Service Area Research Articles

Development and safety evaluation of an adaptive personalized speed guidance system for on-ramp merging in highway service areas

As autonomous driving and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technologies evolve, the efficiency and safety of ramp merging in the highway service areas have become increasing critical. This study introduces a closed-loop feedback speed guidance system that accommodates individual driving styles, aiming to optimize merging behaviour, reduce traffic accidents, and enhance total traffic efficiency. The system dynamically adjusts the merging vehicle speeds by continuously monitoring their speed and location with variable steps to promote smoother merging. Moreover, this research also involves collecting naturalistic driving data from ramp merging scenarios, using the K-means clustering and point estimation method to recognize and analyse driving style characteristics, and integrating these styles into the developed closed-loop feedback speed guidance system. This approach results in personalized speed guidance curves tailored to different driving styles, facilitating more efficient mering. Additionally, the study conducts a Safety of the Intended Functionality (SOTIF) evaluation of this system using the System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) method, which helps identify potential security risks and develop appropriate mitigation strategies to ensure the system’s safe and stable operation. The simulation results confirm that this innovative dynamic speed guidance system substantially improves traffic safety and efficiency in ramp merging areas.

Identifying QOS impacts on the 4G LTE and 5G FWA integration using 2300 to 2400 MHz band reallocation for high-speed internet alternative to traditional fiber

Although 5G technology has been in development for a considerable time, significant challenges regarding its effective implementation still need to be addressed. A key issue lies in using frequency and ensuring coexistence with previous technologies that continue to serve existing users because users in many countries' late adoption of new technologies does not always progress smoothly. This research paper aims to evaluate 5G Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) utilizing the 2300 to 2400 MHz spectrum that is usually used in 4G LTE previous technology, positioned as a viable alternative to traditional fiber optic networks, and its impact on technology valuation in spectrum usage to solve high-speed alternative traditional fiber in rural and urban areas. The study focuses on Quality of Service (QoS) related to user experience with a standard wireless access service parameter while analyzing payload growth and revenue generation improvements compared to LTE technologies. Through rigorous trials, our results demonstrate that 5G FWA not only preserves the QoS experienced but significantly enhances it as a feasibility analysis of network productivity by combining 4G and 5G technology in one service area. The implementation trial of 5G FWA resulted in notable increases of 50 % in more than 20 Mbps data throughput, contributing to 27 % substantial growth in payload and revenue in an area using only 4G LTE before 5G FWA was implemented. By providing detailed performance metrics, the trials highlighted the potential for 5G FWA to deliver broadband services more efficiently and cost-effectively, particularly in regions where geographical or economic factors constrain the expansion of fiber optics.

Inequalities in emergency service accessibility: spatial analysis of urban infrastructure

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the relationship between emergency response times and crash severity in New York City, focusing on spatial disparities and their implications. It examines how these disparities impact disadvantaged neighborhoods, particularly regarding traffic safety and emergency service accessibility.Design/methodology/approachThe research uses comprehensive spatial analysis techniques, including hotspot mapping, network analysis for travel time modeling, local bivariate correlation analysis and service area calculations. It maps crash data alongside emergency facility locations, considering peak-hour traffic. The Area Deprivation Index (ADI) is integrated to evaluate socioeconomic factors influencing accessibility. This approach provides a nuanced understanding of how emergency response times correlate with crash severity at the census block level, accounting for socioeconomic disparities.FindingsThis study reveals significant disparities in emergency response times across New York City. In high-poverty, predominantly minority areas, response times are 2–3 min longer than average, correlating with a 15% increase in severe injury rates. Over 20% of neighborhoods show correlations between response times and crash severity, with positive linear (5.51%), negative linear (10.72%), concave (2.44%) and convex (2.80%) relationships. Blocks with positive linear relationships have a mean ADI rank of 3.918. During peak hours, 69.7% of Manhattan blocks show negative relationships, the highest among boroughs.Originality/valueThis research highlights spatial justice issues in urban emergency response systems, emphasizing the need for localized, data-driven planning and infrastructure adjustments. By integrating the ADI, the multifaceted approach reveals the complex dynamics of socioeconomic factors and emergency service accessibility that have not yet been investigated in diverse urban communities.

Research on Wastewaterr Reuse Technology in Expressway Service Areas

This article analyzes the literature and data on reclaimed water research in expressway service areas in recent years. Based on the characteristics of wastewater in service areas and the problems in the treatment process, a comprehensive analysis is conducted on the existing technologies for reclaimed water reuse technology in expressway service areas. It is found that research on carbon emissions from wastewater treatment in service areas and the practical application of new green technologies in expressway service areas should be strengthened.

