenging topic that requires constant attention. In order to successfully eradicate waste, all relevant parties must work together. Desa Pahlawan's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for 2030 are just one example of the many cross-cutting issues being addressed by communities. The research presented here aims to explain how to implement a green recovery stimulus by analyzing circularity-based waste management. Doing so is important for a number of reasons, including preventing damage to the environment, economy, communities, and quality of life of rural areas, and enjoying the benefits that follow. This is due, in part, to the fact that garbage collection services in rural areas receive inadequate budgets from the government, even for the modern category of garbage. Waste management can be optimized by empowering the community, so that the system created can be carried out in a sustainable manner.

Assessment of quality of routine immunization in rural areas of Doiwala Block, Dehradun

ABSTRACT Background: India initiated Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in 1978 and was renamed to Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) in 1985 and subsequently integrated with National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) in 2005. Many studies have shown that health workers involved in immunization are more concerned towards coverage than the quality of immunization services provided. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to assess the quality of routine immunization services in rural areas of Doiwala Block of Dehradun, Uttarakhand. Material and Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted for a duration of one year. Study participants included Auxillary Nurse Midwives (ANMs), Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs), Anganwadi Workers (AWWs) and parents/caregivers of children aged 12–23 months residing in that area who had received immunization services on the day of the survey. Institutional ethics committee clearance was obtained before the start of the study. A P value of &lt;0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: ASHAs at two centres in low-performing centres had never undergone any training for routine immunization but there was no statistically significant difference found between high and low-performing centres (P &gt; 0.05). The most common vaccine not available was the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine. The majority of clients at both high (92%) and low-performing centres (96%) said that they never waited for at least 30 min post-vaccination at the vaccination site for observation. Conclusion: The study highlights that most of the ANMs at the immunization centre were having good knowledge and were adequately trained for maintaining cold chains at session sites.

Side Effects of the Coexistence of Tradition Medicine with Biomedicine in Primary Health Service Delivery in Rural Areas of Tanzania

It is approximated that 60-80 per cent of Tanzanians use Traditional Medicine (TM) as their primary source of health services alongside biomedical services. However, there is little information on the side effects of the co-existence of TM with biomedical system to primary health services delivery in Tanzania. By using Helmke and Levitsky’s Model of co-existence of formal and informal institutions in comparative politics, this article argues that the coexistence of TM and biomedicine undermine the delivery of primary health services in rural areas of Tanzania due to abrupt stoppage of using biomedicine among users, concurrent use of TM and biomedicine services, poor environment where Traditional Health Practitioners (THPs) practice and selling of counterfeit medicine to the people. The study was carried out in Bukoba District of Tanzania, data were collected through observations, documentary review and interviews which were qualitatively analysed. The study involved 11 THPs, 30 household respondents, four (4) key respondents and five (5) biomedical practitioners who were purposively included in the study. Findings of the study call for the Government to register THPs who provide services to people while they are unregistered and to provide education on proper usage of TM among health services users in rural areas.

PROBABILITAS PRAKTEK PEMBERIAN MAKANAN PENDAMPING AIR SUSU IBU (MP-ASI) PADA ANAK USIA 6-23 BULAN DI INDONESIA: STUDI CROSS-SECTIONAL

The cause of the double nutritional burden problem in Indonesia is one of the reasons for giving complementary food to ASI (MP-ASI) earlier (&lt;6 months). The practice of giving MP-ASI in several countries, including Indonesia, has not yet reached the national target and the influencing factors are unknown based on national survey data. This study aims to determine the practice of giving MP-ASI to children aged 6-23 months in Indonesia and the influencing factors based on IDHS 2017 data. Research design using a cross-sectional study. The data comes from the results of the 2017 IDHS. The population is all mothers aged 15-49 years who have children aged 6-23 months. The sample is mothers aged 15-49 years who have children aged 6-23 months of 4,985 children. Data analysis used multivariate logistic regression. The practice of giving MP-ASI according to recommendations is 55.53%. Socioeconomic status (p= 0.0001; OR=1.172), place of residence (p= 0.0001; OR=1.168), education (p= 0.002; OR= 1.126), and parity (p= 0.001; OR=0.982) are significantly related to the practice of giving MP-ASI to children aged 6-23 months in Indonesia. The most dominant factor related to the practice of giving MP-ASI is socio-economic status. The probability that the practice of giving MP-ASI is not in accordance with recommendations based on risk factors is 86%. Socioeconomic status, place of residence, education, employment, parity as determinants of the practice of giving MP-ASI to children aged 6-23 months. Need to strengthen strategies to reduce poverty and increase education levels, increase access to health services in rural areas, increase visits of pregnant women and toddlers to posyandu, and improve strategies for family planning programs.