Mapping cellular coverage suitability: a GIS-Based approach to identifying poor service areas

Cellular coverage is a critical component of modern telecommunications, providing essential services for communication, commerce, and emergency response. Despite its importance, many regions, particularly those with challenging terrain or low population density, experience inadequate cellular service. This study focuses on the commune of Laghouat, Algeria, employing a GIS-based Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) to assess cellular coverage suitability. Using ArcGIS Pro, four key factors were integrated: cell tower locations, terrain elevation, population distribution, and restricted areas. The methodology includes performing a Viewshed analysis to identify dead zones, converting population data into raster format to map demand, and digitizing restricted areas where telecommunication infrastructure development is prohibited. All factors were standardized to a common scale to ensure comparability and a weighted overlay analysis was conducted to generate a comprehensive suitability map. The map highlights areas of poor cellular coverage, guiding the placement of new infrastructure. Additionally, the research considers regulatory restrictions on land use, ensuring compliance with governmental policies. The resulting suitability map provides valuable insights for telecommunications providers and policymakers, enabling them to target underserved regions for infrastructure improvements while adhering to legal constraints. This study offers a robust, scalable framework for identifying and addressing cellular coverage gaps, applicable to other regions with similar geographic and demographic challenges.

Geometry-based stochastic channel modeling of a semi-urban environment using simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligentsurface

Simultaneously Transmitting and Reflecting (STAR) Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) demonstrates the ability to split incoming electromagnetic beams to transmit and reflect signals in a concurrent manner. Thus, compared to conventional RIS, service area coverage is extended on deploying STAR-RIS. This paper presents a geometry-based stochastic channel model (GBSM) of STAR-RIS-assisted outdoor wireless channel. For the considered semi-urban environment, STAR-RIS operates in energy-splitting mode. Channel between a base station (BS) and users (UR/UT) located on the reflect/transmit (R/T) side of STAR-RIS is characterised using a GBSM. An elliptical model incorporates the inevitable presence of scatterers in the considered semi-urban segment. Statistical properties of the wireless channel under test are analysed using space–time cross-correlation function (ST-CCF) and temporal auto-correlation function (ACF). Further, to gain holistic insight about the wireless channel behaviour, normalised Doppler power spectral density (ND-PSD) is estimated for semi-urban segment having three distinct underlying hypothesis as: (i) Wireless channel is governed by Rayleigh fading model, (ii) Wireless Channel is equipped with conventional RIS and (iii) STAR-RIS is an integral part of the considered wireless channel. Simulation results confirm that STAR-RIS performs at par with RIS, however, facilitating an additional degree of coverage. It is observed that temporal ACF and ST-CCF improves with an increase in the number of elements in STAR-RIS.

Administration of the Educational Institution's Student Care and Support System Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4

Background and Aims: This research has the following objectives: 1) to study and compare the level of opinions of personnel regarding the administration of the student support system in educational institutions under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4. By gender Work experience and the size of the educational institution and 2) to explore ways to develop the administration of the student care and support system in the same educational institution. Methodology: The sample group in this research consisted of 327 personnel under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4, using the Krejsi and Morgan sampling table. The research tools include a questionnaire with 5 rating scales and a structured interview. Which has an IOC value in the range of 0.80 to 1.00 and a confidence value of 0.83. In data analysis, various statistics were used, including frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, T-test and F-test Results: The research results include the following findings: (1) the administration of the student care and support system of educational institutions under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4 is overall at a high level. Which when considered in each aspect, it was found that administration in all aspects is at a high level. (2) Administration of the educational institution's student care and support system Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4 has a statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level when classified by gender. While when classified by work experience and size of educational institution found that there was no difference. (3) Guidelines for the administration of the student care and support system of educational institutions under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4 found that data were collected through visiting students' homes. Using student behavior assessments to screen students organizing activities to make students know how to control themselves and strengthen skills in living with others. There is also cooperation between teachers, schools and parents in preventing and solving student problems. Including understanding and explaining to students and parents the need to refer students with problems for help. Conclusion: The study found that the administration of the student care and support system at Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4 is effective, with high performance in all areas, though gender differences were found to be statistically significant. Furthermore, effective student care requires collaboration among schools, teachers, and parents, as well as the use of assessments and home visits to address and prevent student issues while encouraging self-control and social skills.

Creative Leadership in the Digital Age of School Administrators under the Jurisdiction of the Nakhon Ratchasima Secondary Educational Service Area Office

Background and Aims: The main objectives of this research are to: (1) study the level of creative leadership in the digital age of school administrators under the jurisdiction of the Nakhon Ratchasima Secondary Educational Service Area Office. (2) Compare the creative leadership in the digital age of school administrators under the Nakhon Ratchasima Secondary Educational Service Area Office classified by educational level work experience and the size of the educational institution. (3) Study guidelines for developing creative leadership in the digital era for school administrators under the jurisdiction of the Nakhon Ratchasima Secondary Educational Service Area Office classified by educational level work experience and the size of the educational institution. Methodology: The sample group in this research is teachers under the Nakhon Ratchasima Secondary Educational Service Area Office, 406 people, selected according to the proportion of the population and the sample size related to the number of schools. The tool used to collect data is a questionnaire with a 5-level rating scale with a consistency index between 0.60-1.00 and a reliability value of 0.97. For data analysis, statistics were used, including percentage, mean, and standard deviation, T-test, One-way ANOVA, and F-test. Results: The results of the research found that: (1) Creative leadership in the digital age of school administrators under the Nakhon Ratchasima Secondary Educational Service Area Office was overall at a high level. (2) Comparison of creative leadership in the digital age of administrators. Educational institutions under the Nakhon Ratchasima Secondary Educational Service Area Office, classified by work experience It was found that overall every aspect was significantly different at the 0.05 level, with the average of executives with 15 years or more of work experience being higher than those of executives with less than 15 years of work experience. When classified according to the size of the educational institution It was found that overall there was no difference. and when classified by educational level It was found that overall there was no difference. (3) Guidelines for developing creative leadership in the digital age of school administrators under the Nakhon Ratchasima Secondary Educational Service Area Office consists of 6 areas: 1) Vision 2) teamwork and participation 3) creativity 4) digital skills 5) motivation 6) being a learning organization. Conclusion: Creative leadership in the digital age of school administrators under the Nakhon Ratchasima Secondary Educational Service Area Office Continuous personal and professional development is required. Through seeking knowledge from various learning sources to enhance skills, processes, or methods that can be applied to solve problems and improve educational institution administration for maximum efficiency.

Operations Regarding Safe Educational Institutions of Educational Institutions under the Jurisdiction of the Saraburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 2

Background and Aims: The purpose of this research is to study and compare the opinions of personnel regarding safe educational operations in educational institutions under the jurisdiction of Saraburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 2. Classified by position educational institution size and work experience in addition, the objective is to study guidelines for promoting and developing the operation of safe educational institutions in educational institutions under the same affiliation. Methodology: The sample group used in the research consisted of 317 personnel from educational institutions under the Saraburi Primary Educational Service Area Office, Area 2, obtained by stratified random sampling (Stratified Random Sampling). The research instrument was the questionnaire has a 5-level rating scale with an IOC between 0.80 - 1.00 and a confidence value (Cronbach's Alpha) equal to 0.79. Structured interviews were also used to collect additional information. Statistics used in data analysis include frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, T-test (t-test) and analysis of variance (ANOVA or F-test). Results: The results of the research found that: (1) The operation of educational institutions is safe. of educational institutions under the jurisdiction of the Saraburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 2, overall and in each aspect It was found to be at a "very high" level in all aspects, which shows that the operation of safe educational institutions has been carried out efficiently in every dimension. (2) Results of comparative analysis operations in the area of ​​safe educational institutions. Classified by position It was found that there was a statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level while categorizing by school size and work experience found that there was no difference. (3) Operational guidelines Regarding safe educational institutions under the Saraburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 2, it was found that: 1) In terms of preventive measures should proceed with the preparation of a safety plan that covers all dimensions. 2) Instilling measures safety workshops should be organized for teachers. educational personnel and students 3) suppression measures guidelines for managing or suppressing incidents should be established. Including assistance when an incident occurs in an educational institution and create mutual awareness in all sectors. Conclusion: Operations regarding safe educational institutions of educational institutions. There should be a safety plan for educational institutions that covers all dimensions. Educational institutions provide an environment and atmosphere that is safe for students, teachers, and educational personnel. There are guidelines for managing or suppressing incidents. Assistance when an incident occurs in an educational institution and there are workshops on safety of educational institutions for teachers, educational personnel and students.