'It is a life changing experience': The experiences of living kidney donors who live in rural Australia.

A growing body of research has examined the physical, psychological, social and financial impacts of living kidney donation. However, little is known about the unique experiences or additional burdens faced by living donors from regional or remote locations. To explore the experiences of living kidney donors who live outside metropolitan centres and to determine how support services could be orientated to better meet their unique needs. Seventeen living kidney donors participated in semistructured telephone interviews. Qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis. Eight themes were identified: (1) donor's emotional well-being is influenced by the recipient's outcome, (2) varied levels of access to medical support and other important services in rural areas, (3) travel takes a toll on time, finances and well-being, (4) varied level of financial impact, (5) medical, emotional and social challenges, (6) both lay and health professional support is valued, (7) varied levels of knowledge and experiences accessing information and (8) a worthwhile experience overall. Despite many challenges, and travel adding to the complexity, rural living kidney donors generally consider it to be a worthwhile experience. The provision of additional emotional, practical and educational support would be welcomed by this group.

Limitations and opportunities of smallholders' practical knowledge when dealing with pig health issues in northern Uganda.

Pig production has a short history in Uganda. The majority of pigs are kept by smallholder farmers in rural areas where access to veterinary services is limited, and pig keeping has been suggested as a potential pathway out of poverty for smallholders. Previous research has identified the disease of African swine fever (ASF) as a major threat, causing high mortalities in pigs. With no available cure or vaccine, the only option is to implement biosecurity measures, i.e. strategies that prevent the spread of ASF. This paper draws on data from four months of ethnographic fieldwork in rural northern Uganda. Combining methods of participant observation, semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and a survey, the aim was to improve understanding of smallholders' perceptions and responses to pig health issues such as ASF. Applying the concept of practical knowledge, this paper analyses the potential and limitations of smallholders' practice-based knowledge as a means of dealing with pig health issues. The results show that while pigs were appreciated locally for providing an income, many informants found it difficult to deal with pig diseases effectively. Consequently, informants commonly expressed a need for other kinds of knowledge in their pig production, indicating that veterinary advice can play an important role in reducing the negative impact of pig health issues. For animal health provision to have relevance in this context, however, veterinary practitioners must pay close attention to smallholders' priorities and ways of knowing in their livestock keeping. Results further show that pig health issues made some informants abandon pig production altogether. To enhance the potential of pig production as a poverty mitigation strategy in Uganda, research and policy need to focus on ways of bettering general conditions for smallholder pig keeping, including improving the quality of and access to veterinary services in rural areas.

Smartphone‐based agricultural extension services and farm incomes: Evidence from Zhejiang Province in China

AbstractSmartphone use in rural China has grown rapidly, leading to the fast development of smartphone‐based agricultural extension services. However, there is limited research on the income effects of smartphone‐based agricultural extension services in rural areas. In this study, we analyze the causal effects of smartphone‐based agricultural extension services (“Zhe'yang'shi” WeChat application as an example) on farm incomes in Zhejiang, China, using a staggered difference‐in‐differences method with panel data from 400 crop farmers. Our results show that adopting smartphone‐based agricultural extension services increases farm income from soil testing formula fertilizer fields by 15.39% and total farm income by 16.31%.