The Information Technology Management of Educational Institution Administrators under the Jurisdiction of the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4

Background and Aims: This research aims to study 1) the level of information technology management of educational institution administrators under the supervision of the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4. 2) Compare the level of opinions of personnel regarding information technology management among school administrators under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4, classified by position. Size of the educational institution and length of service. 3) Study the information technology management methods of educational institution administrators under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4. Methodology: The research sample consisted of 327 administrators and teachers under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4, which were obtained from stratified random sampling. The research tools consisted of a 5-level rating scale questionnaire and a structured interview. Which has an IOC value between 0.80 - 1.00 and a confidence value of 0.73. Statistics used in data analysis include frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation. T-test, F-test and pairwise difference test using Scheffe' method. Results: The results of the research found that: (1) information technology management of educational institution administrators under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4, overall, was at a high level. When considering each aspect separately It was found that information technology management in all aspects was at a high level. (2) Results of comparative analysis of information technology management of educational institution administrators under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4, both in overall terms, each aspect, and each item. It was found that when classified according to the location and size of the educational institution. There is a statistically significant difference at the .05 level, however, when classified by years of service not differences found. (3) Guidelines for information technology management by administrators of educational institutions under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4 found that educational institutions should support information and communication technology budgets for use in teaching and learning. Including coordinating with networks from communities, government organizations, and the private sector to participate in technology and communication support for education. Conclusion: The results of the study found that Information technology management by school administrators under the jurisdiction of the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4 is overall at a high level. When considering each aspect separately It was found that information technology management in all aspects was also at a high level.

Characteristics of Educational Institution Administrators in the 21st Century under the Jurisdiction of the Chonburi Primary Educational Service Office Area 3

Background and Aims: In the 21st century, rapid technological advancements and innovations have significantly impacted educational institutions, compelling them to adapt and transform to remain relevant. Educational leaders must embrace organizational reforms and personal development to successfully navigate these changes and achieve their objectives. This research aims to: 1) assess the characteristics of educational administrators in the 21st century under the Sakon Nakhon Secondary Educational Service Area Office, 2) compare these characteristics based on position, educational level, and institution size, and 3) propose development guidelines for enhancing the leadership qualities of these administrators within the same context. Methodology: The sample group for this research comprised 331 school administrators and teachers, with the sample size determined using Krejci and Morgan's table and randomly assigned to groups. The research instrument was a questionnaire based on a 5-level rating scale, with a consistency index ranging from 0.80 to 1.00 and an overall reliability score of 0.89. Statistical methods employed for data analysis included frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and both T-value and F-value tests to assess the data. Results: The research findings revealed that: (1) The overall characteristics of educational institution administrators in the 21st century under the Sakon Nakhon Secondary Educational Service Area Office, as well as each specific aspect, were rated at a high level. (2) When comparing opinions on the characteristics of these administrators by position, educational level, and institution size, significant differences were found across all aspects at the .05 statistical level. (3) Guidelines for enhancing the characteristics of 21st-century school administrators under this office included 10 key areas: 1) honesty and integrity, 2) trustworthiness and empowerment, 3) communication, collaboration, and connectivity, 4) positive energy, 5) confidence, 6) determination and perseverance, 7) willingness to learn, unlearn, and relearn, 8) creative and innovative entrepreneurship, 9) reliance on intuition, and 10) the ability to inspire through intelligence.

The Use of Technology in the Management of Educational Institution Administrators Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4

Background and Aims: Nowadays, technology clearly plays an important role in people's daily lives. We live in an era where borderless communication has made great progress. Various conveniences have been invented and developed that help in human life. Allows us to access information quickly and more conveniently. More and more, therefore, humans are beginning to see the importance of information and its use. As a result, technology has become an important part that strengthens the basic necessities of life. Learning and adapting to new technology is necessary now and in the future. This research aims to: (1) Study the level of use of technology in administration by school administrators under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4. (2) Compare opinions about the use of technology in administration between school administrators and teachers in Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4. (3) Study guidelines for developing the use of technology in the administration of school administrators in the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4. Methodology: The research sample consisted of 317 school administrators and teachers. The sample size was determined according to Krejci and Morgan's table. This resulted in a consistency index between 0.80 and 1.00, while the reliability value of the entire questionnaire was 0.86. For data analysis, statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation were used. Including t-test. and examining the pairwise average by dividing the F value. Results: The results of the research are as follows: (1) The use of technology in the management of school administrators under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4, overall and in each aspect, is at a high level. (2) Results of comparing opinions on the use of technology in the administration of educational institution administrators according to position. Work experience and the size of the educational institution found that there was no difference. (3) Guidelines for developing the use of technology in the administration of educational institution administrators under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4, consisting of 4 areas: 1) academic administration, 2) budget management, 3) Human resource management and 4) general administration Conclusion: Development of the use of technology in the management of educational institution administrators under the jurisdiction of the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4, resulting in change and creating opportunities for the organization. modification organizational operating structure to increase efficiency in production and service relationships within the organization.

The Student Affairs Management by Educational Institution Administrators under the Jurisdiction of the Bueng Kan Primary Educational Service Area Office

Background and Aims: The objectives of this research are as follows: 1) to study and compare student affairs administration of educational institution administrators under the Bueng Kan Primary Educational Service Area Office. Classified by position Education level and the size of the educational institution. 2) To compare student affairs administration among educational institution administrators under the Bueng Kan Primary Educational Service Area Office. Classified by position education level and the size of the educational institution. And 3) to study guidelines for developing student affairs administration among educational institution administrators under the Bueng Kan Primary Educational Service Area Office. Methodology: The sample in this research consisted of 331 school administrators and teachers. The sample size was determined according to Krejci and Morgan's table. Using the stratified random sampling method. The research tools consisted of a questionnaire with 5 rating scales and an interview form. Which has a consistency index between 0.80 - 1.00 and a confidence value for the entire questionnaire equal to 0.89. For data analysis, statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation were used, as t-tests and F-tests. Results: The results of the research found that: (1) the level of student affairs administration of educational institution administrators under the Bueng Kan Primary Educational Service Area Office. Overall and in each aspect are at a high level. (2) Comparison of opinions regarding student affairs administration among school administrators under the Bueng Kan Primary Educational Service Area Office. Classified by position Education level and the size of the educational institution It was found that overall and in each aspect there were no differences. (3) Guidelines for promoting the development of student affairs administration for educational institution administrators under the Bueng Kan Primary Educational Service Area Office, consisting of 6 areas: 1) promoting guidance activities in educational institutions, 2) promotion of health, sports and recreation, 3) promotion of boy scouts, girl guides, and red cross youth activities, 4) promotion of democratic activities and student discipline, 5) promoting and developing student councils to strengthen student and youth organizations in educational institutions; and 6) promoting the protection of children's and youth's rights. Conclusion: According to the findings, Bueng Kan school administrators perform well in all aspects of student affairs administration, with no significant differences based on position, education level, or institution size. It also outlines six key strategies for improving student affairs: promoting guidance, health, and recreational activities, developing leadership skills through scouting and democratic initiatives, strengthening student councils, and protecting children's rights.

Management of Student Discipline in Educational Institutions under the Jurisdiction of the Buriram Secondary Educational Service Area Office

Background and Aims: This research aims to: 1) study and compare the opinions of personnel regarding the management of student discipline in educational institutions under the Buriram Secondary Educational Service Area Office. By gender size of the educational institution and academic positions. And 2) explore ways to develop the management of student discipline in educational institutions under the Buriram Secondary Educational Service Area Office. Methodology: The sample used in this research consisted of 349 personnel under the Buriram Secondary Educational Service Area Office, which were obtained by stratified random sampling. The research instrument consisted of a questionnaire with an IOC between 0.80 - 1.00 and a confidence value of 0.79. Including structured interviews for data analysis, statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation were used T-test and F-test. Results: The research results found that (1) Management of student discipline in educational institutions under the jurisdiction of the Buriram Secondary Educational Service Area Office, overall, it is at a high level. When considering each aspect, it was found that management in every aspect was at a high level as well. (2) Results of comparative analysis of management in creating student discipline Classified by gender and size of educational institution It was found that there was a statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level. As for classification by academic position, found that there was no difference. (3) Guidelines for developing management of student discipline in educational institutions under the Buriram Secondary Educational Service Area Office. It was found that the cause of the problem should be studied. Use culture in society to strengthen student discipline. Set and organize various extracurricular activities to strengthen student discipline. Strengthen morality within the classroom and create a network of cooperation to promote student discipline. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the effectiveness of student discipline management in Buriram's educational institutions, demonstrating that overall management is strong in all areas. It also emphasizes the need for a cultural approach, extracurricular activities, and collaborative networks to improve student discipline while addressing identified areas for continuous improvement.