Smallholder Farmers’ Climate Change Adaptation Strategies in the Ethiopian Rift Valley: The Case of Home Garden Agroforestry Systems in the Gedeo Zone

Smallholder farmers who rely on home garden agroforestry are experiencing significant impacts from climate change. To mitigate these effects, it is crucial for farmers to have access to various adaptation strategies. This study collected data from 384 randomly selected respondents in 18 kebeles over three districts, using descriptive statistics and a multivariate probit model to evaluate the factors influencing smallholder farmers’ decisions on their adaptation strategies against climate change. In Ethiopia’s Gedeo zone, this study found that smallholder farmers employ a range of adaptation methods, including expanding their agroforestry system, implementing modern agriculture techniques, conserving soil and water, diversifying their livelihoods, and employing various coping mechanisms. By analyzing data using the multivariate probit model, this study found several factors that had a significant impact on smallholder farmers’ choice of adaptation options. These factors include social network, age, education level, farming experience, household size, cultivated land size, annual income, and livestock holding. In addition, factors such as perception of climate change, previous experience of crop failure, recurrent drought, and access to information about climate change, occurrence of frost, agricultural extension contacts, access to farmer-to-farmer extension services, and perception of land infertility also influence their decision-making process. Our findings highlight the importance of improving institutional services in rural areas, promoting education on climate change, and strengthening social networks to enhance the ability of smallholder farmers to cope with the effects of climate change.

Implementation of the Early Warning Application Program for Pregnant Women to Support Health Services in Rural Areas

The development process of digital technology has affected many fields. One of them is health field. Number of health application appears. They can be accessed easily by smartphone or tablet device. For instance, in developed countries, doctors examine and diagnose children's ears using smartphone. He provides the appropriate treatment for their patients through the device. The growing number of mobile applications in health will certainly facilitate patient care. There are currently about 13,000 digital health applications. Nowadays, patients have gradually followed this trend. Rock Health, as a provider of digital health ecosystem services, explains the power of mobile health care as well as the health effects of technology. The digital health care industry has a significant impact on healthcare providers. In this research, the researchers design tools or web-based applications and or sms gate way. The main objective is to monitor early health for expectant mothers and infants who are less likely to receive direct medical care.

Wykorzystanie platformy Polski e-bazarek na rzecz rozwoju smart usług w gospodarstwach rolnych województwa wielkopolskiego

The Internet is one of the distribution forms in terms of establishing direct contacts between farmers, food producers, and consumers. The aim of the research undertaken was an attempt to diagnose the state of information technology used by farmers in the direct sale of produce and services providing the basis for the development of smart services in rural areas. The diagnosis of farmers’ attitudes has been drawn on the research embracing the online marketplace Polski e-bazarek which enables farmers to place free of charge food sale offers and promotion of produce developed in agricultural holdings. It is to promote short supply chains and support agricultural producers in selling unprocessed and processed foods. The beneficiaries of Polski e-bazarek are farmers and end-consumers who seek healthy, fresh products that use traditional recipes and traditional manufacturing methods, as well as those produced under quality systems. The information obtained concerns the first half of 2022. The agricultural holdings selected for the study are situated within the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship, where the proportion of farmers using the Internet amounted to 88.3% in 2021, as compared to Poland, where it was 75.1%.

Kunskap och expertis i små glesbygdskommuners socialtjänst

Knowledge and expertise of social services in small rural municipalities - the view on challenges and solutions.Small rural municipalities face major challenges in the area of welfare. One of these challenges is about providing knowledge and expertise within social services. As a result of its small scale, social services in rural areas have an integrated organisation where social workers are supposed to work with a wide range of social problems. At the same time, there are expectations that they should have expertise in defined areas. This article focuses on how representatives of social services in eight rural municipalities view the opportunities to provide knowledge and expertise.Data collection was carried out within an action research project in connection with conferences and workshops. The results show that it can be challenging to develop knowledge and expertise. Since social services mainly have an integrated organisation, it is difficult to keep up-to-date on the state of knowledge in all areas. Another challenge is that it can be difficult to maintain skills in practice because certain types of cases are encountered relatively rarely.To deal with the challenges, different collaborative solutions are seen as a way to balance expectations on knowledge and expertise, and to balance the expectations of knowledge and expertise with the conditions that prevail in rural environments. The attitude towards different kinds of digital technology – for example web-based education and supervision – as tools for knowledge development and access to expertise is consistently positive. The results also indicate that digital technology has the potential to change the perspectives on the organisation of knowledge development and expertise within social services in rural municipalities.An overall interpretation of the results is that social services in rural areas must deal with different challenges in terms of knowledge and expertise than social services in larger and more densely populated areas. Therefore, the possible solutions are also different.