Digital Leadership of School Administrators under the Jurisdiction of the Sakon Nakhon Secondary Educational Service Area Office

Background and Aims: The world changes in the 21st century to a fully digital era. As a result, school management must inevitably use technology as a tool to support teaching and learning. Schools in this century have undergone significant changes in many areas, such as the nature of knowledge. Learner's role and the role of the teacher. This is something that school administrators need to have the ability to understand and to support these changes. This research has the following objectives: 1) to study the digital leadership level of educational institution administrators under the Sakon Nakhon Secondary Educational Service Area Office. 2) To compare the digital leadership of educational institution administrators under the Sakon Nakhon Secondary Educational Service Area Office. Classified by position Work experience and the size of the educational institution. 3) To study methods for developing digital leadership of educational institution administrators under the Sakon Nakhon Secondary Educational Service Area Office. Methodology: The sample used in this research consisted of 331 school administrators and teachers. The sample size was determined according to Krejci and Morgan's table. and used the random sampling method. The research instrument was a questionnaire with a 5-level rating scale. Which has a consistency index value in the range of 0.80 - 1.00 and a reliability value for all questionnaires equal to 0.86. Statistics used in data analysis include frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, T-value and F-value tests. Results: The results of the research found that: (1) A study of the level of leadership in the digital age of administrators of educational institutions under the Sakon Nakhon Secondary Educational Service Area Office. Overall and in each aspect are at a high level. (2) Results of comparing opinions about leadership in the digital age of administrators of educational institutions under the Sakon Nakhon Secondary Educational Service Area Office. Classified by position Work experience and the size of the educational institution Overall and in each aspect, no differences were found. (3) Guidelines for promoting and developing leadership in the digital age of administrators of educational institutions under the Sakon Nakhon Secondary Educational Service Area Office consist of 5 areas: 1) having a modern leadership vision, 2) developing creativity, 3) paying attention to the needs of teachers and students, 4) increasing the efficiency of working together, and 5) promoting to have knowledge and ability. Conclusion: The study found that educational administrators in Sakon Nakhon demonstrate strong leadership in the digital age across all areas, with no significant differences based on position, experience, or institution size. It also emphasizes five key strategies for improving leadership: cultivating a modern vision, creativity, attention to stakeholder needs, collaboration, and ongoing skill development.

The School Budget Management under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4

Background and Aims: Budgeting in its present form began in England around the 16th-17th centuries. During that time The House of Representatives successfully reserved the power to approve government revenue and expenditures. This shows that current budgeting is related to the evolution of the governance system. After the preparation of this budget, it was extended to local government organizations, educational institutions, and other agencies, both public and private. The purpose of this research is to study and compare the level of opinions of personnel regarding budget management of schools under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4. Classified by position, school size, and work experience. Including the study of guidelines for developing budget management for schools under the said organization. Methodology: The sample used in the research consisted of 196 school administrators and heads of budget management groups of educational institutions under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4, which were selected using a stratified random sampling method. The research instrument was a questionnaire with a 5-level rating scale with an IOC between 0.80 - 1.00 and a confidence value of 0.85. In addition, a structured interview was used to collect data for data analysis. Various statistics were used, including frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, T-test and F-test. Results: The results of the research are as follows: (1) School budget management Under the jurisdiction of the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4, the overall level is at a high level. And when considering each aspect, it was found that budget management was at a high level in every aspect. (2) Comparative analysis of budget management of schools under the jurisdiction of the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4, found to be significantly different at the 0.05 level. When classified by position but when classified by school size and work experience, no differences were found. (3) The budget management guidelines of schools under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4 that should be implemented include: Analysis of strengths and weaknesses Budget allocation is adequate and comprehensive. Having an internal audit system Creating a fundraising plan and using resources from outside agencies or stakeholders. Including having proof of receipt and payment. Preparing accurate accounts according to regulations and reporting information on supplies and equipment (M-OBEC), including creating up-to-date information on buildings, land, structures, and assets (B-OBEC). Conclusion: Budget management of schools under the jurisdiction of the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Office, District 4, that were all assessed were considered to have a high level of expertise. To ensure continued efficiency and transparency in financial management. There should be various guidelines such as detailed data analysis. Establishment of an internal audit system and recording information correctly All of which should be strictly implemented to strengthen confidence in the budget management process.

The 21st Century Management Skills for Educational Institution Administrators under the Jurisdiction of the Ubon Ratchathani Secondary Educational Service Area Office, Amnat Charoen

Background and Aims: Education is an important tool for human, social, and national development. It is the main mechanism for creating a quality workforce. Able to live happily with others in society. At a time when the world is changing rapidly in the 21st century, this research has the following objectives: 1) to study and analyze the management skills in the 21st century of Educational Institution Administrators under the Ubon Ratchathani and Amnat Charoen Secondary Educational Service Area Offices. 2) To compare the management skills in the 21st century among administrators of educational institutions under the same affiliation. Classified by position education level and the size of the educational institution. 3) To study and find ways to develop management skills in the 21st century of educational institution administrators in those areas. Methodology: The sample used in this research consisted of 351 school administrators and teachers. The sample size was determined according to Krejci and Morgan's table. and used the random sampling method. The research instrument was a questionnaire with a 5-level rating scale. Which has a consistency index between 0.80 and 1.00 and the total reliability of the questionnaire is 0.89. Statistics used in data analysis include frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, T-value and F-value tests. Results: The results of the research are as follows: (1) Management skills in the 21st century of administrators of educational institutions under the Secondary Educational Service Area Office, Ubon Ratchathani and Amnat Charoen, overall it is at a high level. (2) Results of comparing opinions about management skills in the 21st century among administrators of educational institutions under the same affiliation. Divided by position Education level and the size of the educational institution. It was found that overall and in each aspect there were no differences. (3) Guidelines for promoting management skills in the 21st century of school administrators in the Ubon Ratchathani Secondary Educational Service Area Office consist of 5 areas: 1) communication skills, 2) relationship-building skills, 3) technology and digital skills, 4) vision setting skills, and 5) analytical thinking and creative thinking skills. Conclusion: According to the research, educational institution administrators in the twenty-first century working for the Secondary Educational Service Area Office of Ubon Ratchathani and Amnat Charoen have generally high management skills. There were no significant differences in management skills across positions, educational levels, or institution size. To improve these abilities, the study suggests focusing on five key areas: communication, relationship building, technology and digital skills, vision setting, and analytical and creative thinking.

Cluster randomized trial of a team communication training implementation strategy for depression screening in a pediatric healthcare system: a study protocol

BackgroundPediatric depression is a global concern that has fueled efforts for enhanced detection and treatment engagement. As one example, the US Preventive Services Task Force recommends depression screening for adolescents ages 12–18 years. While many health systems have implemented components of depression screening protocols, there is limited evidence of effective follow-up for pediatric depression. A key barrier is timely team communication and coordination across clinicians and staff within and across service areas for prompt service linkage. However, team effectiveness interventions have been shown to improve team processes and outcomes and can be applied in healthcare settings.MethodsThis project aims to refine and test a team communication training implementation strategy to improve implementation of an existing pediatric depression screening protocol in a large pediatric healthcare system. The team will be defined as part of the study but is expected to include medical assistants, nurses, physicians, and behavioral health clinicians within and across departments. The implementation strategy will target team mechanisms at the team-level (i.e., intra-organizational alignment and implementation climate) and team member-level (i.e., communication, coordination, psychological safety, and shared cognition). First, the project will use mixed methods to refine the team training strategy to fit the organizational context and workflows. Next, a hybrid type 3 implementation-effectiveness pilot trial will assess the initial effectiveness of the team communication training (implementation strategy) paired with the current universal depression screening protocol (clinical intervention) on implementation outcomes (i.e., feasibility, acceptability, appropriateness, workflow efficiency) and clinical/services outcomes (increased frequency of needed screening and reduced time to service linkage). Finally, the study will assess mechanisms at the team and team member levels that may affect implementation outcomes.DiscussionTeam communication training is hypothesized to lead to improved, efficient, and effective decision-making to increase the compliance with depression screening and timely service linkage. Findings are expected to yield better understanding and examples of how to optimize team communication to improve efficiency and effectiveness in the pediatric depression screening-to-treatment cascade. This should also culminate in improved implementation outcomes including patient engagement critical to address the youth mental health crisis.Trial registrationNCT06527196.Trial Sponsor: University of California San Diego.

The Development Model of Educational Management for Special Classrooms of School Under The Secondary Educational Service Area Office Kalasin

Background and Aims: The creation of special classes aimed at helping students with exceptional abilities in academics and other areas reach their full potential, according to the guidelines set forth by the Ministry of Education regarding the decentralization of management and administration of education to the educational Service area office by giving schools the chance to set up special classrooms if they have the staff and finances to do so. According to projects started by the Basic Education Commission, special classrooms are spaces where educational institutions concentrate on teaching and learning activities meant to promote the potential of students with extraordinary abilities. Therefore, the objective of this research is to 1) study the components and indicators of educational management for special classrooms of schools. 2) to study the current situation, desirable condition and needs assessment of educational management for special classrooms of school under the secondary education service area office Kalasin. 3) to create a model for educational management for special classrooms of schools under the secondary education service area office Kalasin. Methodology: The research was divided into 4 phases: Phase 1 studied components and indicators of educational management for special classrooms of the school, the key informant group was 7 experts, and the research tool was an interview form. Phase 1 studied the current situation, desirable condition, and needs assessment of educational management for special classrooms of school, the sample group consisted of 358 people, research tool was a questionnaire with a reliability of .79. Data were analyzed by means and standard deviation. Phase 3 created a model for educational management for special classrooms school, The key informant group was 9 experts to create and evaluate the suitability Feasibility, and usefulness of the model and the evaluating group the manual for using the model was 15 people. The research tool was an interview form evaluation form, data were analyzed by means and standard deviation Results: 1. The components and indicators of educational management for special classrooms of school consisted of 1) management, 2) curriculum and academics, 3) environment that promotes learning, 4) personnel and budget, and 5) learner quality. 2. The overall current condition is at a high average level. The overall desirable condition was at the highest mean level. The necessary needs index was ranked from the highest to the lowest as follows: 1) curriculum and academics, 2) personnel and budget, 3) environment that promotes learning, 4) quality of learners, and 5) management. Respectively. 3. The model consists of components: 1) principles, 2) objectives, 3) content, 4) development process, and 5) measurement and evaluation. There are 4 learning modules: Module 1, Curriculum and Academic Module 2, Personnel and Budget Module 3, Environment that Promotes Learning Module 4, Quality of Learners Module 4, and Management. The model has a suitability assessment result. The model's possibility and overall usefulness were at the highest level. Conclusion: The management of special classrooms in schools currently faces various challenges and suggestions for improvement in several aspects including administration and research into developing management models for more effective governance. School administrators, teachers, parents, and students must all participate in the management process, collaborate in designing operational frameworks in various aspects, and identify areas that require expedited development within the project to achieve efficiency and effectiveness for the students. There are clear and coherent curricula aligned with students' development. There are various supplementary activities in different formats to enhance the curriculum. There is a learning management system that emphasizes both theory and practice, and there should be support systems in place to assist students with their needs and potential.

Burden of Non-Protocolized Patient Transport Outside of Response Area on a Rural Emergency Medical Services System

Objectives Transport destination decisions by prehospital personnel depend on a combination of protocols, judgment, patient acuity, and patient preference. Non-protocolized transport outside the service area may result in unnecessary time out of service and inappropriate resource utilization. Scant research exists regarding clinician rationale for destination decisions. Methods We retrospectively reviewed one year of scene transports by a single rural, hospital-based emergency medical services (EMS) system. We collected dispatch, patient demographic, primary impression, and transport data from prehospital records and matched them to emergency department (ED) data. We characterized rationale for transport decisions and compared rates of hospital admission and specialist consultation in the ED as surrogates for decision appropriateness. Results We reviewed 2,223 patient transports, 281 of which were transported out of the service area. The most common reasons for out-of-area transport were patient preference NOT related to prior medical care (40%) and clinician judgment (24%). Admit rates were highest for per protocol (85%) and patient preference related to prior medical care (67%) groups and lowest for no explanation (41%) and clinician judgment (47%) groups. Rates of in person specialist consultation in the ED were highest in per protocol (69%) and clinician judgment (47%) groups and lowest in no explanation (23%) and patient preference NOT related to prior medical care (30%) groups. Clinician judgment was less predictive of admission and specialist consultation for non-trauma and pediatric patients than for all patients. Median time out of service was more than twice as long for out-of-area transports (140 min) compared to patients transported to the nearest facility (62 min). For out-of-area transports discharged from the ED without specialty consultation (n = 104), ambulances traveled an additional 52 miles/patient compared to theoretical transport to nearest facility. Conclusions Unit out of service time more than doubled for non-protocolized transports outside of the service area and rationale for destination decisions variably predicted admission and specialist consultation rates. Patient preference NOT related to prior medical care and, in pediatric and non-trauma populations, clinician judgment, were less predictive of admission and specialist consultation. Transport guidelines should balance rationale for transport destination and patient characteristics with resource preservation, especially in low-resource systems.